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{{RefImprove|date=March 2021}}[[File:260D.jpg|right|thumb|The Mercedes-Benz 260D (1936): one of the first diesel cars]]
{{original research|date=June 2012}}


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[[Diesel engine|Diesel engines]] began to be used in automobiles in the 1930s. Mainly used for commercial applications early on, they did not gain popularity for passenger travel until their development in Europe in the 1950s.<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question399.htm If diesel engines are more efficient, why do most cars come with gasoline engines?]</ref> After reaching a peak in popularity worldwide around 2015, in the aftermath of [[Dieselgate]], the diesel car rapidly fell out of favor with consumers and regulators.
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[[File:260D.jpg|right|thumb|The Mercedes-Benz 260D (1936): one of the first diesel cars]]


== History ==
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[[Diesel engine|Diesel engines]] began to be used in automobiles in the 1930s. Mainly used for commercial applications early on, they did not gain popularity for passenger travel until their development in Europe in the 1950s.<ref>[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question399.htm If diesel engines are more efficient, why do most cars come with gasoline engines?]</ref>


==Early 20th century==
===Early 20th century===
[[Charles Chapman (engineer)|Charles Wallace Chapman]] at Perkins Engines at [[Peterborough]], England, developed an engine, the high speed diesel engine, for automobiles; previously diesel engines were too large and heavy.
[[Charles Chapman (engineer)|Charles Wallace Chapman]] at Perkins Engines at [[Peterborough]], England, developed an engine, the high speed diesel engine, for automobiles; previously diesel engines were too large and heavy.


Production diesel car history started in 1933<ref>{{cite web|title=Citroen's Rosalie becomes the world's first commercially available diesel engined passenger car|url=http://www.nu-car.com/Diesel_Buyers_Guide/Diesel_Timeline.aspx|access-date=2010-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225014418/http://www.nu-car.com/Diesel_Buyers_Guide/Diesel_Timeline.aspx|archive-date=2008-12-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The world's first mass-produced diesel car |url=http://www.oldengine.org/members/diesel/Misc/Ricardo.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uL1FQoM8?url=http://www.oldengine.org/members/diesel/Misc/Ricardo.htm |archivedate=2010-11-18 }}</ref> with [[Citroën]]'s [[Citroën 7U|Rosalie]], which featured a diesel engine option (the 1,766&nbsp;cc 11UD engine) in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cats-citroen.net/citroen/history.html#UA |title=Cats Citroën Net History |publisher=Cats-citroen.net |date=1934-05-03 |accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref> The [[Mercedes-Benz 260 D|Mercedes-Benz 260D]] and the [[Hanomag]] Rekord were introduced in 1936.
Production diesel car history started in 1933<ref>{{cite web|title=Citroen's Rosalie becomes the world's first commercially available diesel engined passenger car|url=http://www.nu-car.com/Diesel_Buyers_Guide/Diesel_Timeline.aspx|access-date=2010-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225014418/http://www.nu-car.com/Diesel_Buyers_Guide/Diesel_Timeline.aspx|archive-date=2008-12-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The world's first mass-produced diesel car |url=http://www.oldengine.org/members/diesel/Misc/Ricardo.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uL1FQoM8?url=http://www.oldengine.org/members/diesel/Misc/Ricardo.htm |archivedate=2010-11-18 }}</ref> with [[Citroën]]'s [[Citroën 7U|Rosalie]], which featured a diesel engine option (the 1,766&nbsp;cc 11UD engine) in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cats-citroen.net/citroen/history.html#UA |title=Cats Citroën Net History |publisher=Cats-citroen.net |date=1934-05-03 |accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref> The [[Mercedes-Benz 260 D]] and the [[Hanomag]] Rekord were introduced soon after, in 1936.


Immediately after World War II, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s, diesel-powered cars began to gain limited popularity, particularly for commercial applications, such as ambulances, taxis, and station wagons used for delivery work. Most were conventional in design. Mercedes-Benz offered a continuous stream of diesel-powered taxis, beginning in 1949 with their 170D powered by the OM-636 engine. Later, in 1959 their OM-621 engine was introduced in the 180D. This 2.0&nbsp;L engine produced {{convert|55|PS|kW|abbr=on}} at 4,350&nbsp;rpm. Beginning in 1959, Peugeot offered the 403D with their TMD-85 four-cylinder engine of 1.8&nbsp;L and {{convert|48|PS|kW|abbr=on}}, followed in 1962 by the 404D with the same engine. In 1964, the 404D became available with the improved XD88 four-cylinder engine of 2.0&nbsp;L and {{convert|60|PS|kW|abbr=on}}. Other cars available with diesel power during this era included the Austin A60 Cambridge, [[Isuzu Bellel]], Fiat 1400-A, Standard Vanguard, Borgward Hansa, and a few others.
Immediately after World War II, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s, diesel-powered cars began to gain limited popularity, particularly for commercial applications, such as ambulances, taxis, and station wagons used for delivery work. Mercedes-Benz offered a continuous stream of diesel-powered taxis, beginning in 1949 with their 170D powered by the [[Mercedes-Benz OM636 engine|OM636 engine]]. Later, in 1959 their [[Mercedes-Benz OM621 engine|OM621]] engine was introduced in the 180D. This 2.0&nbsp;L engine produced {{convert|55|PS|kW|abbr=on}} at 4,350&nbsp;rpm.
[[File:Mondial_de_l'Automobile_2010,_Paris_-_France_(5059088044).jpg|thumb|1965 [[Peugeot 404#404 Diesel|Peugeot 404]], modified to set a diesel speed record]]
Beginning in 1959, [[Peugeot]] offered the [[Peugeot 403|403D]] with their TMD-85 four-cylinder engine of 1.8&nbsp;L and {{convert|48|PS|kW|abbr=on}}, followed in 1962 by the 404D with the same engine. In 1964, the 404D became available with the improved XD88 four-cylinder engine of 2.0&nbsp;L and {{convert|60|PS|kW|abbr=on}}. Other cars available with diesel power during this era included the Austin [[Austin Cambridge|A60 Cambridge]], [[Isuzu Bellel]], [[Fiat 1400 and 1900|Fiat 1400-A]], [[Standard Vanguard]], [[Borgward Hansa 2400|Borgward Hansa]], and a few others.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}


In 1967, Peugeot introduced the world's first compact, high-speed diesel car, the Peugeot 204BD. Its 1.3&nbsp;L XL4D engine produces {{convert|46|PS|kW|abbr=on}} at 5,000&nbsp;rpm. Following the 1970s oil crisis ([[1973 oil crisis|1973]] and [[1979 energy crisis|1979]]), Volkswagen introduced their first diesel, the [[VW Golf]], with a 1.5&nbsp;L naturally aspirated indirect-injection engine which was a redesigned (dieselised) version of a gasoline engine. Mercedes-Benz tested turbodiesels in cars (e.g. by the [[Mercedes-Benz C111]] experimental and record-setting vehicles) and the first production [[turbo diesel]] cars were, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cylinder 115&nbsp;hp (86&nbsp;kW) [[Mercedes-Benz W116|Mercedes 300 SD]], available only in North America, and the [[Peugeot 604]].
In 1967, Peugeot introduced the world's first compact, high-speed diesel car, the [[Peugeot 204|Peugeot 204BD]]. Its 1.3&nbsp;L XL4D engine produces {{convert|46|PS|kW|abbr=on}} at 5,000&nbsp;rpm. Following the 1970s oil crisis ([[1973 oil crisis|1973]] and [[1979 energy crisis|1979]]), Volkswagen introduced their first diesel car, the [[VW Golf]], with a 1.5&nbsp;L naturally aspirated indirect-injection engine which was a redesigned (dieselised) version of a gasoline engine. Mercedes-Benz tested turbodiesels in cars (e.g. by the [[Mercedes-Benz C111]] experimental and record-setting vehicles) and the first production [[turbo diesel]] cars were, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cylinder 115&nbsp;hp (86&nbsp;kW) [[Mercedes-Benz W116|Mercedes 300 SD]], available only in North America, and the [[Peugeot 604]].


The biggest single step forward for mass-market diesel cars came in 1982 when PSA Peugeot Citroën introduced the [[XUD]] engine in the [[Peugeot 305]], [[Peugeot 205]] and [[Talbot Horizon]]. This was the class leading automotive diesel engine until the mid-1990s.<ref>"Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, July edition, 1993), p.104</ref> The first mass market turbo diesel was the XUD powered, 1988 [[Citroën BX]] and then the 1989 [[Peugeot 405]], they gave power and refinement approaching [[petrol engine]] standards,<ref>"Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, August/September edition, 1998), p.19</ref> with the best chassis in their class. Diesel Car magazine said of the Citroën BX "We can think of no other car currently on sale in the UK that comes anywhere near approaching the BX Turbo's combination of performance, accommodation and economy".<ref>"Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, August/September edition, 1998), p.22</ref> These were the cars that started the diesel boom in Europe that has now hit 50% of the market in new car sales.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
The biggest single step forward for mass-market diesel cars came in 1982 when PSA Peugeot Citroën introduced the [[XUD]] engine in the [[Peugeot 305]], [[Peugeot 205]] and [[Talbot Horizon]]. This was the class leading automotive diesel engine until the mid-1990s.<ref>"Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, July edition, 1993), p.104</ref> The first mass market turbo diesel was the XUD powered, 1988 [[Citroën BX]] and then the 1989 [[Peugeot 405]], they gave power and refinement approaching [[petrol engine]] standards,<ref>"Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, August/September edition, 1998), p.19</ref> with the best chassis in their class. Diesel Car magazine said of the Citroën BX "We can think of no other car currently on sale in the UK that comes anywhere near approaching the BX Turbo's combination of performance, accommodation and economy".<ref>"Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, August/September edition, 1998), p.22</ref> These were the cars that started the diesel boom in Europe that has now hit 50% of the market in new car sales.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
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Diesels carried a 2.5% share of the European Community market in 1973. Following the fuel crisis, this share increased to 4.1% in 1975. This more than doubled (to 8.6%) by 1980, and by 1983 diesels represented 11% of new car sales in the [[European Union|EU]].<ref name=Moniteur>{{cite journal | ref = Moniteur | journal = Le Moniteur de l'Automobile | page = 20 | title = Citroën BX 19 TRD | last = Pirotte | first = Marcel | location = Brussels, Belgium | language = French | volume = 35 | number = 793 | date = 1984-04-19 | publisher = Editions Auto-Magazine }}</ref>
Diesels carried a 2.5% share of the European Community market in 1973. Following the fuel crisis, this share increased to 4.1% in 1975. This more than doubled (to 8.6%) by 1980, and by 1983 diesels represented 11% of new car sales in the [[European Union|EU]].<ref name=Moniteur>{{cite journal | ref = Moniteur | journal = Le Moniteur de l'Automobile | page = 20 | title = Citroën BX 19 TRD | last = Pirotte | first = Marcel | location = Brussels, Belgium | language = French | volume = 35 | number = 793 | date = 1984-04-19 | publisher = Editions Auto-Magazine }}</ref>


Diesel Powered Passenger Cars in North America have been steadily increasing in popularity, especially in the early-mid 2000s. Diesels have typically only been used in trucks and commercial vehicles and buses. Jeep had offered a Perkins Diesel option for its models in the early 1960s and Chrysler offered them as well although mainly for the European market though some have probably been retrofitted to older AMC and Chrysler models in the US, particularly as taxis. Oldsmobile released a 350 cubic Inch (5.7 Litre) V8 diesel Engine starting in the late 1970s, most Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Chevrolet and even Cadillac divisions of General Motors, had received this engine by the 1980 model year, and continued to be sold until the engine was discontinued in 1985. Whilst a very good idea at the time, owing to the recent 1979 energy crisis these engines had gained a terrible reputation for reliability. Part of this had to do with the fact that, whilst the engine block itself was indeed a diesel specific design (contrary to most people's belief that it was simply a dieselised version of the famous rocket V8), GM management made significant cost saving measures by using many parts from the gas V8 counterpart which were not up to the task of diesel engine operation, specifically the number and type of head bolts used, and the lack of a water and fuel separator in the fuel line, a big issue as a lot of diesel fuel contained water and also high levels of sulfur at the time. The engine was later revised into the DX block and most of the issues were fixed, a V6 version displacing 4.3 litres and a smaller 4.3 V8 were also offered around this time, mainly for the downsized front-wheel drive models of the mid-1980s and although they were much better in the reliability department, the damage had already been done and the North American diesel car market was severely crippled as a result, despite the best efforts by Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW, Peugeot, VW and others in offering their more refined and powerful diesel engines. All of these olds designed units were non-turbocharged (or natural-aspirated) diesels. This undoubtedly hampered them in the performance and efficiency departments, although there have been retrofits of [[turbocharger]]s to Olds diesel blocks which are carried out by enthusiasts and collectors of these cars. It isn't well proven if turbos are reliable long-term with these engines, but so far they seem to be suitable, however, what performance benefit they bring could be considered as dubious given how low their power output was to begin with.
Diesel powered passenger cars in North America have typically only been used in trucks and commercial vehicles and buses. Jeep had offered a Perkins Diesel option for its models in the early 1960s and Chrysler offered them as well although mainly for the European market. Oldsmobile released a 350 cubic Inch (5.7 Litre) V8 diesel Engine, starting in the late 1970s, most Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Chevrolet and even Cadillac divisions of General Motors, had received this engine by the 1980 model year, and continued to be sold until the engine was discontinued in 1985.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}


==1990s and the present==
===1990s-2015 diesel boom===
Diesels steadily gained in acceptance with private buyers in the 1970s and into the 1990s. Having originally been mainly marketed to commercial users such as taxi drivers, European diesel sales increased steadily and reached 17.3 per cent of the overall European market by 1992.<ref name="NZCarp16">{{cite journal | ref = NZC493 | journal = New Zealand Car | title = Newsline | page = 16 | volume = 7 | number = 6 | date = April 1993 | editor-last = Anderson | editor-first = Donn | location = Auckland, New Zealand | publisher = Accent Publishing Cnr | issn = 0113-0196 }}</ref> As a way to curb [[carbon dioxide]] emissions, sales of diesel vehicles in Europe were incentivized by the [[ACEA agreement]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cames|first=Michel|last2=Helmers|first2=Eckard|date=2013-06-22|title=Critical evaluation of the European diesel car boom - global comparison, environmental effects and various national strategies|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-25-15|journal=Environmental Sciences Europe|volume=25|issue=1|pages=15|doi=10.1186/2190-4715-25-15|issn=2190-4715}}</ref> The peak of diesel popularity was reached in 2015, with 52% of new cars sold in Europe being diesel powered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=City bans are spreading in Europe|url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/City%20bans%20are%20spreading%20in%20Europe_Report.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref> The only other major car market where diesel cars were popular is [[India]]. Driven by cheap subsidized diesel fuel, diesel cars had a peak market share of 47% around 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=N|first=Madhavan|title=Is India ready for the post-diesel era?|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/is-india-ready-for-the-post-diesel-era/article26399277.ece|access-date=2021-03-06|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile diesel market share in the [[United States]] and [[China]] remained low.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-10|title=Diesel passenger vehicle share in India may decline to 15-18% in FY 2022: ICRA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/diesel-passenger-vehicle-share-in-india-may-decline-to-15-18-in-fy-2022-icra/2019415/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> In China, diesel cars are associated with heavy goods vehicles in consumer's minds, and environmental regulations kept diesel cars pricey to maintain.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-28|title=Why Volkswagen’s Problems Don’t Include China|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/09/28/why-volkswagens-problems-dont-include-china/|access-date=2021-03-06|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In [[South Korea]], diesel cars became popular after the government eased emissions regulations in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diesel-powered cars gain traction in South Korea|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Diesel-powered-cars-gain-traction-in-South-Korea|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB}}</ref>
Diesels steadily gained in acceptance with private buyers in the 1970s and into the 1990s. Having originally been mainly marketed to commercial users such as taxi drivers, European diesel sales increased steadily and reached 17.3 per cent of the overall European market by 1992.<ref name=NZCarp16>{{cite journal | ref = NZC493 | journal = New Zealand Car | title = Newsline | page = 16 | volume = 7 | number = 6 | date = April 1993 | editor-last = Anderson | editor-first = Donn | location = Auckland, New Zealand | publisher = Accent Publishing Cnr | issn = 0113-0196 }}</ref>


==== Developments ====
Many [[Audi]] enthusiasts claim that the [[Audi 100]] [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] was the first turbo charged [[direct injection diesel]] sold in 1989, but actually it isn't true, as the [[Fiat Croma]] TD-i.d. was sold with turbo direct injection in 1987<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|title=Our Technology Heritage|url=http://www.fiat.co.uk/innovations/air-technologies/fiat-technology-heritage/|accessdate=2012-03-16|work=fiat.co.uk}}</ref> and one year later [[Austin Rover]] [[Austin Montego|Montego]].<ref name="austin-rover.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?lm10storyf.htm|title=Maestro/Montego|accessdate=2008-04-08|work=austin-rover.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306191633/http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?lm10storyf.htm|archive-date=2008-03-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> What was pioneering about the Audi 100, however, was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had Bosch mechanically controlled injection. In the writers experience the Audi 100&nbsp;TDI was very troublesome and the engine code "AAT" is often known as the difficult Audi .{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} The electronic control of direct injection really made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power. All earlier generation car direct injection diesel engines benefit greatly from the use of biodiesel fuel, which reduces emissions and greatly improves refinement without engine modifications, provided they use compatible 'Viton' type rubber in their fuel systems.
The [[Fiat Croma]] TD-i.d. was the first turbo charged [[direct injection diesel]] in 1987<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|title=Our Technology Heritage|url=http://www.fiat.co.uk/innovations/air-technologies/fiat-technology-heritage/|accessdate=2012-03-16|work=fiat.co.uk}}</ref> followed one year later by the [[Austin Rover]] [[Austin Montego|Montego]].<ref name="austin-rover.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?lm10storyf.htm|title=Maestro/Montego|accessdate=2008-04-08|work=austin-rover.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306191633/http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?lm10storyf.htm|archive-date=2008-03-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Audi 100]], however, pioneered electronic control of the engine, while the Fiat and Austin had Bosch mechanically controlled injection.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} The electronic control of direct injection really made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power. All earlier generation car direct injection diesel engines benefit greatly from the use of biodiesel fuel, which reduces emissions and greatly improves refinement without engine modifications, provided they use compatible 'Viton' type rubber in their fuel systems.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}


The diesel car markets are the same ones who pioneered various developments (Mercedes-Benz, [[BMW]], [[Peugeot]]/[[Citroën]], [[Fiat]], [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Volkswagen Group]]) There were also small diesel engines produced in England by British Leyland and Perkins. For reasons of economy the petrol BMC "B" series engine was dieselised and produced in capacities of 1.5 and 1.8 litres. Perkins produced the 4.99, 4.107 and 4.108 engines all of which were extremely reliable. Later BL produced the five main bearing "O" series engine which was extremely strong. Petrol turbo variants could make 200HP and the engine was ideal for converting to a diesel. In fact, the 1988 Austin-Rover MDi unit (also known as the 'Perkins Prima') was developed by [[Perkins Engines]] of [[Peterborough]], who have designed and built high-speed diesels since the 1930s. It is still in production as a marine engine however in the writers opinion timing belts at sea are not a good idea. Engines that rely on timing belts are more suited to inland waterways. It is not easy to make a lightweight and powerful top class diesel engine owing to the immense pressures and heat produced within the engine. These problems were solved by VM Motori of Cento and the engines were apparently so good that Rover, Ford and Jeep bought them. The interesting features of the engines were the tunnel-bore block and separate cylinder heads to allow for expansion. VM engines were marinised by BMW and sold as BMW stern-drive packages. Mercury Marine also used the VM engines. As they have aged in car applications, they have developed a reputation for blowing head gaskets, due to the separate cylinder head design.
The diesel car markets are the same ones who pioneered various developments (Mercedes-Benz, [[BMW]], [[Peugeot]]/[[Citroën]], [[Fiat]], [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Volkswagen Group]]).{{Clarify|reason=which developments, there are also companies not listed that still developed their own diesel engines (Hyundai, Toyota, etc.)|date=March 2021}} There were also small diesel engines produced in England by British Leyland and Perkins. For reasons of economy the petrol BMC "B" series engine was converted to diesel and produced in capacities of 1.5 and 1.8 litres. Perkins produced the 4.99, 4.107 and 4.108 engines all of which were extremely reliable. Later BL produced the five main bearing "O" series engine which was extremely strong. Petrol turbo variants could make 200HP and the engine was ideal for converting to a diesel. In fact, the 1988 Austin-Rover MDi unit (also known as the 'Perkins Prima') was developed by [[Perkins Engines]] of [[Peterborough]], who have designed and built high-speed diesels since the 1930s. It is still in production as a marine engine however in the writers opinion timing belts at sea are not a good idea. Engines that rely on timing belts are more suited to inland waterways. It is not easy to make a lightweight and powerful top class diesel engine owing to the immense pressures and heat produced within the engine. These problems were solved by VM Motori of Cento and the engines were apparently so good that Rover, Ford and Jeep bought them. The interesting features of the engines were the tunnel-bore block and separate cylinder heads to allow for expansion. VM engines were marinised by BMW and sold as BMW stern-drive packages. Mercury Marine also used the VM engines. As they have aged in car applications, they have developed a reputation for blowing head gaskets, due to the separate cylinder head design.


In 1997, the first [[common rail]] diesel passenger car was introduced, the [[Alfa Romeo 156]].<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html|title=New Powertrain Technologies Conference|accessdate=2008-04-08|work=autonews.com}}</ref>
In 1997, the first [[common rail]] diesel passenger car was introduced, the [[Alfa Romeo 156]].<ref name="autonews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/files/07_ane_ptc/speakers.html|title=New Powertrain Technologies Conference|accessdate=2008-04-08|work=autonews.com}}</ref>


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In 2004 [[Honda]] released their first diesel engine, the N22A branded as the i-CTDI, it first featured in the [[Honda Accord]]. The engine featured an aluminium block, DOHC chain driven valvetrain, common rail direct injection and variable geometry turbocharger.
In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary [[24 Hours Nürburgring]] race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a [[BMW E36]] fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable petrol-powered cars spent more time refueling.


In Spring 2005, Mercedes-Benz unveiled their first application of a mass-produced aluminum block diesel engine for passenger vehicles and commercial use. Aluminum was traditionally considered of inferior strength and temperature resistance to withstand diesel applications. Its first use was in 2006 model-year [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]] sedan, [[Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class|ML-class]] and [[Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class|GL-class]] vehicles. The [[Mercedes-Benz OM642 engine|3.0 liter V6 engine]] is similar in weight ({{convert|208|kg|lb|abbr=on}}) to the five-cylinder it replaced, and considerably lighter than the in-line six-cylinder it also replaced.
Chrysler put a [http://www.vmmotori.it/en/01/00/01/dettaglio.jsp?id=11 VM Motori SpA] engine in the [[Jeep Liberty#CRD in North America|Jeep Liberty]] sport utility vehicle in 2005 and 2006 to assess the American market's interest in modern high performance diesel engines.


=== 2015-present decline of diesel cars ===
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In 2004 Honda released their first diesel engine, the N22A branded as the i-CTDI, it first featured in the Honda Accord. The engine featured an aluminium block, DOHC chain driven valvetrain, common rail direct injection and variable geometry turbocharger.
[[File:VW_Golf_TDI_Clean_Diesel_WAS_2010_8983.JPG|thumb|A 2010 [[Volkswagen Golf Mk6|Volkswagen Golf]] TDI with defeat device displaying "Clean Diesel" at the [[Detroit Auto Show]]]]
Since the numerous [[diesel emissions scandal]]s of recent years, the most high profile of which was the [[Volkswagen emissions scandal|Dieselgate scandal]] of 2015, it has been revealed that the levels of toxic emissions coming from diesel cars are higher and pose a greater risk to human health than those of vehicles powered by other means.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact Check: Are diesel cars really more polluting than petrol cars?|url=http://theconversation.com/fact-check-are-diesel-cars-really-more-polluting-than-petrol-cars-76241}}</ref> In response, the image of the diesel car took a hit with consumers, resale values of diesel cars dropped and hundreds of cities in Europe started banning older diesel cars to curb air pollution,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-26|title=A Dead End for Fossil Fuel in Europe’s City Centers|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-26/a-dead-end-for-fossil-fuel-in-europe-s-city-centers|access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref> including [[Paris]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Madrid]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diesel Vehicles Face a Grim Future in Europe’s Cities|url=https://e360.yale.edu/digest/diesel-vehicles-face-a-grim-future-in-europes-cities|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Yale E360|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Umweltbundesamt|German environment agency]], diesel cars have a 65% share in urban [[nitrogen dioxide]] pollution levels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stoll|first=Jonas|date=2018-01-31|title=Sieben Fragen und Antworten zum Diesel|url=https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/sieben-fragen-antworten-diesel|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Umweltbundesamt|language=de}}</ref> From a peak of 52% market share of new cars sold in Europe being diesel powered, by 2018, this number had declined to 36.%.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2019-01-30|title=Diesel car registrations in Europe post their lowest market share since 2001 - JATO|language=en-GB|work=JATO|url=https://www.jato.com/diesel-car-registrations-in-europe-post-their-lowest-market-share-since-2001/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref> In September 2020, European market share of [[Battery electric vehicle|electric cars]] was higher than for diesel cars.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-10-29|title=In September 2020, for the first time in European history, registrations for electrified vehicles overtook diesel - JATO|language=en-GB|work=JATO|url=https://www.jato.com/in-september-2020-for-the-first-time-in-european-history-registrations-for-electrified-vehicles-overtook-diesel/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref>
In Spring 2005, Mercedes-Benz unveiled their first application of a mass-produced aluminum block diesel engine for passenger vehicles and commercial use. While aluminum is traditionally considered of inferior strength and temperature resistance to withstand diesel applications, Mercedes engineers made extensive use of CAD/CAM design to arrive at an aluminum block that would meet with Mercedes' testing and reliability standards. First use was in 2006 model-year vehicles in the E-Class sedan and ML-class and GL-class SUVs. Similar in weight ({{convert|208|kg|lb|abbr=on}}) to the five-cylinder it replaced, and considerably lighter than the in-line six-cylinder it also replaced, this 3.0L V-6 produces 165&nbsp;kW (224&nbsp;hp) at 3,800&nbsp;rpm and max torque of 510 Nm (376&nbsp;ft·lbf) at 1,600-2,800&nbsp;rpm and makes use of a four-valve head. Additionally, fitment of Mercedes-Benz [[BlueTec]] system, a concert of emissions control strategies, renders this new diesel 50-state legal in the U.S. beginning in 2008 (stringent [[NOx]] limits have made U.S. passenger-car diesels unpopular or impossible in parts of the U.S. in recent years).


In India, [[Bharat stage emission standards|BS6]] emissions standard and bans on older diesel vehicles have also caused diesel market share to slip from 58% in 2013 to 29% in 2020.<ref name=":1" />
In 2006, the new [[Audi R10|Audi R10 TDI LMP1]] entered by [[Joest Racing]] became the first diesel-engined car to win the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]]. The winning car also bettered the post-1990 course configuration lap record by 1, at 380 laps. However, this fell short of the all-time distance record set in 1971 by over {{convert|200|km}}.


In [[West Africa|West-Africa]], diesel cars are still the majority of vehicles on the road, as emissions standards are less stringent compared to the rest of the world and old diesel cars are allowed to be imported from the rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2018|title=Emissions from the road traffic of West African cities: Assessment of vehicle fleet and fuel consumption|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/9/2300/pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Is Africa becoming the world's dumping ground for dirty diesel vehicles? {{!}} DW {{!}} 27.07.2018|url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-africa-becoming-the-worlds-dumping-ground-for-dirty-diesel-vehicles/a-44833036|access-date=2021-03-06|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-31|title=Is Africa becoming the world's dumping ground for dirty diesel vehicles?|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-07-31-is-africa-becoming-the-worlds-dumping-ground-for-dirty-diesel-vehicles/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> A 2018 report found that the majority of a sample of 160 cars exported from the [[Netherlands]] destined for West-Africa and [[Libya]] did not meet [[Euro IV]] (2005) emissions norms.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=Used vehicles exported to Africa|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2020/11/30/rapport-used-vehicles-exported-to-africa/rapport-used-vehicles-exported-to-africa.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=Netherlands Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate}}</ref>
The [[Subaru]] car company of Japan is preparing to sell its [[station wagon]] version of their Legacy mid-size car (called the [[Subaru Outback]] in North America) with a 2.0-litre, [[boxer engine]] format opposed-four-cylinder diesel engine of {{convert|110|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} power, and {{convert|350|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} of torque, in the [[United Kingdom]]. Sales in continental Europe started in 2008.

Since the numerous [[Diesel emissions scandal]]s of recent years the most high profile of which was the [[Volkswagen emissions scandal]] of 2015 it has been revealed that the levels of toxic emissions coming from diesel cars are higher and pose a greater risk to human health than those of vehicles powered by other means.
<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://theconversation.com/fact-check-are-diesel-cars-really-more-polluting-than-petrol-cars-76241 |title = Fact Check: Are diesel cars really more polluting than petrol cars?}}</ref>


== Diesel engine vehicle racing ==
== Diesel engine vehicle racing ==
Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in [[truck]] racing and [[tractor pulling]], as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as [[land speed record]] racing or [[Endurance racing (motorsport)|endurance racing]]. Even diesel-engined dragsters exist, despite the diesel's drawbacks of weight and low peak rpm, specifications central to performance in this sport. However, in 2006, the new [[Audi R10 TDI]] LMP1 entered by Joest Racing became the first diesel-engined car to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.dieselworldmag.com/content/view/62/ | title = World's First 7-Second Diesel Dragster | journal = Diesel World Magazine | date = January 2007 | access-date = 2008-10-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080709050701/http://www.dieselworldmag.com/content/view/62/ | archive-date = 2008-07-09 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in [[truck]] racing and [[tractor pulling]], as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as [[land speed record]] racing or [[Endurance racing (motorsport)|endurance racing]]. Even diesel-engined dragsters exist, despite the diesel's drawbacks of weight and low peak rpm, specifications central to performance in this sport. However, in 2006, the new [[Audi R10 TDI]] LMP1 entered by Joest Racing became the first diesel-engined car to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.dieselworldmag.com/content/view/62/ | title = World's First 7-Second Diesel Dragster | journal = Diesel World Magazine | date = January 2007 | access-date = 2008-10-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080709050701/http://www.dieselworldmag.com/content/view/62/ | archive-date = 2008-07-09 | url-status = dead }}</ref>


=== Historic ===
=== History ===
As early as 1931, [[Clessie Cummins]] installed his diesel in the Cummins "Diesel Special" race car, hitting {{convert|162|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} at Daytona and {{convert|138|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} at the [[Indianapolis 500]] race,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm |title = The Diesel engine and its development, A historical timeline |author = Martin Leduc |access-date = 2008-10-31 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153917/http://dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm |archive-date = 2007-10-12 |url-status = dead }}</ref> where [[David Evans (automobile racer)|Dave Evans]] became the first driver to complete the [[Indianapolis 500]] without making a single [[pit stop]], completing the full distance on the lead lap and finishing 13th, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power.<ref name = "roadking">{{cite web |title = Track Star, The diesel-powered Audi R10 owns every race it enters |author = Paul Abelson |publisher = Road King Magazine |url = http://www.roadking.com/story.php?id=800 |access-date = 2008-10-31 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090404100953/http://www.roadking.com/story.php?id=800 |archive-date = 2009-04-04 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
As early as 1931, [[Clessie Cummins]] installed his diesel in the Cummins "Diesel Special" race car, hitting {{convert|162|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} at Daytona and {{convert|138|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}} at the [[Indianapolis 500]] race,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm |title = The Diesel engine and its development, A historical timeline |author = Martin Leduc |access-date = 2008-10-31 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153917/http://dieselduck.ca/library/other/prime_movers.htm |archive-date = 2007-10-12 |url-status = dead }}</ref> where [[David Evans (automobile racer)|Dave Evans]] became the first driver to complete the [[Indianapolis 500]] without making a single [[pit stop]], completing the full distance on the lead lap and finishing 13th, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power.<ref name = "roadking">{{cite web |title = Track Star, The diesel-powered Audi R10 owns every race it enters |author = Paul Abelson |publisher = Road King Magazine |url = http://www.roadking.com/story.php?id=800 |access-date = 2008-10-31 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090404100953/http://www.roadking.com/story.php?id=800 |archive-date = 2009-04-04 |url-status = dead }}</ref>


Line 64: Line 64:
Meanwhile, the five time [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] winner [[Audi R8 (race car)|Audi R8]] race car was replaced by the [[Audi R10 TDI]] in 2006, which is powered by a {{convert|650|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1100|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} V12 TDI [[common rail]] diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6 used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissions that could stand the torque long enough.
Meanwhile, the five time [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] winner [[Audi R8 (race car)|Audi R8]] race car was replaced by the [[Audi R10 TDI]] in 2006, which is powered by a {{convert|650|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1100|Nm|lb·ft|abbr=on}} V12 TDI [[common rail]] diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6 used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissions that could stand the torque long enough.


After winning the [[12 Hours of Sebring]] in 2006 with their diesel-powered [[Audi R20 TDI|R10 TDI]], [[Audi]] obtained the overall win at the 2006 [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], too. This is the first time a sports car could compete for overall victories with diesel fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or [[methanol]] and [[bio-ethanol]]. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the [[Automobile Club de l'Ouest|ACO]]/[[ALMS]] race rules encourage the use of alternative fuels such as diesel.
After winning the [[12 Hours of Sebring]] in 2006 with their diesel-powered [[Audi R10|Audi R10 TDI LMP1]], [[Audi]] obtained the overall win at the 2006 [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], too. This is the first time a sports car could compete for overall victories with diesel fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or [[methanol]] and [[bio-ethanol]]. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the [[Automobile Club de l'Ouest|ACO]]/[[ALMS]] race rules encourage the use of alternative fuels such as diesel. The winning car also bettered the post-1990 course configuration lap record by 1, at 380 laps. However, this fell short of the all-time distance record set in 1971 by over {{convert|200|km}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Audi again triumphed at Sebring in 2007. It had both a speed and fuel economy advantage over the entire field including the [[Porsche RS Spyder]]s, gasoline powered purpose-built race cars. Audi's diesels won again the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, against competition coming from the [[Peugeot 908 HDi FAP]] diesel powered racer.

Audi again triumphed at Sebring in 2007. It had both a speed and fuel economy advantage over the entire field including the [[Porsche RS Spyder]]s, gasoline powered purpose-built race cars. Audi's diesels won again the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, against competition coming from the [[Peugeot 908 HDi FAP]] diesel powered racer.


In 2006, the [[JCB Dieselmax]] broke the diesel land speed record posting an average speed of over {{convert|328|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. The vehicle used "two diesel engines that have a combined total of 1,500 horsepower (1120 kilowatts). Each is a 4-cylinder, 4.4-liter engine used commercially in a backhoe loader." <ref>{{cite web |title = New diesel land speed record: {{convert|328|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} |agency = Associated Press |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14486354/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061012132042/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14486354/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2006-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = JCB car beats diesel speed record |date= 2006-08-22 |publisher = BBC |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/staffordshire/5273540.stm}}</ref>
In 2006, the [[JCB Dieselmax]] broke the diesel land speed record posting an average speed of over {{convert|328|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. The vehicle used "two diesel engines that have a combined total of 1,500 horsepower (1120 kilowatts). Each is a 4-cylinder, 4.4-liter engine used commercially in a backhoe loader." <ref>{{cite web |title = New diesel land speed record: {{convert|328|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} |agency = Associated Press |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14486354/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061012132042/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14486354/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2006-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = JCB car beats diesel speed record |date= 2006-08-22 |publisher = BBC |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/staffordshire/5273540.stm}}</ref>

Revision as of 14:06, 6 March 2021

The Mercedes-Benz 260D (1936): one of the first diesel cars

Diesel engines began to be used in automobiles in the 1930s. Mainly used for commercial applications early on, they did not gain popularity for passenger travel until their development in Europe in the 1950s.[1] After reaching a peak in popularity worldwide around 2015, in the aftermath of Dieselgate, the diesel car rapidly fell out of favor with consumers and regulators.

History

Early 20th century

Charles Wallace Chapman at Perkins Engines at Peterborough, England, developed an engine, the high speed diesel engine, for automobiles; previously diesel engines were too large and heavy.

Production diesel car history started in 1933[2][3] with Citroën's Rosalie, which featured a diesel engine option (the 1,766 cc 11UD engine) in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) model.[4] The Mercedes-Benz 260 D and the Hanomag Rekord were introduced soon after, in 1936.

Immediately after World War II, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s, diesel-powered cars began to gain limited popularity, particularly for commercial applications, such as ambulances, taxis, and station wagons used for delivery work. Mercedes-Benz offered a continuous stream of diesel-powered taxis, beginning in 1949 with their 170D powered by the OM636 engine. Later, in 1959 their OM621 engine was introduced in the 180D. This 2.0 L engine produced 55 PS (40 kW) at 4,350 rpm.

1965 Peugeot 404, modified to set a diesel speed record

Beginning in 1959, Peugeot offered the 403D with their TMD-85 four-cylinder engine of 1.8 L and 48 PS (35 kW), followed in 1962 by the 404D with the same engine. In 1964, the 404D became available with the improved XD88 four-cylinder engine of 2.0 L and 60 PS (44 kW). Other cars available with diesel power during this era included the Austin A60 Cambridge, Isuzu Bellel, Fiat 1400-A, Standard Vanguard, Borgward Hansa, and a few others.[citation needed]

In 1967, Peugeot introduced the world's first compact, high-speed diesel car, the Peugeot 204BD. Its 1.3 L XL4D engine produces 46 PS (34 kW) at 5,000 rpm. Following the 1970s oil crisis (1973 and 1979), Volkswagen introduced their first diesel car, the VW Golf, with a 1.5 L naturally aspirated indirect-injection engine which was a redesigned (dieselised) version of a gasoline engine. Mercedes-Benz tested turbodiesels in cars (e.g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles) and the first production turbo diesel cars were, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cylinder 115 hp (86 kW) Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America, and the Peugeot 604.

The biggest single step forward for mass-market diesel cars came in 1982 when PSA Peugeot Citroën introduced the XUD engine in the Peugeot 305, Peugeot 205 and Talbot Horizon. This was the class leading automotive diesel engine until the mid-1990s.[5] The first mass market turbo diesel was the XUD powered, 1988 Citroën BX and then the 1989 Peugeot 405, they gave power and refinement approaching petrol engine standards,[6] with the best chassis in their class. Diesel Car magazine said of the Citroën BX "We can think of no other car currently on sale in the UK that comes anywhere near approaching the BX Turbo's combination of performance, accommodation and economy".[7] These were the cars that started the diesel boom in Europe that has now hit 50% of the market in new car sales.[citation needed]

Diesels carried a 2.5% share of the European Community market in 1973. Following the fuel crisis, this share increased to 4.1% in 1975. This more than doubled (to 8.6%) by 1980, and by 1983 diesels represented 11% of new car sales in the EU.[8]

Diesel powered passenger cars in North America have typically only been used in trucks and commercial vehicles and buses. Jeep had offered a Perkins Diesel option for its models in the early 1960s and Chrysler offered them as well although mainly for the European market. Oldsmobile released a 350 cubic Inch (5.7 Litre) V8 diesel Engine, starting in the late 1970s, most Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Chevrolet and even Cadillac divisions of General Motors, had received this engine by the 1980 model year, and continued to be sold until the engine was discontinued in 1985.[citation needed]

1990s-2015 diesel boom

Diesels steadily gained in acceptance with private buyers in the 1970s and into the 1990s. Having originally been mainly marketed to commercial users such as taxi drivers, European diesel sales increased steadily and reached 17.3 per cent of the overall European market by 1992.[9] As a way to curb carbon dioxide emissions, sales of diesel vehicles in Europe were incentivized by the ACEA agreement.[10] The peak of diesel popularity was reached in 2015, with 52% of new cars sold in Europe being diesel powered.[11] The only other major car market where diesel cars were popular is India. Driven by cheap subsidized diesel fuel, diesel cars had a peak market share of 47% around 2012.[12] Meanwhile diesel market share in the United States and China remained low.[13] In China, diesel cars are associated with heavy goods vehicles in consumer's minds, and environmental regulations kept diesel cars pricey to maintain.[14] In South Korea, diesel cars became popular after the government eased emissions regulations in 2005.[15]

Developments

The Fiat Croma TD-i.d. was the first turbo charged direct injection diesel in 1987[16] followed one year later by the Austin Rover Montego.[17] The Audi 100, however, pioneered electronic control of the engine, while the Fiat and Austin had Bosch mechanically controlled injection.[citation needed] The electronic control of direct injection really made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power. All earlier generation car direct injection diesel engines benefit greatly from the use of biodiesel fuel, which reduces emissions and greatly improves refinement without engine modifications, provided they use compatible 'Viton' type rubber in their fuel systems.[citation needed]

The diesel car markets are the same ones who pioneered various developments (Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Peugeot/Citroën, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Volkswagen Group).[clarification needed] There were also small diesel engines produced in England by British Leyland and Perkins. For reasons of economy the petrol BMC "B" series engine was converted to diesel and produced in capacities of 1.5 and 1.8 litres. Perkins produced the 4.99, 4.107 and 4.108 engines all of which were extremely reliable. Later BL produced the five main bearing "O" series engine which was extremely strong. Petrol turbo variants could make 200HP and the engine was ideal for converting to a diesel. In fact, the 1988 Austin-Rover MDi unit (also known as the 'Perkins Prima') was developed by Perkins Engines of Peterborough, who have designed and built high-speed diesels since the 1930s. It is still in production as a marine engine however in the writers opinion timing belts at sea are not a good idea. Engines that rely on timing belts are more suited to inland waterways. It is not easy to make a lightweight and powerful top class diesel engine owing to the immense pressures and heat produced within the engine. These problems were solved by VM Motori of Cento and the engines were apparently so good that Rover, Ford and Jeep bought them. The interesting features of the engines were the tunnel-bore block and separate cylinder heads to allow for expansion. VM engines were marinised by BMW and sold as BMW stern-drive packages. Mercury Marine also used the VM engines. As they have aged in car applications, they have developed a reputation for blowing head gaskets, due to the separate cylinder head design.

In 1997, the first common rail diesel passenger car was introduced, the Alfa Romeo 156.[18]

In 2004 Honda released their first diesel engine, the N22A branded as the i-CTDI, it first featured in the Honda Accord. The engine featured an aluminium block, DOHC chain driven valvetrain, common rail direct injection and variable geometry turbocharger.

In Spring 2005, Mercedes-Benz unveiled their first application of a mass-produced aluminum block diesel engine for passenger vehicles and commercial use. Aluminum was traditionally considered of inferior strength and temperature resistance to withstand diesel applications. Its first use was in 2006 model-year E-Class sedan, ML-class and GL-class vehicles. The 3.0 liter V6 engine is similar in weight (208 kg (459 lb)) to the five-cylinder it replaced, and considerably lighter than the in-line six-cylinder it also replaced.

2015-present decline of diesel cars

A 2010 Volkswagen Golf TDI with defeat device displaying "Clean Diesel" at the Detroit Auto Show

Since the numerous diesel emissions scandals of recent years, the most high profile of which was the Dieselgate scandal of 2015, it has been revealed that the levels of toxic emissions coming from diesel cars are higher and pose a greater risk to human health than those of vehicles powered by other means.[19] In response, the image of the diesel car took a hit with consumers, resale values of diesel cars dropped and hundreds of cities in Europe started banning older diesel cars to curb air pollution,[11][20] including Paris, Hamburg and Madrid.[21] According to the German environment agency, diesel cars have a 65% share in urban nitrogen dioxide pollution levels.[22] From a peak of 52% market share of new cars sold in Europe being diesel powered, by 2018, this number had declined to 36.%.[11][23] In September 2020, European market share of electric cars was higher than for diesel cars.[24]

In India, BS6 emissions standard and bans on older diesel vehicles have also caused diesel market share to slip from 58% in 2013 to 29% in 2020.[13]

In West-Africa, diesel cars are still the majority of vehicles on the road, as emissions standards are less stringent compared to the rest of the world and old diesel cars are allowed to be imported from the rest of the world.[25][26][27] A 2018 report found that the majority of a sample of 160 cars exported from the Netherlands destined for West-Africa and Libya did not meet Euro IV (2005) emissions norms.[28]

Diesel engine vehicle racing

Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. Even diesel-engined dragsters exist, despite the diesel's drawbacks of weight and low peak rpm, specifications central to performance in this sport. However, in 2006, the new Audi R10 TDI LMP1 entered by Joest Racing became the first diesel-engined car to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans.[29]

History

As early as 1931, Clessie Cummins installed his diesel in the Cummins "Diesel Special" race car, hitting 162 km/h (101 mph) at Daytona and 138 km/h (86 mph) at the Indianapolis 500 race,[30] where Dave Evans became the first driver to complete the Indianapolis 500 without making a single pit stop, completing the full distance on the lead lap and finishing 13th, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power.[31]

In 1933, a 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engine car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall.[32]

A 1950 "Cummins Diesel Special" Indianapolis 500 roadster

In 1952, Fred Agabashian in a Cummins diesel won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a turbocharged 6.6-liter diesel car,[33] setting a record for pole position lap speed, 222.108 km/h (138.012 mph).[31] Don Cummins and his chief engineer Neve Reiners recognized that the low center of gravity of the flat engine configuration (designed to lie beneath the floor of a bus) plus the power advantage gained by the novel use of Elliott turbocharging would be a winning combination.[34]

At the start, a slow pace lap (reportedly less than 150 km/h (93 mph)) apparently induced what is now referred to as "turbo lag" and badly hampered the throttle response of the Cummins Diesel. Although Agabashian found himself in eighth place before reaching the first turn, he moved up to fifth in a few laps and was running competitively (albeit well back in the field after a tire change) until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the turbocharger at lap 71; he finished 27th.[35]

In the 1990s and rule makers supported the concept, BMW and Volkswagen raced diesel touring cars, with BMW winning the 1998 24 Hours Nürburgring with a 320d against other factory-entered diesel competition of VW and about 200 normally powered cars, mainly by being able to drive very long stints. Alfa Romeo even organized a racing series with their Alfa Romeo 147 1.9 JTD models.

In 2006, a BMW 120d repeated a similar result, scoring 5th in a field of 220 cars, many of them much more powerful, a significantly stronger competition than in 1998. The VW Dakar Rally race Touareg for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there.

The diesel engine of Audi's 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans-winning R10 TDI

Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Audi R8 race car was replaced by the Audi R10 TDI in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1,100 N⋅m (810 lb⋅ft) V12 TDI common rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6 used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissions that could stand the torque long enough.

After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered Audi R10 TDI LMP1, Audi obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This is the first time a sports car could compete for overall victories with diesel fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or methanol and bio-ethanol. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternative fuels such as diesel. The winning car also bettered the post-1990 course configuration lap record by 1, at 380 laps. However, this fell short of the all-time distance record set in 1971 by over 200 kilometres (120 mi).[citation needed] Audi again triumphed at Sebring in 2007. It had both a speed and fuel economy advantage over the entire field including the Porsche RS Spyders, gasoline powered purpose-built race cars. Audi's diesels won again the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, against competition coming from the Peugeot 908 HDi FAP diesel powered racer.

In 2006, the JCB Dieselmax broke the diesel land speed record posting an average speed of over 328 mph (528 km/h). The vehicle used "two diesel engines that have a combined total of 1,500 horsepower (1120 kilowatts). Each is a 4-cylinder, 4.4-liter engine used commercially in a backhoe loader." [36][37]

In the 2008 BTCC, Jason Plato and Darren Turner are racing factory sponsored SEAT Leon TDI with some success against a variety of gasoline powered competitors.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ If diesel engines are more efficient, why do most cars come with gasoline engines?
  2. ^ "Citroen's Rosalie becomes the world's first commercially available diesel engined passenger car". Archived from the original on 2008-12-25. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  3. ^ "The world's first mass-produced diesel car". Archived from the original on 2010-11-18.
  4. ^ "Cats Citroën Net History". Cats-citroen.net. 1934-05-03. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  5. ^ "Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, July edition, 1993), p.104
  6. ^ "Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, August/September edition, 1998), p.19
  7. ^ "Diesel Car" (Future Publishing Limited, August/September edition, 1998), p.22
  8. ^ Pirotte, Marcel (1984-04-19). "Citroën BX 19 TRD". Le Moniteur de l'Automobile (in French). 35 (793). Brussels, Belgium: Editions Auto-Magazine: 20.
  9. ^ Anderson, Donn, ed. (April 1993). "Newsline". New Zealand Car. 7 (6). Auckland, New Zealand: Accent Publishing Cnr: 16. ISSN 0113-0196.
  10. ^ Cames, Michel; Helmers, Eckard (2013-06-22). "Critical evaluation of the European diesel car boom - global comparison, environmental effects and various national strategies". Environmental Sciences Europe. 25 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/2190-4715-25-15. ISSN 2190-4715.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ a b c "City bans are spreading in Europe" (PDF). October 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ N, Madhavan. "Is India ready for the post-diesel era?". @businessline. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  13. ^ a b "Diesel passenger vehicle share in India may decline to 15-18% in FY 2022: ICRA". The Financial Express. 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  14. ^ "Why Volkswagen's Problems Don't Include China". Wall Street Journal. 2015-09-28. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  15. ^ "Diesel-powered cars gain traction in South Korea". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  16. ^ "Our Technology Heritage". fiat.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  17. ^ "Maestro/Montego". austin-rover.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  18. ^ "New Powertrain Technologies Conference". autonews.com. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
  19. ^ "Fact Check: Are diesel cars really more polluting than petrol cars?".
  20. ^ "A Dead End for Fossil Fuel in Europe's City Centers". Bloomberg.com. 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  21. ^ "Diesel Vehicles Face a Grim Future in Europe's Cities". Yale E360. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  22. ^ Stoll, Jonas (2018-01-31). "Sieben Fragen und Antworten zum Diesel". Umweltbundesamt (in German). Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  23. ^ "Diesel car registrations in Europe post their lowest market share since 2001 - JATO". JATO. 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2021-03-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "In September 2020, for the first time in European history, registrations for electrified vehicles overtook diesel - JATO". JATO. 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2021-03-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "Emissions from the road traffic of West African cities: Assessment of vehicle fleet and fuel consumption". 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Is Africa becoming the world's dumping ground for dirty diesel vehicles? | DW | 27.07.2018". DW.COM. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  27. ^ "Is Africa becoming the world's dumping ground for dirty diesel vehicles?". The Mail & Guardian. 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  28. ^ "Used vehicles exported to Africa" (PDF). Netherlands Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate. October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ "World's First 7-Second Diesel Dragster". Diesel World Magazine. January 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  30. ^ Martin Leduc. "The Diesel engine and its development, A historical timeline". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  31. ^ a b Paul Abelson. "Track Star, The diesel-powered Audi R10 owns every race it enters". Road King Magazine. Archived from the original on 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  32. ^ "Firsts in sport". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02.
  33. ^ "Cummins History". Cummins. Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  34. ^ Greg Littleton. "Snowberger's Done It Again — 1952 Cummins Diesel Car". National Indy 500 Collector Club.
  35. ^ Gavin Foster (2006-07-27). "Viva la diesel!". Mail & Guardian Online. (incorrect reference to the Cummins Diesel leading laps in the race)
  36. ^ "New diesel land speed record: 328 mph (528 km/h)". MSNBC. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2006-10-12.
  37. ^ "JCB car beats diesel speed record". BBC. 2006-08-22.
  38. ^ "SEAT Sport UK". SEAT Sport UK. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-11-20.

Further reading

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