Ossetia: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Ossetia01.png|thumb|right|Map showing [[North Ossetia–Alania|North]] and [[South Ossetia]]]] |
[[File:Ossetia01.png|thumb|right|Map showing [[North Ossetia–Alania|North]] and [[South Ossetia]]]] |
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'''Ossetia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ossetia pronunciation.mp3|ɒ|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|i|ə}} {{respell|o|SET|ee|ə}}, {{small|less common:}} {{IPAc-en|audio=Ossetia alternate pronunciation.mp3|ɒ|ˈ|s|iː|ʃ|ə}} {{respell|o|SEE|shə}}; {{lang-os|Ирыстон}} or {{lang|os|Ир}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transl|os|Iryston}} or {{transl|os|Ir}}, {{IPA-os|i.rɘ.ʂ̟ton|pron}}; {{lang-ru|Осетия|Osetiya}}; {{lang-ka|ოსეთი}}, <small>[[Romanization of Georgian|translit.]]</small> ''Oseti'') is an [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] region located on both sides of the [[Greater Caucasus]] Mountains, largely inhabited by the [[Ossetians]]. The [[Ossetian language]] is part of the [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian branch]] of the family of [[Indo-European languages]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz|first=Richard|title=The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZswEAAAQBAJ |year=2022 |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9780755618453|author-link=Richard Foltz |page = 1 }}</ref> Most countries recognize the Ossetian-speaking area south of the main Caucasus ridge as lying within the borders of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], but it has come under the control of the ''[[de facto]]'' government of the Russian-backed [[South Ossetia|Republic of South Ossetia |
'''Ossetia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Ossetia pronunciation.mp3|ɒ|ˈ|s|ɛ|t|i|ə}} {{respell|o|SET|ee|ə}}, {{small|less common:}} {{IPAc-en|audio=Ossetia alternate pronunciation.mp3|ɒ|ˈ|s|iː|ʃ|ə}} {{respell|o|SEE|shə}}; {{lang-os|Ирыстон}} or {{lang|os|Ир}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{transl|os|Iryston}} or {{transl|os|Ir}}, {{IPA-os|i.rɘ.ʂ̟ton|pron}}; {{lang-ru|Осетия|Osetiya}}; {{lang-ka|ოსეთი}}, <small>[[Romanization of Georgian|translit.]]</small> ''Oseti'') is an [[Ethnolinguistics|ethnolinguistic]] region located on both sides of the [[Greater Caucasus]] Mountains, largely inhabited by the [[Ossetians]]. The [[Ossetian language]] is part of the [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian branch]] of the family of [[Indo-European languages]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz|first=Richard|title=The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZswEAAAQBAJ |year=2022 |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9780755618453|author-link=Richard Foltz |page = 1 }}</ref> Most countries recognize the Ossetian-speaking area south of the main Caucasus ridge as lying within the borders of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], but it has come under the control of the ''[[de facto]]'' government of the Russian-backed [[South Ossetia|Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Group |first=International Crisis |date=2010 |title=Appendix B: Map of South Ossetia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep37032.11 |journal= South Ossetia|pages=Page 25–Page 25 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stepanova |first=Ekaterina |date=2008 |title=South Ossetia and Abkhazia: Placing the Conflict in Context |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19160 |journal= |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manutscharjan |first=Aschot |date=2008 |title=Abkhazia and South Ossetia – Russia's Intervention in Georgia (August 2008) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10010 |journal= |publisher=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Markedonov |first=Sergey |title=The South Ossetia conflict |date=2015 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvdf0bmg.11 |work="Frozen conflicts" in Europe |pages=111–118 |editor-last=Bebler |editor-first=Anton |edition=1 |publisher=Verlag Barbara Budrich |jstor=j.ctvdf0bmg.11 |isbn=978-3-8474-0133-9 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> The northern portion of the region consists of the [[North Ossetia|Republic of North Ossetia-Alania]] within the [[Russian Federation]]. |
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==Recent history{{anchor|History}}== |
==Recent history{{anchor|History}}== |
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[[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|The ethnolinguistic map of the modern [[Caucasus]] showing the Ossetian-inhabited territories in {{color box|#d9d33e}}]] |
[[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|The ethnolinguistic map of the modern [[Caucasus]] showing the Ossetian-inhabited territories in {{color box|#d9d33e}}]] |
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[[File:Ossetian tribes.png|thumb|right|Ossetian tribes (according to Boris Kaloev)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://s23.postimg.org/aze2tqr9n/2fec9d793e3d.jpg?noredir=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205071536/https://s23.postimg.org/aze2tqr9n/2fec9d793e3d.jpg?noredir=1 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://s50.radikal.ru/i129/1003/22/2fec9d793e3d.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608082429/http://s50.radikal.ru/i129/1003/22/2fec9d793e3d.jpg |date=8 June 2020 }} {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Ossetian tribes.png|thumb|right|Ossetian tribes (according to Boris Kaloev)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://s23.postimg.org/aze2tqr9n/2fec9d793e3d.jpg?noredir=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205071536/https://s23.postimg.org/aze2tqr9n/2fec9d793e3d.jpg?noredir=1 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://s50.radikal.ru/i129/1003/22/2fec9d793e3d.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608082429/http://s50.radikal.ru/i129/1003/22/2fec9d793e3d.jpg |date=8 June 2020 }} {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>]] |
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* 1774 |
* 1774 – Expansion of the [[Russian Empire]] on Ossetian territory.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002841/01/sokirianskaia06.pdf | title = Sokirianskaia | publisher = CEU | place = [[Hungary|HU]]}}.</ref> |
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* 1922 |
* 1922 – Creation of the [[South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast|South Ossetian autonomous oblast]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 April 2016|title=South Ossetia profile|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18269210|access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> [[North Ossetia]] remains a part of [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[South Ossetia]] remains a part of [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]]. |
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* 20 September 1990 |
* 20 September 1990 – South Ossetia declares independence. The republic remained unrecognized, yet it detached itself from Georgia ''de facto''. In the last years of the [[Soviet Union]], [[ethnic]] tensions between Ossetians and [[Georgian people|Georgians]] in Georgia's former [[Autonomous Oblast]] of South Ossetia (abolished in 1990) and between Ossetians and the [[Ingush people|Ingush]] in North Ossetia evolved into violent clashes that left several hundred dead and wounded and created a large tide of refugees on both sides.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - South Ossetia (unrecognized state) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce12c.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Ghebali | title = Helsinki | year = 2003 | volume = 4 | url = http://www.gcsp.ch/e/publications/Issues_Institutions/Int_Organisations/Academic_Articles/Ghebali-Helsinki-3-04.pdf | place = [[Switzerland|CH]] }}. {{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Avrasya | title = Ehatipoglu | year = 2005 | url = http://www.obiv.org.tr/2005/avrasya/ehatipoglu.pdf | place = [[Turkey|TR]] | publisher = Obiv }}. {{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref> |
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Although a Russian-mediated and [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]-monitored [[ceasefire]] was implemented in South Ossetia in 1992, the [[Georgian-Ossetian conflict]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Souleimanov |first=Emil |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855585455 |title=Understanding ethnopolitical conflict : Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia wars reconsidered |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-28023-7 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |oclc=855585455}}</ref> still remains unresolved even though a recent peace plan proposed by the government of Georgia promised the South Ossetians larger [[autonomy]] and pledged expanded international involvement in the political settlement of the conflict. Meanwhile, the South Ossetian [[secessionist]] authorities demand independence or unification with North Ossetia, which itself is located in [[Russia]], while the international community instead recognizes it and [[Abkhazia]] as a part of Georgia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/309296228 |title=Up in flames : humanitarian law violations and civilian victims in the conflict over South Ossetia |date=2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |others=Jane Buchanan |isbn=978-1-56432-427-6 |location=New York, NY |oclc=309296228}}</ref> |
Although a Russian-mediated and [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]-monitored [[ceasefire]] was implemented in South Ossetia in 1992, the [[Georgian-Ossetian conflict]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Souleimanov |first=Emil |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855585455 |title=Understanding ethnopolitical conflict : Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia wars reconsidered |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-28023-7 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |oclc=855585455}}</ref> still remains unresolved even though a recent peace plan proposed by the government of Georgia promised the South Ossetians larger [[autonomy]] and pledged expanded international involvement in the political settlement of the conflict. Meanwhile, the South Ossetian [[secessionist]] authorities demand independence or unification with North Ossetia, which itself is located in [[Russia]], while the international community instead recognizes it and [[Abkhazia]] as a part of Georgia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/309296228 |title=Up in flames : humanitarian law violations and civilian victims in the conflict over South Ossetia |date=2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |others=Jane Buchanan |isbn=978-1-56432-427-6 |location=New York, NY |oclc=309296228}}</ref> |
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There have been proposals from South Ossetia for [[Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia|joining the Russian Federation]] and uniting with North Ossetia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eurasianet.org/south-ossetia-says-it-will-seek-to-join-russia|title=South Ossetia says it will seek to join Russia|first=Joshu|last=Kucera|publisher=[[Eurasianet]]|date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2022/03/31/916143-prisoedinenii-osetii-rossii|title=Вопрос о присоединении Южной Осетии к России будет решаться после выборов в республике|first=Ekaterina|last=Grobman|newspaper=[[Vedomosti]]|date=31 March 2022|language=ru}}</ref> |
There have been proposals from South Ossetia for [[Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia|joining the Russian Federation]] and uniting with North Ossetia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eurasianet.org/south-ossetia-says-it-will-seek-to-join-russia|title=South Ossetia says it will seek to join Russia|first=Joshu|last=Kucera|publisher=[[Eurasianet]]|date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2022/03/31/916143-prisoedinenii-osetii-rossii|title=Вопрос о присоединении Южной Осетии к России будет решаться после выборов в республике|first=Ekaterina|last=Grobman|newspaper=[[Vedomosti]]|date=31 March 2022|language=ru}}</ref> |
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== |
==See also== |
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* [[History of North Ossetia–Alania]] |
* [[History of North Ossetia–Alania]] |
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* [[Alania]] |
* [[Alania]] |
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Revision as of 00:48, 18 March 2023
Ossetia (/ɒˈsɛtiə/ o-SET-ee-ə, less common: /ɒˈsiːʃə/ o-SEE-shə; Ossetian: Ирыстон or Ир, romanized: Iryston or Ir, pronounced [i.rɘ.ʂ̟ton]; Russian: Осетия, romanized: Osetiya; Georgian: ოსეთი, translit. Oseti) is an ethnolinguistic region located on both sides of the Greater Caucasus Mountains, largely inhabited by the Ossetians. The Ossetian language is part of the Eastern Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages.[1] Most countries recognize the Ossetian-speaking area south of the main Caucasus ridge as lying within the borders of Georgia, but it has come under the control of the de facto government of the Russian-backed Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania.[2][3][4][5] The northern portion of the region consists of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania within the Russian Federation.
Recent history
- 1774 – Expansion of the Russian Empire on Ossetian territory.[8]
- 1922 – Creation of the South Ossetian autonomous oblast.[9] North Ossetia remains a part of Russian SFSR, South Ossetia remains a part of Georgian SSR.
- 20 September 1990 – South Ossetia declares independence. The republic remained unrecognized, yet it detached itself from Georgia de facto. In the last years of the Soviet Union, ethnic tensions between Ossetians and Georgians in Georgia's former Autonomous Oblast of South Ossetia (abolished in 1990) and between Ossetians and the Ingush in North Ossetia evolved into violent clashes that left several hundred dead and wounded and created a large tide of refugees on both sides.[10][11][12]
Although a Russian-mediated and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe-monitored ceasefire was implemented in South Ossetia in 1992, the Georgian-Ossetian conflict[13] still remains unresolved even though a recent peace plan proposed by the government of Georgia promised the South Ossetians larger autonomy and pledged expanded international involvement in the political settlement of the conflict. Meanwhile, the South Ossetian secessionist authorities demand independence or unification with North Ossetia, which itself is located in Russia, while the international community instead recognizes it and Abkhazia as a part of Georgia.[14]
On Sunday 12 November 2006, South Ossetians (mostly ethnic Ossetians) went to the polls to vote in a referendum[15] regarding the region's independence from Georgia.[16] The result was a "yes" to independence, with a turnout above 95% from those among the territory's 70,000 people who were eligible to vote at that time.[17] There was also a vote in favor of a new term for Eduard Kokoity, who was the de facto state's president at the time.
There have been proposals from South Ossetia for joining the Russian Federation and uniting with North Ossetia.[18][19]
See also
- History of North Ossetia–Alania
- Alania
- Vladimir Gagloyev
- Jászság
- Alexander Kubalov
- Samachablo
- Circassia
- Iazyges
- Adygea
References
- ^ Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. p. 1. ISBN 9780755618453.
- ^ Group, International Crisis (2010). "Appendix B: Map of South Ossetia". South Ossetia: Page 25–Page 25 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008). "South Ossetia and Abkhazia: Placing the Conflict in Context". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Manutscharjan, Aschot (2008). "Abkhazia and South Ossetia – Russia's Intervention in Georgia (August 2008)". Konrad Adenauer Stiftung – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Markedonov, Sergey (2015), Bebler, Anton (ed.), "The South Ossetia conflict", "Frozen conflicts" in Europe (1 ed.), Verlag Barbara Budrich, pp. 111–118, ISBN 978-3-8474-0133-9, JSTOR j.ctvdf0bmg.11, retrieved 16 March 2022
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://s50.radikal.ru/i129/1003/22/2fec9d793e3d.jpg Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL image file]
- ^ Sokirianskaia (PDF), HU: CEU.
- ^ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - South Ossetia (unrecognized state)". Refworld. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ Ghebali (2003), Helsinki (PDF), vol. 4, CH
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). [dead link] - ^ Avrasya (2005), Ehatipoglu (PDF), TR: Obiv. [dead link]
- ^ Souleimanov, Emil (2013). Understanding ethnopolitical conflict : Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia wars reconsidered. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. ISBN 978-1-137-28023-7. OCLC 855585455.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Human Rights Watch (2009). Up in flames : humanitarian law violations and civilian victims in the conflict over South Ossetia. Jane Buchanan. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-427-6. OCLC 309296228.
- ^ "Results Due In South Ossetian Referendum". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ "Ossetia votes on independence". Al Jazeera English. 12 November 2006.
- ^ "South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian... independent?". OpenDemocracy. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
- ^ Kucera, Joshu (31 March 2022). "South Ossetia says it will seek to join Russia". Eurasianet.
- ^ Grobman, Ekaterina (31 March 2022). "Вопрос о присоединении Южной Осетии к России будет решаться после выборов в республике". Vedomosti (in Russian).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ossetia.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ossetia.
- Ossetian Dance (YouTube), Rustavi Dance Company, 2008 (6 min 19 sec).
- Ossetian Dance (YouTube), 2008 (6 min 50 sec).
- Ossetian Folk Dance (YouTube), 2007 (3 min).
- Osetiya [Ossetia] (in Russian), SKFO Russia, archived from the original on 9 July 2011, retrieved 17 January 2011. Ossetian Republic News Portal.