Land reclamation in Hong Kong: Difference between revisions

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Land reclamation (grey area) in Hong Kong. Note that most of the urban area (shown in pink in the map below) of Hong Kong is on the reclaimed land.

The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996.^[1] The first reclamations can be traced back to the early Western Han Dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD), when beaches were turned into fields for salt production. Major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid-19th century.^[2]

Projects

Bonham Strand

Praya Reclamation Scheme (1868–1904)

One of the earliest projects, the works were completed in two phases. The second added 50 to 60 acres (24 ha) of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever undertaken during the Colonial Hong Kong era.^[3]^[4] It significantly expanded the land around Praya Central.

Praya East Reclamation Scheme (1921–1931)

Kai Tak Airport extension (1957–1974)

The old airport, Kai Tak, was located In Kowloon and part of the land is reclaimed. A section of runway and most parking stands were built on reclaimed land.

New towns, phases 1–3 (1973–1996)

The new towns were mostly built on reclaimed land, such as Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Sha Tin, Ma On Shan, West Kowloon, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O. These were built in a series of three phases.

New International Airport construction (1991–1998)

The "new" airport, Chek Lap Kok International airport was built on two islands and was opened in 1998. Land was reclaimed to build a third runway and extend the current Terminal 2 in the airport. ^[5]

Central and Wan Chai projects (1993–2018)

Several projects in and around Victoria Harbour, constructed for various purposes. This includes transportation improvements such as the Hong Kong MTR Station, Airport Express Railway & Central-Wanchai Bypass, as well as public recreation space such as the Central Harbourfront Event Space, Tamar Park and the Hong Kong Observation Wheel.

Disneyland construction (2003–2005)

Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (2009–2018)

The bridge project involved the creation of four islands, including one in Hong Kong.

Tung Chung New Town Extension (2017- )

Currently under construction, an expansion of Tung Chung on the north shore of Lantau island. The project is expected to be completed in 2023.^[6]

Hong Kong International Airport Third Runway (2016–2024)

The third runway and the extension of Terminal 2 in the Hong Kong International Airport is built on reclaimed land.^[7]

Lantau Tomorrow Vision (planned)

In October 2018, a development project was announced with the intention of creating 1700 hectares of land in the form of new islands off the east coast of Lantau, to house an estimated 1.1 million people. The project has an estimated cost of HK$500 billion.^[8]^[9]

Issues

Much reclamation has taken place in prime locations on the waterfront on both sides of Victoria Harbour. This has raised environmental issues of the protection of the harbour which was once the source of prosperity of Hong Kong, traffic congestion in the Central district,^[10] as well as the collusion of the Hong Kong Government with the real estate developers in the territory.^[11]^[12]

Environmental legislation

Hong Kong legislators passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance in 1996 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened Victoria Harbour against encroaching land development.^[13] In a judicial review in January 2004, the Court of Final Appeal stipulated an "overriding public need" test which the government must adhere in order to carry out reclamation at Victoria Harbour.^[14]

Gallery

Sha Tin New Town under development in the 1980s
Kai Tak Airport in the 1970s, before more reclamation work was undertaken.
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort under construction (October 2004)
The airport platform of Hong Kong International Airport in 2010

References

^ Reclamation and Development in Hong Kong (map), HK Government
^ EIA: A survey report of Historical Buildings and Structures within the Project Area of the Central Reclamation Phase III, Chan Sui San Peter for the HK Government, February 2001
^ Bard, Solomon (2002). Voices from the past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-574-8.
^ Wordie, Jason (18 April 1999). "Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
^ Hong_Kong_International_Airport#Future_development
^ Hong Kong Government Press Release. "CEDD signs contract for Tung Chung New Town Extension - Reclamation and Advance works", January 10, 2018
^ "Project Timeline - Three Runway System - Hong Kong International Airport".
^ Zhao, Shirley (19 November 2018). "Is Hong Kong ready to splash HK$500 billion (or more) on Lantau Tomorrow Vision reclamation?". South China Morning Post.
^ Zhao, Shirley; Sum, Lok-kei (21 October 2018). "Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam bulldozes ahead with Lantau Island reclamation idea...but at what cost?". South China Morning Post.
^ "Courts protect our imperiled waterway – at least for the time being". Hong Kong Standard. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
^ DeGolyer, Michael (15 March 2007). "Commentary: Just Looking for Answers". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
^ Ng, Michael (5 October 2006). "Lawmaker warns of West Kowloon arts venue glut". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
^ Wallis, Keith (12 February 1996). "Bill seeks to protect harbour". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
^ "Government committed to harbour protection". www.info.gov.hk. Retrieved 28 March 2021.

External links

[1] Reclamation and Development in Hong Kong (map), HK Government

[EIA1-2] EIA: A survey report of Historical Buildings and Structures within the Project Area of the Central Reclamation Phase III, Chan Sui San Peter for the HK Government, February 2001

[Bard-3] Bard, Solomon (2002). Voices from the past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-574-8.

[titans-4] Wordie, Jason (18 April 1999). "Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.

[5] Hong_Kong_International_Airport#Future_development

[6] Hong Kong Government Press Release. "CEDD signs contract for Tung Chung New Town Extension - Reclamation and Advance works", January 10, 2018

[7] "Project Timeline - Three Runway System - Hong Kong International Airport".

[8] Zhao, Shirley (19 November 2018). "Is Hong Kong ready to splash HK$500 billion (or more) on Lantau Tomorrow Vision reclamation?". South China Morning Post.

[9] Zhao, Shirley; Sum, Lok-kei (21 October 2018). "Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam bulldozes ahead with Lantau Island reclamation idea...but at what cost?". South China Morning Post.

[court-10] "Courts protect our imperiled waterway – at least for the time being". Hong Kong Standard. 14 August 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2007.

[11] DeGolyer, Michael (15 March 2007). "Commentary: Just Looking for Answers". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.

[12] Ng, Michael (5 October 2006). "Lawmaker warns of West Kowloon arts venue glut". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.

[bill-13] Wallis, Keith (12 February 1996). "Bill seeks to protect harbour". Hong Kong Standard. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2007.

[14] "Government committed to harbour protection". www.info.gov.hk. Retrieved 28 March 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |image1=Hong Kong Reclamation Map.png|caption1=Land reclamation (grey area) in Hong Kong. Note that most of the urban area (shown in pink in the map below) of Hong Kong is on the reclaimed land.
 |image2=HongKong boundary from space.png|align=|width=270|caption2=}}
-The [[land reclamation|reclamation of land]] from the ocean has long been used in mountainous [[Hong Kong]] to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996.<ref>[http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/download/download/map/ar9_4e.jpg Reclamation and Development in Hong Kong (map)], HK Government</ref> The first reclamations can be traced back to the early [[Western Han Dynasty]] (206 BC – 9 AD), when beaches were turned into fields for [[Sea salt|salt production]]. Major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid-19th century.<ref name=EIA1>[http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0552001/report/vol2/eia_0552001appendix_w.pdf EIA: A survey report of Historical Buildings and Structures within the Project Area of the Central Reclamation Phase III], Chan Sui San Peter for the HK Government, February 2001</ref>
+The [[land reclamation|reclamation of land]] from the ocean has long been used in mountainous [[Hong Kong]] to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996.<ref>[http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/download/download/map/ar9_4e.jpg Reclamation and Development in Hong Kong (map)], HK Government</ref> The first reclamations can be traced back to the early [[Western Han Dynasty]] (206&nbsp;BC&nbsp;– 9&nbsp;AD), when beaches were turned into fields for [[Sea salt|salt production]]. Major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid-19th century.<ref name=EIA1>[http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0552001/report/vol2/eia_0552001appendix_w.pdf EIA: A survey report of Historical Buildings and Structures within the Project Area of the Central Reclamation Phase III], Chan Sui San Peter for the HK Government, February 2001</ref>
 ==Projects==
 ===Bonham Strand===
 {{Main|Bonham Strand}}
-===Praya Reclamation Scheme (1868-1904)===
+===Praya Reclamation Scheme (1868–1904)===
 {{Main|Praya Reclamation Scheme}}
 [[File:Causeway Road2007.JPG|thumb|220px|Marker in [[Causeway Bay]] showing the former location of the coastline]]
 One of the earliest projects, the works were completed in two phases. The second added 50 to {{convert|60|acre|ha}} of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever undertaken during the [[History of Colonial Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)|Colonial Hong Kong]] era.<ref name="Bard">{{cite book |title= Voices from the past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918|last= Bard|first= Solomon|year= 2002|publisher= [[Hong Kong University Press]]|isbn= 978-962-209-574-8}}</ref><ref name=titans>{{cite news
  |title=Land-grabbing titans who changed HK's profit for good
  |author=Wordie, Jason
  |date=18 April 1999
  |publisher=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong Standard]]
  |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=27127&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990418&sear_year=1999
  |access-date=4 December 2011
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522042337/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=27127&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990418&sear_year=1999
  |archive-date=22 May 2011
 }}</ref> It significantly expanded the land around [[Praya Central]].
-===Praya East Reclamation Scheme (1921-1931)===
+===Praya East Reclamation Scheme (1921–1931)===
 {{Main|Praya East Reclamation Scheme}}
-===Kai Tak Airport extension (1957-1974)===
+===Kai Tak Airport extension (1957–1974)===
 {{Main|Kai Tak Airport#1945 to 1970s}}
 The old airport, Kai Tak, was located In Kowloon and part of the land is reclaimed. A section of runway and most parking stands were built on reclaimed land.
-===New towns, phases 1-3 (1973-1996)===
+===New towns, phases 1–3 (1973–1996)===
 {{Main|New towns of Hong Kong#New towns}}
 The [[New towns of Hong Kong|new towns]] were mostly built on reclaimed land, such as [[Tuen Mun]], [[Tai Po]], [[Sha Tin]], [[Ma On Shan (town)|Ma On Shan]], [[West Kowloon]], [[Kwun Tong]] and [[Tseung Kwan O]]. These were built in a series of three phases.
-===New International Airport construction (1991-1998)===
+===New International Airport construction (1991–1998)===
 {{Main|Hong Kong International Airport#History}}
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 <ref>Hong_Kong_International_Airport#Future_development</ref>
-===Central and Wan Chai projects (1993-2018)===
+===Central and Wan Chai projects (1993–2018)===
 {{Main|Central and Wan Chai Reclamation}}
 Several projects in and around [[Victoria Harbour]], constructed for various purposes. This includes transportation improvements such as the Hong Kong MTR Station, Airport Express Railway & Central-Wanchai Bypass, as well as public recreation space such as the Central Harbourfront Event Space, [[Tamar Park]] and the [[Hong Kong Observation Wheel]].
-===Disneyland construction (2003-2005)===
+===Disneyland construction (2003–2005)===
 {{Main|Hong Kong Disneyland Resort#Construction}}
-===Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (2009-2018)===
+===Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (2009–2018)===
 [[File:HZMB route.svg|thumb|route of the HKZM bridge]]
 {{Main|Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge#Construction}}
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 Currently under construction, an expansion of [[Tung Chung]] on the north shore of Lantau island. The project is expected to be completed in 2023.<ref>Hong Kong Government Press Release. "[https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201801/10/P2018011000659.htm CEDD signs contract for Tung Chung New Town Extension - Reclamation and Advance works]", January 10, 2018</ref>
-=== Hong Kong International Airport Third Runway (2016-2024) ===
+===Hong Kong International Airport Third Runway (2016–2024)===
 {{Main articles|Hong Kong International Airport Master Plan 2030}}
 The third [[runway]] and the extension of Terminal 2 in the [[Hong Kong International Airport]] is built on reclaimed land.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Project Timeline - Three Runway System - Hong Kong International Airport|url=https://www.threerunwaysystem.com/en/three-runway-system/project-overview/}}</ref>
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ===Lantau Tomorrow Vision (planned)===
 {{Main|Lantau Tomorrow Vision}}
-In October 2018, a development project was announced with the intention of creating 1700 hectares of land in the form of new islands off the east coast of Lantau, to house an estimated 1.1 million people. The project has an estimated cost of 500 billion Hong Kong dollars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zhao |first=Shirley |date=19 November 2018 |title=Is Hong Kong ready to splash HK$500 billion (or more) on Lantau Tomorrow Vision reclamation? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/2173774/hong-kong-ready-splash-hk500-billion-or-more-lantau |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zhao |first1=Shirley |last2=Sum |first2=Lok-kei |date=21 October 2018 |title=Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam bulldozes ahead with Lantau Island reclamation idea...but at what cost? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2169535/hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-bulldozes-ahead-lantau-island |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |location= |access-date=}}</ref>
+In October 2018, a development project was announced with the intention of creating 1700 hectares of land in the form of new islands off the east coast of Lantau, to house an estimated 1.1&nbsp;million people. The project has an estimated cost of HK$500&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zhao |first=Shirley |date=19 November 2018 |title=Is Hong Kong ready to splash HK$500&nbsp;billion (or more) on Lantau Tomorrow Vision reclamation? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/2173774/hong-kong-ready-splash-hk500-billion-or-more-lantau |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zhao |first1=Shirley |last2=Sum |first2=Lok-kei |date=21 October 2018 |title=Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam bulldozes ahead with Lantau Island reclamation idea...but at what cost? |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2169535/hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-bulldozes-ahead-lantau-island |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |location= |access-date=}}</ref>
 ==Issues==
 Much reclamation has taken place in prime locations on the waterfront on both sides of [[Victoria Harbour]]. This has raised environmental issues of the protection of the harbour which was once the source of prosperity of Hong Kong, traffic congestion in the [[Central, Hong Kong|Central district]],<ref name="court">{{cite news
- |title=Courts protect our imperiled waterway – at least for the time being
+ |title=Courts protect our imperiled waterway&nbsp;– at least for the time being
  |date=14 August 2006
  |publisher=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong Standard]]
  |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=24977&sid=9273648&con_type=1&d_str=20060814&sear_year=2006
  |access-date=23 March 2007
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019045859/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=24977&sid=9273648&con_type=1&d_str=20060814&sear_year=2006
  |archive-date=19 October 2012
 }}</ref> as well as the collusion of the Hong Kong Government with the real estate developers in the territory.<ref>{{cite news
  |last=DeGolyer
  |first=Michael
  |title=Commentary: Just Looking for Answers
  |publisher=Hong Kong Standard
  |date=15 March 2007
  |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=15&art_id=40170&sid=12642159&con_type=1&d_str=20070315&sear_year=2007
  |access-date=23 March 2007
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140403/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=15&art_id=40170&sid=12642159&con_type=1&d_str=20070315&sear_year=2007
  |archive-date= 4 June 2011
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
  |last=Ng
  |first=Michael
  |title=Lawmaker warns of West Kowloon arts venue glut
  |date=5 October 2006
  |publisher=Hong Kong Standard
  |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=28758&sid=10237275&con_type=1&d_str=20061005&sear_year=2006
  |access-date=23 March 2007
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140414/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=28758&sid=10237275&con_type=1&d_str=20061005&sear_year=2006
  |archive-date= 4 June 2011
 }}</ref>
 ==Environmental legislation==
 Hong Kong legislators passed the [[Protection of the Harbour Ordinance]] in 1996 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened [[Victoria Harbour]] against encroaching [[land development]].<ref name="bill">{{cite news
  |last=Wallis
  |first=Keith
  |title=Bill seeks to protect harbour
  |date=12 February 1996
  |publisher=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong Standard]]
  |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23201&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19960212&sear_year=1996
  |access-date=23 March 2007
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140503/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23201&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19960212&sear_year=1996
  |archive-date= 4 June 2011
 }}</ref> In a [[Judicial review in Hong Kong|judicial review]] in January 2004, the [[Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Final Appeal]] stipulated an "overriding public need" test which the government must adhere in order to carry out reclamation at Victoria Harbour.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government committed to harbour protection|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200811/02/P200811020168.htm|access-date=2021-03-28|website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref>

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