Sender (telephony): Difference between revisions
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<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Sender (circuit)|2=Talk:Sender#Requested move 12 October 2023}} |
<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Sender (circuit)|2=Talk:Sender#Requested move 12 October 2023}} |
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</noinclude>A '''sender''' |
</noinclude>A '''sender''' is a special type of circuit in 20th-century electromechanical [[telephone exchange]]s which registered the [[telephone number]]s dialed by the subscriber, and then transmitted that information to another exchange.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/GoldsmithPanelMachineSwitching1926GoodScan|title=Panel Type Machine Switching|last=Goldsmith|first=E. H.|date=1926|pages=[https://archive.org/details/GoldsmithPanelMachineSwitching1926GoodScan/page/n24 26]-32}}</ref> Some American exchange designs, for example, of the [[1XB switch|No. 1 Crossbar switch]] used originating senders and terminating senders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/crossbar-dial-system-1/crossbar-dial-system-1b-basic-description|title=Crossbar Dial System: Part 1|website=archive.org|access-date=2017-07-14}} pp. 34, 41</ref> The corresponding device in the British [[director telephone system]] was called a "director" and, in other contexts, "[[R2 signalling#Register signalling|register]]". |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The sender concept was developed to meet the needs of large |
The sender concept was developed to meet the needs of large-city telephone switching systems, where the total number of subscriber lines and multiple central offices throughout the city required complex switching arrangements that were not easily handled by the direct control systems, such as the [[Strowger switch|step by step]], or [[Almon Brown Strowger|Strowger]] system. These limitations included inefficient trunking in large service areas, and a limited ability for growth and reorganization as additional subscribers were added. The introduction of senders into switching systems allowed the subscriber's dial pulses to be registered, then translated into a physical location on the switching fabric, either in the local office, or in a distant office. Once the sender received the translation, it directed the selectors in the switching fabric to the correct terminal, completing the connection to the called party. Because the dialed digits from the subscriber were stored, and translated, there was no direct correlation required between the dialed number, and the actual location of the trunk(s) or subscribers on the switch itself. This meant that as new telephone exchanges were added, a translation could be updated to include the new exchange without expensive and time-consuming modifications to the telephone switch. |
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One of the first US patents filed for this concept was granted to Western Electric in 1913.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=1,058,903|title=Telephone-Exchange System|status=|pubdate=|fdate=7/8/1911|pridate=|gdate=4/15/1913|invent1=|inventor=John Newberry Reynolds|invent2=|assign1=Western Electric Company|assign2=|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=1,058,903.PN.&OS=PN/1,058,903&RS=PN/1,058,903}}</ref> This was developed in the US by the Bell System and was first widely used in the [[Panel switch|Panel Machine Switching System]]. As machine switching exchanges became commonplace, senders also played a critical role in communication between central offices of different types. For example, in a given city, there may be several central offices with different kinds of telephone switches that all must inter-operate with each other. As technology improved, better signaling methods were devised, but backward compatibility with existing exchanges had to be maintained. Thus, senders were developed to send and receive information in a wide variety of "protocols", including revertive pulse, [[Multi-frequency signaling|MF]], [[Pulse dialing|dial pulse]], DC key pulse, and [[Panel call indicator|PCI]]. |
One of the first US patents filed for this concept was granted to Western Electric in 1913.<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=1,058,903|title=Telephone-Exchange System|status=|pubdate=|fdate=7/8/1911|pridate=|gdate=4/15/1913|invent1=|inventor=John Newberry Reynolds|invent2=|assign1=Western Electric Company|assign2=|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=1,058,903.PN.&OS=PN/1,058,903&RS=PN/1,058,903}}</ref> This was developed in the US by the Bell System and was first widely used in the [[Panel switch|Panel Machine Switching System]]. As machine switching exchanges became commonplace, senders also played a critical role in communication between central offices of different types. For example, in a given city, there may be several central offices with different kinds of telephone switches that all must inter-operate with each other. As technology improved, better signaling methods were devised, but backward compatibility with existing exchanges had to be maintained. Thus, senders were developed to send and receive information in a wide variety of "protocols", including revertive pulse, [[Multi-frequency signaling|MF]], [[Pulse dialing|dial pulse]], DC key pulse, and [[Panel call indicator|PCI]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Communication source]] |
*[[Communication source]] |
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*[[Director telephone system]] |
*[[Director telephone system]] |
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*[[Panel switch]] |
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*[[Register signaling]] |
*[[Register signaling]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
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{{Telecommunications}} |
{{Telecommunications}} |
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Revision as of 19:40, 13 October 2023
 | A request that this article title be changed to Sender (circuit) is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. |
A sender is a special type of circuit in 20th-century electromechanical telephone exchanges which registered the telephone numbers dialed by the subscriber, and then transmitted that information to another exchange.[1] Some American exchange designs, for example, of the No. 1 Crossbar switch used originating senders and terminating senders.[2] The corresponding device in the British director telephone system was called a "director" and, in other contexts, "register".
History
The sender concept was developed to meet the needs of large-city telephone switching systems, where the total number of subscriber lines and multiple central offices throughout the city required complex switching arrangements that were not easily handled by the direct control systems, such as the step by step, or Strowger system. These limitations included inefficient trunking in large service areas, and a limited ability for growth and reorganization as additional subscribers were added. The introduction of senders into switching systems allowed the subscriber's dial pulses to be registered, then translated into a physical location on the switching fabric, either in the local office, or in a distant office. Once the sender received the translation, it directed the selectors in the switching fabric to the correct terminal, completing the connection to the called party. Because the dialed digits from the subscriber were stored, and translated, there was no direct correlation required between the dialed number, and the actual location of the trunk(s) or subscribers on the switch itself. This meant that as new telephone exchanges were added, a translation could be updated to include the new exchange without expensive and time-consuming modifications to the telephone switch.
One of the first US patents filed for this concept was granted to Western Electric in 1913.[3] This was developed in the US by the Bell System and was first widely used in the Panel Machine Switching System. As machine switching exchanges became commonplace, senders also played a critical role in communication between central offices of different types. For example, in a given city, there may be several central offices with different kinds of telephone switches that all must inter-operate with each other. As technology improved, better signaling methods were devised, but backward compatibility with existing exchanges had to be maintained. Thus, senders were developed to send and receive information in a wide variety of "protocols", including revertive pulse, MF, dial pulse, DC key pulse, and PCI.
The sender design was improved throughout the 20th Century and was used extensively in the No. 1 and No. 5 Crossbar switching systems. Common-channel signaling replaced senders after the advent of stored program control.
A secondary meaning within the UK broadcast engineering community is as a synonym for broadcast transmitter.
See also
References
- ^ Goldsmith, E. H. (1926). Panel Type Machine Switching. pp. 26-32.
- ^ "Crossbar Dial System: Part 1". archive.org. Retrieved 2017-07-14. pp. 34, 41
- ^ US 1,058,903, John Newberry Reynolds, "Telephone-Exchange System", issued 4/15/1913, assigned to Western Electric Company
