2024 Haitian jailbreak: Difference between revisions

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Undid revision 1213179344 by BalaM314 (talk), Please stop deleting the Misinformation page, it highlights how social media is manipulating the situation
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On March 11, CARICOM Launched an emergency meeting to discuss the situation in Haiti <ref>https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767174338791227781</ref>, Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindik of Kenya also announced that it's police officers are currently in pre-deployment phase, being ready to deploy to Haiti <ref>https://twitter.com/BreakingNewsKE/status/1767186412045021316</ref> However, the police force has still not been given a date for when it will deploy, which has caused a lot of international pressure from the United States and multiple meetings between the United States and Kenya over the deployment, <ref>https://twitter.com/USAenFrancais/status/1767184104145953016</ref> with one being held on March 11 between Kenyan President Ruto and Secretary Antony Blinken
On March 11, CARICOM Launched an emergency meeting to discuss the situation in Haiti <ref>https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767174338791227781</ref>, Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindik of Kenya also announced that it's police officers are currently in pre-deployment phase, being ready to deploy to Haiti <ref>https://twitter.com/BreakingNewsKE/status/1767186412045021316</ref> However, the police force has still not been given a date for when it will deploy, which has caused a lot of international pressure from the United States and multiple meetings between the United States and Kenya over the deployment, <ref>https://twitter.com/USAenFrancais/status/1767184104145953016</ref> with one being held on March 11 between Kenyan President Ruto and Secretary Antony Blinken
Toussaint Louverture International Airport has been closed according to the Canadian Embassy in Haiti <ref>https://twitter.com/TravelGoC/status/1767005843365482615</ref>
Toussaint Louverture International Airport has been closed according to the Canadian Embassy in Haiti <ref>https://twitter.com/TravelGoC/status/1767005843365482615</ref>

== Misinformation ==
Several right wing social media accounts, such as Ian Miles Cheong <ref>https://twitter.com/stillgray/status/1766686433614684173?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1766686433614684173%7Ctwgr%5Edbd581e4fdd2704640ad299de505f15cafb95c3d%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fhaiti-crisis-us-embassy-evacuates-staff-gang-violence-escalates-1877632</ref> and newspapers <ref>https://www.newsweek.com/haiti-crisis-us-embassy-evacuates-staff-gang-violence-escalates-1877632</ref> have spread around reports of cannibal gangs in Haiti eating the dead bodies of those they have killed. As of March 10 2023, there has been no confirmed reports of cannibalism in Haiti nor photographic evidence. This has not stopped multiple media outlets from reporting this along with Twitter CEO Elon Musk replying to these reports as well <ref>https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1766653893612654977</ref>
The news article where this information came from is the UK newspaper the Star, with an article written by Adam Cailler. The article itself provides no source or evidence for said claims but instead provides a link to another newspaper, the Daily Express US <ref>https://www.the-express.com/news/world-news/130072/haiti-cannablism-port-au-prince-gangs-violence</ref> which itself provides no video evidence to this, nor any photographic evidence as well. However, this information is now widespread over the internet.
Multiple videos claiming to show cannibalism have been reported and spread around X (formerly Twitter) however, none of these videos can be independently verified.
Reports of an American-led Invasion have also been reported across multiple social media platforms as well, however, the United States has stated that it will not deploy it's armed forces to Haiti and will instead deploy small teams of Marines to defend the embassy in Haiti. <ref>https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286491620.html</ref>
Other misinformation includes blaming Haiti's small Jewish population on the destruction of the island <ref>https://twitter.com/narrative_hole/status/1767180614967411176</ref>


== Humanitarian crisis ==
== Humanitarian crisis ==

Revision as of 18:27, 11 March 2024

Battle of Port-Au-Prince (2024)[1]
Part of the Gang war in Haiti and the Haitian crisis (2018–present)

Map of Haiti
Date28 February – present[2]
Location
Mainly Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Result Ongoing
Belligerents
G9 alliance and supporters Haitian security forces
Armed civilians
Commanders and leaders
Jimmy Chérizier
Guy Philippe		 Haiti Ariel Henry
Haiti Michel Patrick Boisvert
Casualties and losses
36 dead, 15,000 displaced[3][4] [5]

In March 2024, armed gangs stormed the two largest prisons in Haiti, resulting in around 3,700 inmates escaping. The gangs demanded that prime minister Ariel Henry resign. The Haitian government declared a 72-hour state of emergency and a nighttime curfew in Ouest Department in an attempt to curb the violence and chaos.

Background

On 1 March 2024, Haitian prime minister Ariel Henry traveled to Kenya and signed an agreement designed to circumvent the Kenyan High Court's earlier ruling declaring the UN-backed operation to ensure Haitian security as unconstitutional under Kenyan law.[6]

Events

The Haitian government, under finance minister Michel Patrick Boisvert, declared a 72-hour state of emergency and a nighttime curfew in an attempt to curb the violence and chaos.[7] Jimmy Chérizier, the leader of the "G9 Family and Allies" gang in Port-au-Prince, claimed responsibility for the increase in attacks, and demanded Henry's resignation. Chérizier stated that the goals of the increase in attacks was to capture important government officials, including the police chief.[6] Many escaped gang leaders have joined the attacks,[8] fueling speculation that an alliance between rival gangs in the Haitian gang wars is forming to overthrow the Haitian elite.[9]

Chérizier released a video stating that he intended to prevent Ariel Henry from returning to Haiti with the operation. On 1 March, when asked if it was safe for him to return to Haiti, Henry shrugged.[10] Chérizier apparently had the backing of some other gangs as part of a coalition named "Viv Ansanm", Haitian Creole for "living together". Though that coalition was quick to dissolve, other gangs launched attacks, together with Chérizier's G9 gang.[11] On 1 March, gunfire at the airport caused damage to some of the airliners.[12]

On 2 and 3 March, armed gangs stormed the two largest prisons in Haiti, one in Croix des Bouquets, the other in Port-au-Prince.[13] More than 4,700 inmates escaped.[10] Police were reported to be undermanned and outgunned by the gangs, with only 9,000 operating in Haiti at the time of the fighting.[14] The gang leaders, including Chérizier, demanded Henry's resignation. In particular, Chérizier stated his goal was to capture Haitian government officials, including the police chief.[15] Over 12 people have been killed in the conflict.[13] The UN estimates that 15,000 people have fled the violence in Port-au-Prince.[15]

On 3 March, the Haitian government, under finance minister Michel Patrick Boisvert, declared a 72-hour state of emergency and a nighttime curfew in an attempt to curb the violence and chaos.[16] The government noted "increasingly violent criminal acts" throughout Port-au-Prince, including vandalism, kidnapping and murder.[17] According to the United Nations, gangs now control around 80% of Port-au-Prince.[10] On 3 March, the Sylvio Cator Stadium was occupied and vandalized by armed gangs.[18]

On 4 March, at around 1 p.m. local time, armed gangs attacked the heavily fortified Toussaint Louverture International Airport, exchanging gunfire with police and the Haitian Armed Forces, in an attempt to take control of the facility after rumors that Henry would return to Haiti,[19] fueling speculation that an alliance between rival gangs is forming to overthrow the Haitian elite.[20] In particular, Johnson André, the leader of the 5 Seconds gang, appeared to be linked to the attacks.[10] Other gang leaders, including Guy Philippe, reportedly will try to take over the presidency of Haiti.[21] Flights were grounded as the airport was shut down. The Stade Sylvio Cator[17] and national bank[16] were attacked. Other public institutions, including schools and banks, have been closed.[22]

On 5 March, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres stated his desire for “urgent action, particularly in providing financial support for the multinational security support mission”.[23] Later that day, Henry landed at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Puerto Rico in an attempt to return to Haiti to control the violence.[22] There was another reported jailbreak on 5 March, leading to the death of three inmates. Haitian police were able to stop attempts at escape.[24][25]

On 6 March, a police station in Bas-Peu-de-Chose was attacked and burned down by gangs.[26] The privately-owned Caribbean Port Services (CPS) terminal at the Port international de Port-au-Prince, notable for its key role in providing food and supplies, was also attacked and looted, resulting in port operations being suspended indefinitely.[27]

On 7 March, the state of emergency in the Ouest Department, including a nightly curfew and bans on protests, was extended from three days to a month (3 April).[26]

On 8 March, gangs attacked two police stations near the National Palace,[28] as well as the palace itself,[29] and burned down the interior ministry.[30] The security perimeter around Toussaint Louverture International Airport was breached by gangs, while gunfire was heard throughout Port-au-Prince.[31]

On 9 March, gangs attacked and occupied the headquarters of the Institute of Social Welfare in Port-Au Prince, while the government of the Dominican Republic announced plans to evacuate its officials and citizens from Port-Au-Prince.[32][33] A large counteroffensive against the gangs was launched by the Haitian police force in the later hours of the night after three more police stations were attacked and burned down, with reports coming in that multiple Haitian police cars were stolen and are now patrolling the area.[34][35]

On March 10, the United States evacuated its nonessential staff from its embassy in Port-au-Prince via helicopter, while adding additional marine corps to the embassy to defend it. [36] The German embassy as well was evacuated by elements of the Dominican Republic Airforce. [37] Elon Musk announced he would be providing Starlink to Haiti as well in light of the recent chaos going on. [38] The Prime Minister of Jamaica announced that on Monday March 11th, representatives from 8 nations, including France, Canada, and the United States will meet in Kingston, Jamaica to discuss the ongoing violence. [39]

On March 11, CARICOM Launched an emergency meeting to discuss the situation in Haiti [40], Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindik of Kenya also announced that it's police officers are currently in pre-deployment phase, being ready to deploy to Haiti [41] However, the police force has still not been given a date for when it will deploy, which has caused a lot of international pressure from the United States and multiple meetings between the United States and Kenya over the deployment, [42] with one being held on March 11 between Kenyan President Ruto and Secretary Antony Blinken Toussaint Louverture International Airport has been closed according to the Canadian Embassy in Haiti [43]

Misinformation

Several right wing social media accounts, such as Ian Miles Cheong [44] and newspapers [45] have spread around reports of cannibal gangs in Haiti eating the dead bodies of those they have killed. As of March 10 2023, there has been no confirmed reports of cannibalism in Haiti nor photographic evidence. This has not stopped multiple media outlets from reporting this along with Twitter CEO Elon Musk replying to these reports as well [46] The news article where this information came from is the UK newspaper the Star, with an article written by Adam Cailler. The article itself provides no source or evidence for said claims but instead provides a link to another newspaper, the Daily Express US [47] which itself provides no video evidence to this, nor any photographic evidence as well. However, this information is now widespread over the internet. Multiple videos claiming to show cannibalism have been reported and spread around X (formerly Twitter) however, none of these videos can be independently verified. Reports of an American-led Invasion have also been reported across multiple social media platforms as well, however, the United States has stated that it will not deploy it's armed forces to Haiti and will instead deploy small teams of Marines to defend the embassy in Haiti. [48] Other misinformation includes blaming Haiti's small Jewish population on the destruction of the island [49]

Humanitarian crisis

Due to violence in Haiti, social services such as food, water, and medical, have all experienced a complete collapse, with medical staff being too scared to leave their homes and aid organizations being unable to gain access to people in need. [50] Multiple hospitals have been raided as well by gangs, thus causing a shortage of medical requirement in the capital. [51]

Evacuation of embassies and foreign nationals

As of 2024, there are over 45,000 Americans and other foreign nationals currently working and living in Haiti. Multiple countries including the United States and Cuba have issued warnings to their citizens to leave the country as soon as possible.[52]

The Dominican Republic is currently devising plans for the evacuation of its citizens and others in Haiti as of now. [53]

Embassies

  •  European Union: 12 members of the EU delegation in Haiti were airlifted out of their embassy by the armed forces of the Dominican Republic on March 10, with their embassy being temperately closed. [54] [55]
  •  United States: The United States airlifted all nonessential staff out of its embassy on March 10, leaving behind several teams of Marines. [56]
  •  Germany: The German Embassy was evacuated on March 10 by the armed forces of the Dominican Republic. [57]
  •  Canada: The Canadian Embassy in Haiti was closed on March 7, however staff is still there as of this time [58]
  •  France: The French Embassy in Haiti closed services on March 11, claiming to reopen back on March 15 [59]

Order of battle

Haiti

  • Haitian National Police
  • Haitian Armed Forces
  • Armed civilians

Gangs

  • "G9 alliance",[60] officially Fòs Revolisyonè G9 an Fanmi e Alye (Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and allies):[61] It was founded and is led by Jimmy Chérizier, called Barbecue, an ex-police officer.[61][62] G9 is based in the capital's communes of Delmas, Pétion-Ville and parts of Carrefour. The G9 alliance includes many former soldiers and policemen in its ranks and was long connected to the PHTK party until distancing itself after Ariel Henry became president. The G9 now portrays itself as a revolutionary organization,[63] and has begun to create a nation-wide alliance network dubbed "G20".[62]
    • Delmas 6 Gang: Personal gang of Jimmy Chérizier, overall head of G9.[62] The gang was already operating while Chérizier was still an active police officer, signifying the gang's strong links to the Haitian security forces.[64]
    • "Baz Pilate": One of the capital's most important gangs, mainly consisting of ex-SWAT elite police.[65]
    • Baz Krache Dife[62]
    • Nan Ti Bwa[62]
    • Simon Pelé's gang[62]
    • Baz Nan Chabon, Waf Jérémie[62]
    • Nan Boston,[62] also called "Boston gang"[66]
    • Belekou gang[62][66]
  • "G-Pep": This gang alliance was formed in direct response to G9. It was organized by the Nan Brooklyn gang and its head Jean Pierre Gabriel (alias "Ti Gabriel"). The G-Pep is believed to be connected to Haitian opposition parties and/or "a well-known Haitian businessman". It is centered on Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil.[65]
    • Nan Brooklyn gang,[65] also called "Brooklyn gang"[66]
  • "400 Mawozo": The largest gang in Haiti, it is mainly based in Ganthier and in Port-au-Prince's Tabarre and Pétion-Ville. It largely consists of deportees, former leaders of opposition groups, former smugglers and police officers. In 2022, it aligned itself with "G-Pep" after its leader was extradited to the United States.[67]

Casualties

36 people have been reported to have been killed since the fighting started on February 29th, with 15,000 people being forced to leave their homes. [68]

Reactions

International

Countries

  •  Colombia: The Colombian foreign ministry asked Haiti to provide "special protection" to the 18 ex-Colombian soldiers who were convicted of the assassination of Jovenel Moïse after they remained in their prison, which was broken in by gangs.[15]
  •  Cuba: Cuban Minister of Foreign Affairs Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla stated that the Cuban embassy in Haiti was taking steps to protect its citizens in Haiti and working to guarantee their safe return.[69]
  •  Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic closed its airspace with Haiti, causing Prime Minister Ariel Henry to divert his flight to Puerto Rico.[70]
  •  Jamaica: National Security Minister Horace Chang also stated that the government would receive orphans as well as World Bank staff who were forced to flee the violence.[71]
  •  Kenya: Kenyan president William Ruto said he was committed to deploying 1,000 police officers to Haiti.[6]
  •  Mexico: Mexico advised its citizens in Haiti to take shelter, and urged its citizens not to travel to Haiti.[72]
  •  United States: The U.S. Embassy issued an updated security alert, urging U.S. citizens to leave Haiti.[73] While president Joe Biden said that American troops would not be sent to Haiti,[74] a Marine Corps Security Force Regiment unit was deployed.[75] US officials denied putting pressure on prime minister Ariel Henry to resign, but advocated for a speedy transition that would allow for foreign military intervention.[76] However, the FBI offered support for Henry while he is in Puerto Rico.[77]
  •  Venezuela: President Nicolás Maduro rebuked plans to deploy multinational police forces to Haiti at the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) Summit in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.[78]
  •  Suriname: Suriname announced on March 9, that Haitians would no longer be allowed to enter the country.[79]
  •  El Salvador: President Nayib Bukele posted on X on March 10, in response to the violence in Haiti that "We can fix it. But we’ll need a UNSC resolution, the consent of the host country, and all the mission expenses to be covered." [80]
  •  Vatican City: Pope Francis expressed his concern and pain for this serious crisis on Sunday in Haiti on March 10 [81]

Organizations

References

  1. ^ Cornu, Jean-Michael; Rakovsky, Valentin; Rivas Pacheco, Guillermo (6 March 2024). "Gang activity in Haiti's Port-au-Prince". Princeton Clarion. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  2. ^ "Haitian police spokesman says new gang attacks overwhelmed officers: 'The city center was at war'". AP News. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  3. ^ "Haiti: the government declares a state of emergency, at least 12 dead and 4 thousand prisoners escaped". Agenzia Nova. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  4. ^ "Haiti violence displaces 15,000 already displaced people: UN". Macau Business. 6 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  5. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/09/haiti-corpses-gangs/
  6. ^ a b c "Kenya signs deal in attempt to rescue plan for deployment of 1,000 police officers to Haiti". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  7. ^ Sanon, Evans; Luxama, Pierre-Richard (3 March 2024). "Haiti declares a curfew as it tries to restore order after weekend jailbreak, explosion of violence". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  8. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (4 March 2024). "Haiti has deployed its army; troops joined police to push back gang takeover of airport". Miami Herald. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  9. ^ Taylor, Luke (4 March 2024). "Haiti's weekend of violence puts government future in doubt". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d Coto, Dánica (4 March 2024). "There's chaos in Haiti. Powerful gangs are attacking key targets like prisons as alliances shift". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  11. ^ "Haiti's capital paralysed by gunfire as gang boss threatens police chief and ministers". The Guardian. Associated Press. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  12. ^ Rios, Michael; Caitlin Hu; Jim Rogers; Sahar Akbarzai; Chris Lau (1 March 2024). "Gunfire near Haiti airport disrupts flights for second day". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  13. ^ a b Astier, Henri; Avagnina, Gianluca (3 March 2024). "Haiti violence: Haiti gangs demand PM resign after mass jailbreak". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Haitian police spokesman says new gang attacks overwhelmed officers: 'The city center was at war'". Associated Press. 1 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  15. ^ a b c Jones, Sam (4 March 2024). "Haiti declares state of emergency after thousands of dangerous inmates escape". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  16. ^ a b Sanon, Evans; Luxama, Pierre-Richard (3 March 2024). "Haiti declares a curfew as it tries to restore order after weekend jailbreak, explosion of violence". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  17. ^ a b Wyss, Jim (4 March 2024). "Violent Prison Break Sparks Murder, Mayhem in Haiti". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  18. ^ @MARADIOFM (3 March 2024). "Le Stade Sylvio Cator occupé et vandalisé par les gangs armés confirme la @fhfhaiti qui condamne avec véhémence ces violences. #RFMINFO" [Stade Sylvio Cator occupied and vandalized by armed gangs confirms the @fhfhaiti which vehemently condemns the violence#RFMINFO]. X (formerly Twitter) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 March 2024.
  19. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (4 March 2024). "Haiti has deployed its army; troops joined police to push back gang takeover of airport". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  20. ^ Taylor, Luke (4 March 2024). "Haiti's weekend of violence puts government future in doubt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  21. ^ Berg, Matt; Toosi, Nahal; Ward, Alexander (5 March 2024). "'Catastrophic' fears in Washington as Haiti crisis worsens". Politico. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  22. ^ a b Sanon, Evens; Goodman, Joshua; Coto, Dánica (5 March 2024). "Haitian prime minister lands in Puerto Rico as he tries to return home to quell gang violence". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  23. ^ "Haiti crisis: UN chief calls for 'urgent action' to end rampant insecurity". United Nations. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  24. ^ @NouvellesA1 (6 March 2024). "Deux morts et cinq blessés. Tel est le bilan des victimes lors de la tentative d'évasion à la prison civile de Jacmel dans la nuit du 5 mars 2024. L' information a été confirmée par le directeur départemental de la police du Sud-Est, Serge Allande Jolicoeur. #NouvellesDesAmériques" [Two dead and five injured. These were the casualties of the attempted escape from Jacmel civil prison on the night of 5 March 2024. The information was confirmed by Serge Allande Jolicoeur, Departmental Director of the South-East Police. #NewsFromAmericas]. X (formerly Twitter) (in French).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ @Radio_Metronome (6 March 2024). "Update : Tentative d'évasion à la prison civile de Jacmel. 3 morts et 6 blessés, selon le Directeur départemental de la PNH dans le Sud-est. D'après Serge Allande Jolicoeur, la prison avait 700 détenus. À la question de savoir comment ces prionniers ont pu trouver la mort, le Directeur départemental n'était pas en mesure de donner des détails.#metronomehaiti" [Update: Attempted escape from Jacmel civil prison. 3 dead and 6 injured, according to the Departmental Director of the PNH in the South-East. According to Serge Allande Jolicoeur, the prison had 700 inmates. When asked how the prisoners died, the Departmental Director was unable to give any details.]. X (formerly Twitter) (in French).
  26. ^ a b "Haiti extends state of emergency as violence and displacement soar". Al Jazeera. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  27. ^ Mérancourt, Widlore; Schmidt, Samantha (7 March 2024). "As gangs attack a critical port, 'Haiti will go hungry soon'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  28. ^ Rios, Michael; Roth, Richard; Akbarzai, Sahar; Lau, Chris (9 March 2024). "Haiti crisis: Armed men attack police stations near National Palace as gang violence spirals". CNN. Cable News Network. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  29. ^ Rivers, Matt (8 March 2024). "Gangs attack Haiti's national palace in Port-au-Prince: Source". ABC News. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  30. ^ Wyss, Jim (9 March 2024). "Haitian Gangs Torch Ministry as Nation Descends Into Lawlessness". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  31. ^ "Intensos tiroteos se registran en el entorno del Palacio Presidencial de Haití". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). EFE. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  32. ^ "República Dominicana planea evacuar a sus funcionarios y de otros países de Haití". 9 March 2024.
  33. ^ https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766555549192089642
  34. ^ https://twitter.com/synapoha/status/1766566205874131330
  35. ^ "Gangs attack police stations in Haiti as Caribbean leaders call an emergency meeting Monday".
  36. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/10/us-report-airlift-embassy-staff-haiti-gangs-fighting-port-au-prince
  37. ^ https://www.enriquillodiariodigital.com/?p=848
  38. ^ https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1766915008523309485
  39. ^ https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766968024974663926
  40. ^ https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767174338791227781
  41. ^ https://twitter.com/BreakingNewsKE/status/1767186412045021316
  42. ^ https://twitter.com/USAenFrancais/status/1767184104145953016
  43. ^ https://twitter.com/TravelGoC/status/1767005843365482615
  44. ^ https://twitter.com/stillgray/status/1766686433614684173?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1766686433614684173%7Ctwgr%5Edbd581e4fdd2704640ad299de505f15cafb95c3d%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fhaiti-crisis-us-embassy-evacuates-staff-gang-violence-escalates-1877632
  45. ^ https://www.newsweek.com/haiti-crisis-us-embassy-evacuates-staff-gang-violence-escalates-1877632
  46. ^ https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1766653893612654977
  47. ^ https://www.the-express.com/news/world-news/130072/haiti-cannablism-port-au-prince-gangs-violence
  48. ^ https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286491620.html
  49. ^ https://twitter.com/narrative_hole/status/1767180614967411176
  50. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/09/world/americas/haiti-gangs-political-uprising-ariel-henry-humanitarian-crisis.html
  51. ^ https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2024/mar/10/with-haiti-in-chaos-a-humanitarian-crisis-is-rapid/
  52. ^ https://twitter.com/TravelGov/status/1766917016600924511
  53. ^ https://twitter.com/caribbeannewsuk/status/1766851669382369298
  54. ^ https://twitter.com/EUDelegationHt/status/1766904056704872868
  55. ^ https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766938682496368908
  56. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68528839
  57. ^ https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766896184143032721
  58. ^ https://twitter.com/CanEmbHaiti/status/1765747035813060750
  59. ^ https://twitter.com/ambafranceht/status/1767198384111194598
  60. ^ Walker 2022, p. 19.
  61. ^ a b "UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i Walker 2022, p. 17.
  63. ^ Walker 2022, p. 16.
  64. ^ Da Rin, Diego (27 July 2022). "New Gang Battle Lines Scar Haiti as Political Deadlock Persists". Crisis Group. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  65. ^ a b c Walker 2022, p. 18.
  66. ^ a b c ACLED 2023, p. 2.
  67. ^ Walker 2022, pp. 4, 17–18.
  68. ^ https://magneticmediatv.com/2024/03/haiti-worsens-pm-henry-unable-to-return-to-nation-as-15000-displaced-by-uprising/
  69. ^ "Embassy in Haiti is arranging the safe return of Cuban nationals". Cuban News Agency. ACN. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
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  71. ^ Robinson, Nakinskie. "Jamaica Will Accept Orphans, World Bank Staff Displaced By Violence In Haiti". Radio Jamaica News. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
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Sources

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