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The '''Synod of Hippo''' refers to the [[synod]] of 393 which was hosted in [[Hippo Regius]] in [[northern Africa]] during the [[Early Christianity|early Christian Church]]. Additional synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426. Some were attended by [[Augustine of Hippo]].
The '''Synod of Hippo''' refers to the [[synod]] of 393 which was hosted in [[Hippo Regius]] in [[northern Africa]] during the [[Early Christianity|early Christian Church]]. Additional synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426. Some were attended by [[Augustine of Hippo]].


The synod of 393 is best known for two distinct acts. First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and approved a [[Development of the Christian biblical canon|Christian Biblical canon]] that corresponds closely to the modern [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] canon while falling short of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Biblical canon|canon]]. The canon list approved at Hippo included six books later classed by Catholics as [[deuterocanonical books]] and by Protestants as [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]]; but also included, as 'two books of Ezra', the [[Vetus Latina|Old Latin]] books [[1 Esdras|First Ezra]] and [[Ezra–Nehemiah|Second Ezra]], of which only the latter would subsequently be found in the Catholic canon.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=110 |pages=5–26 |author-last=Bogaert |author-first=Pierre-Maurice |title=Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin |language=fr |trans-title=The books of Ezra and their numbering in the history of the Latin Bible canon |journal=Revue Bénédictine |date=2000 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.1484/J.RB.5.100750}}</ref> The canon list was later approved at the [[Council of Carthage (397)]] pending ratification by the "Church across the sea", that is, the [[See of Rome]].<ref>{{citation|author-last=Francis |author-first=Havey |contribution=African Synods |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |location=New York |year=1907 |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01199a.htm |access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref> Previous councils had approved similar, but slightly different, canons.
The synod of 393 is best known for two distinct acts. First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and approved a [[Development of the Christian biblical canon|Christian Biblical canon]] that corresponds to the modern [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] canon while falling short of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Biblical canon|canon]]. The canon list approved at Hippo included books later classed by Catholics as [[deuterocanonical books]] and by Protestants as [[Biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]]. The canon list was later approved at the [[Council of Carthage (397)]] pending ratification by the "Church across the sea", that is, the [[See of Rome]].<ref>{{citation|author-last=Francis |author-first=Havey |contribution=African Synods |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |location=New York |year=1907 |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01199a.htm |access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref> Previous councils had approved similar, but slightly different, canons.


The council also reaffirmed the apostolic origin of the requirement of [[Clerical celibacy|clerical continence]] and reasserted it as a requirement for all the ordained, in addition requiring that all members of a person's household must be Christian before that person can be ordained.<ref>{{citation|author-last1=Schaff |author-first1=Philip |author-link1=Philip Schaff |author-last2=Wace |author-first2=Henry |author-link2=Henry Wace (priest) |title=The Seven Ecumenical Councils |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxxvii.html |series=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Second Series |volume=XIV |publisher=William B Eerdmans Publishing Company |location=Grand Rapids |chapter=Cannon XXXVI |access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author-last=Schrader |author-first=Charles |date=October 1936 |title=The Historical Development of the Papal Monarchy |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=259–282 |issn=0008-8080 |jstor=25013503}}</ref> Rules regarding clerical succession were also clarified at the synod,<ref>{{citation|author-last=Beaver |author-first=R. Pierce |date=June 1936 |title=The Organization of the Church of Africa on the Eve of the Vandal Invasion |journal=Church History |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=168–181 |issn=0009-6407 |jstor=3160527 |doi=10.2307/3160527}}</ref> as well as certain liturgical considerations.<ref>{{citation|author-last=Shepherd |author-first=Massey Jr. |year=1961 |title=The Formation and Influence of Antiochene Liturgy |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |volume=15 |pages=23+25–44 |issn=0070-7546 |jstor=1291174 |doi=10.2307/1291174}}</ref>
The council also reaffirmed the apostolic origin of the requirement of [[Clerical celibacy|clerical continence]] and reasserted it as a requirement for all the ordained, in addition requiring that all members of a person's household must be Christian before that person can be ordained.<ref>{{citation|author-last1=Schaff |author-first1=Philip |author-link1=Philip Schaff |author-last2=Wace |author-first2=Henry |author-link2=Henry Wace (priest) |title=The Seven Ecumenical Councils |chapter-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxxvii.html |series=Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Second Series |volume=XIV |publisher=William B Eerdmans Publishing Company |location=Grand Rapids |chapter=Cannon XXXVI |access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation|author-last=Schrader |author-first=Charles |date=October 1936 |title=The Historical Development of the Papal Monarchy |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=259–282 |issn=0008-8080 |jstor=25013503}}</ref> Rules regarding clerical succession were also clarified at the synod,<ref>{{citation|author-last=Beaver |author-first=R. Pierce |date=June 1936 |title=The Organization of the Church of Africa on the Eve of the Vandal Invasion |journal=Church History |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=168–181 |issn=0009-6407 |jstor=3160527 |doi=10.2307/3160527}}</ref> as well as certain liturgical considerations.<ref>{{citation|author-last=Shepherd |author-first=Massey Jr. |year=1961 |title=The Formation and Influence of Antiochene Liturgy |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |volume=15 |pages=23+25–44 |issn=0070-7546 |jstor=1291174 |doi=10.2307/1291174}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:14, 31 May 2024

The Synod of Hippo refers to the synod of 393 which was hosted in Hippo Regius in northern Africa during the early Christian Church. Additional synods were held in 394, 397, 401 and 426. Some were attended by Augustine of Hippo.

The synod of 393 is best known for two distinct acts. First, for the first time a council of bishops listed and approved a Christian Biblical canon that corresponds to the modern Catholic canon while falling short of the Eastern Orthodox canon. The canon list approved at Hippo included books later classed by Catholics as deuterocanonical books and by Protestants as Apocrypha. The canon list was later approved at the Council of Carthage (397) pending ratification by the "Church across the sea", that is, the See of Rome.[1] Previous councils had approved similar, but slightly different, canons.

The council also reaffirmed the apostolic origin of the requirement of clerical continence and reasserted it as a requirement for all the ordained, in addition requiring that all members of a person's household must be Christian before that person can be ordained.[2][3] Rules regarding clerical succession were also clarified at the synod,[4] as well as certain liturgical considerations.[5]

Canonical scriptures

The canonical scriptures are listed in Canon xxxvi as follows:

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua the son of Nun, The Judges, Ruth, Kings iv books, The Chronicles ii books, Job, the Psalter, five books of Solomon, the Twelve Books of the Prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezechiel, Daniel, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Ezra ii books, Maccabees ii books.
Of the New Testament:
The Gospels iv books, Acts of the Apostles i book, Epistles of Paul xiv, Epistles of Peter, the Apostle ii, Epistles of John the Apostle iii, Epistles of James the Apostle i, one of Epistle of Jude the Apostle, Revelation of John, i.[6]

The "five books of Solomon", according to Augustine, were Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiasticus.[7]

In the De doctrina christiana, Augustine explains the relation between the two books of Ezra/Esdras and its separation with the Chronicles (partly included in the Septuagint's 1 Esdras): "... and the two of Ezra, which last look more like a sequel to the continuous regular history which terminates with the books of Kings and Chronicles."[8]

Notes

  1. ^ Francis, Havey (1907), "African Synods", The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, retrieved 1 March 2013
  2. ^ Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry, "Cannon XXXVI", The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Second Series, vol. XIV, Grand Rapids: William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, retrieved 1 March 2013
  3. ^ Schrader, Charles (October 1936), "The Historical Development of the Papal Monarchy", The Catholic Historical Review, 22 (3), Catholic University of America Press: 259–282, ISSN 0008-8080, JSTOR 25013503
  4. ^ Beaver, R. Pierce (June 1936), "The Organization of the Church of Africa on the Eve of the Vandal Invasion", Church History, 5 (2), Cambridge University Press: 168–181, doi:10.2307/3160527, ISSN 0009-6407, JSTOR 3160527
  5. ^ Shepherd, Massey Jr. (1961), "The Formation and Influence of Antiochene Liturgy", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 15, Dumbarton Oaks: 23+25–44, doi:10.2307/1291174, ISSN 0070-7546, JSTOR 1291174
  6. ^ "Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)", The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage, Christian Classics Ethereal Library
  7. ^ "The Third Council of Carthage on the Canon of Scripture".
  8. ^ Augustine of Hippo. On Christian Doctrine. Book II, Chapter 8.
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