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Coordinates: 39°10′49″N 22°45′38″E / 39.18028°N 22.76056°E / 39.18028; 22.76056
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{{Further|Byzantine Greece}}
{{Further|Byzantine Greece}}


The history of Almyros begins with the ancient city of [[Alos, Greece|Alos]] (about 10 km [6.2 mi] south of Almyros), the ruins of which can still be visited. Alos was a very important and populous town, famous for its port and for its role in the [[Persian Wars]]. After the [[Byzantine Empire]], because of pirate raids, they built the town in the place that it is today.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
The history of Almyros begins with the ancient city of [[Halos (Thessaly)|Halos]] (about 10 km [6.2 mi] south of Almyros), the ruins of which can still be visited. Halos was a very important and populous town, famous for its port and for its role in the [[Persian Wars]]. After the [[Byzantine Empire]], because of pirate raids, they built the town in the place that it is today.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}


Ancient Halos is still mentioned in the works of [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] (6th century).<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> The medieval successor settlement of Halmyros is first mentioned in the 11th century, when it was listed as a Christian diocese.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> During the middle ages, sources refer to "two Halmyroi" (''δύο Άλμυροι''): one of these was at the same site as ancient Halos, 6&nbsp;km southeast of the present-day town of Almyros, while the other was an associated port on the Pagasitic Gulf.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --><ref name="TIB">{{cite book |last1=Koder |first1=Johannes |last2=Hild |first2=Friedrich |title=Tabula Imperii Byzantini Bd. 1. Hellas und Thessalia |date=1976 |publisher=Herbert Hunger |location=Wien |isbn=3-7001-0182-1 |url=https://tib.oeaw.ac.at/static/reader/TIB/tib1.html#page/170 |access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>{{rp|170}}
⚫
Halmyros was the site of the decisive [[Battle of Halmyros]] on 15 March 1311, where the [[Catalan Company]] shattered the assembled feudal armies of [[Frankish Greece]] and conquered the [[Duchy of Athens]].

At the old acropolis of Halos, the remains of a couple of stone towers (one at the highest point of the acropolis, the other at the base, overlooking the modern motorway) attest to the site's continued existence in the middle ages.<!-- TIB, p. 171 --> The lower town of Halmyros existed between two fortresses, one at the mouth of the Platanorrema and the other at the site of present-day Tsengeli (which is now inaccessible due to being the site of an airport).<!-- TIB, p. 171 --> Almost nothing remains of either fortress.<!-- TIB, p. 171 --> Remains of the old city walls have been found in the area between the two fortresses.<!-- TIB, p. 171 --><ref name="TIB"/>{{rp|171}}

Medieval Halmyros owed a lot of its prosperity to the presence of Italian merchant groups who settled here (originally from places like [[Venice]], [[Pisa]], and [[Genoa]]).<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> Several medieval Christian churches are attributed to these Italian communities: the church of St. George was built by the Venetians, and possibly also the now-gone church of St. Mark, while the former church of St. Jacob was built by the Pisans.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> There was also a strong [[History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire|Jewish]] community in medieval Halmyros.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --><ref name="TIB"/>{{rp|170}} [[Warren Treadgold]] estimates the size of Halmyros's Jewish community at about 400 people during the 12th century.<ref name="Treadgold 1997">{{cite book |last1=Treadgold |first1=Warren |author1-link=Warren Treadgold |title=A History of Byzantine State and Society |date=1997 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_Byzantine_State_and_Soc.html?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC |access-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>{{rp|701}}

In 1158, Halmyros was attacked and plundered by a naval force commanded by [[William I of Sicily]].<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> The Pisan church of St. Jacob was burned down in the attack.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> Halmyros's Venetian community was hit badly by [[Manuel I Komnenos#Byzantine policy in Italy after 1158|the arrest of all Venetians living in Byzantine territory in 1171]].<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> In 1198, the "two Halmyroi" were mentioned for the first time, in a document under [[Alexios III Angelos]] granting special privileges to the Venetians.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> In the 1204 ''[[Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae]]'' after the [[sack of Constantinople]], the "duo Almiri" are mentioned among the Thessalian possessions of Alexios's wife, [[Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera]].<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> Halmyros was then assigned by [[Boniface of Montferrat]] as the place where the former Alexios III would reside as a private citizen.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --> Later, Halmyros became a property of [[William of Larissa]] and later still was assigned to [[Margaret of Hungary]], Boniface of Montferrat's widow.<!-- TIB, p. 170 --><ref name="TIB"/>{{rp|170}}

Halmyros remained under Latin control until 1246, when it was reconquered by [[Michael II of Epirus]].<!-- TIB, p. 171 --> In 1259, Halmyros is attested as a [[theme (Byzantine district)|theme]].<!-- TIB, p. 171 --> In 1265, a Venetian quarter was re-established in Halmyros, after the Venetians had previously been expelled.<!-- TIB, p. 171 --> Rampant piracy is described as happening in the Halmyros area in the next decade, sometime before 1278.<!-- TIB, p. 171 --> Halmyros was sacked in 1307, and in 1310 it was captured by the [[Catalan Company]] along with several other towns in southern Thessaly (namely [[Domokos]], [[Gardikia]], and [[Pharsalos]]).<!-- TIB, p. 171 --><ref name="TIB"/>{{rp|170-1}}

⚫
Halmyros was the site of the decisive [[Battle of Halmyros]] on 15 March 1311, where the Catalan Company shattered the assembled feudal armies of [[Frankish Greece]] and conquered the [[Duchy of Athens]].

In the 1300s, Halmyros began to lose its importance as a port town; the newly founded town of Golos (modern [[Volos]]) took its place.<!-- TIB, p. 171 --><ref name="TIB"/>{{rp|171}}


In 1838, the settlement was described as being "a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] town, situated on the western coast of the Pagasitic Gulf, half an hour's journey inland, on the Plain of Krokios, and consisting of some 300 dwellings. It is chiefly inhabited by Turks, with only a few [[Christians|Christian]] settlers, who cultivate the lands of the Turks residing there".<ref>[http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/enh/PILIONWWW/pages/almyros.html Almyros History]. Retrieved 2007-07-12.</ref> The [[Ottoman Empire]] ceded most of Thessaly in 1881, followed by development and repopulation by Greeks.
In 1838, the settlement was described as being "a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] town, situated on the western coast of the Pagasitic Gulf, half an hour's journey inland, on the Plain of Krokios, and consisting of some 300 dwellings. It is chiefly inhabited by Turks, with only a few [[Christians|Christian]] settlers, who cultivate the lands of the Turks residing there".<ref>[http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/enh/PILIONWWW/pages/almyros.html Almyros History]. Retrieved 2007-07-12.</ref> The [[Ottoman Empire]] ceded most of Thessaly in 1881, followed by development and repopulation by Greeks.

Revision as of 21:43, 13 June 2024

Almyros
Αλμυρός
Municipality
View of Almyros and Kouri forest.
View of Almyros and Kouri forest.
Almyros is located in Greece
Almyros
Almyros
Location within the region
Coordinates: 39°10′49″N 22°45′38″E / 39.18028°N 22.76056°E / 39.18028; 22.76056
CountryGreece
Administrative regionThessaly
Regional unitMagnesia
Government
 • MayorDimitrios Eseridis[1] (since 2023)
Area
 • Municipality905.4 km2 (349.6 sq mi)
 • Municipal unit473.9 km2 (183.0 sq mi)
Elevation
70 m (230 ft)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Municipality16,072
 • Density18/km2 (46/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
11,192
 • Municipal unit density24/km2 (61/sq mi)
 • Community
7,400
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
371 00
Area code(s)24220
Vehicle registrationΒΟ
Websitealmyros-city.gr

Almyros or Halmyros (Greek: Αλμυρός, romanized: Almyrós, lit. 'salty') is a town and a municipality of the regional unit of Magnesia, region of Thessaly, Greece. It lies in the center of prosperous fertile plain known as 'Krokio Pedio', which is crossed by torrents. Almyros is an important agricultural and commercial center of Magnesia, and is also developing as a tourist center for the area. The main agricultural products are tomatoes, cotton, wheat, almonds, peanuts and pistachio nuts.

History

Further information: Byzantine Greece

The history of Almyros begins with the ancient city of Halos (about 10 km [6.2 mi] south of Almyros), the ruins of which can still be visited. Halos was a very important and populous town, famous for its port and for its role in the Persian Wars. After the Byzantine Empire, because of pirate raids, they built the town in the place that it is today.[citation needed]

Ancient Halos is still mentioned in the works of Stephanus of Byzantium (6th century). The medieval successor settlement of Halmyros is first mentioned in the 11th century, when it was listed as a Christian diocese. During the middle ages, sources refer to "two Halmyroi" (δύο Άλμυροι): one of these was at the same site as ancient Halos, 6 km southeast of the present-day town of Almyros, while the other was an associated port on the Pagasitic Gulf.[3]: 170 

At the old acropolis of Halos, the remains of a couple of stone towers (one at the highest point of the acropolis, the other at the base, overlooking the modern motorway) attest to the site's continued existence in the middle ages. The lower town of Halmyros existed between two fortresses, one at the mouth of the Platanorrema and the other at the site of present-day Tsengeli (which is now inaccessible due to being the site of an airport). Almost nothing remains of either fortress. Remains of the old city walls have been found in the area between the two fortresses.[3]: 171 

Medieval Halmyros owed a lot of its prosperity to the presence of Italian merchant groups who settled here (originally from places like Venice, Pisa, and Genoa). Several medieval Christian churches are attributed to these Italian communities: the church of St. George was built by the Venetians, and possibly also the now-gone church of St. Mark, while the former church of St. Jacob was built by the Pisans. There was also a strong Jewish community in medieval Halmyros.[3]: 170  Warren Treadgold estimates the size of Halmyros's Jewish community at about 400 people during the 12th century.[4]: 701 

In 1158, Halmyros was attacked and plundered by a naval force commanded by William I of Sicily. The Pisan church of St. Jacob was burned down in the attack. Halmyros's Venetian community was hit badly by the arrest of all Venetians living in Byzantine territory in 1171. In 1198, the "two Halmyroi" were mentioned for the first time, in a document under Alexios III Angelos granting special privileges to the Venetians. In the 1204 Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae after the sack of Constantinople, the "duo Almiri" are mentioned among the Thessalian possessions of Alexios's wife, Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera. Halmyros was then assigned by Boniface of Montferrat as the place where the former Alexios III would reside as a private citizen. Later, Halmyros became a property of William of Larissa and later still was assigned to Margaret of Hungary, Boniface of Montferrat's widow.[3]: 170 

Halmyros remained under Latin control until 1246, when it was reconquered by Michael II of Epirus. In 1259, Halmyros is attested as a theme. In 1265, a Venetian quarter was re-established in Halmyros, after the Venetians had previously been expelled. Rampant piracy is described as happening in the Halmyros area in the next decade, sometime before 1278. Halmyros was sacked in 1307, and in 1310 it was captured by the Catalan Company along with several other towns in southern Thessaly (namely Domokos, Gardikia, and Pharsalos).[3]: 170–1 

Halmyros was the site of the decisive Battle of Halmyros on 15 March 1311, where the Catalan Company shattered the assembled feudal armies of Frankish Greece and conquered the Duchy of Athens.

In the 1300s, Halmyros began to lose its importance as a port town; the newly founded town of Golos (modern Volos) took its place.[3]: 171 

In 1838, the settlement was described as being "a Turkish town, situated on the western coast of the Pagasitic Gulf, half an hour's journey inland, on the Plain of Krokios, and consisting of some 300 dwellings. It is chiefly inhabited by Turks, with only a few Christian settlers, who cultivate the lands of the Turks residing there".[5] The Ottoman Empire ceded most of Thessaly in 1881, followed by development and repopulation by Greeks.

In 1980 a catastrophic magnitude 6.5 earthquake destroyed most of the town.[6]

Municipality

The municipality Almyros was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[7]

The municipality has an area of 905.4 km2 (349.6 sq mi), the municipal unit 473.940 km2 (183 sq mi).[8]

Subdivisions

The municipal unit of Almyros is divided into the following communities: Almyros, Efxeinoupoli, Anthotopos, Kokkotoi, Kroki, Kofoi, Platanos, and Fylaki.[7]

Province

The province of Almyros (Greek: Επαρχία Αλμυρού) was one of the provinces of Magnesia. It had the same territory as the present municipality.[9] It was abolished in 2006.

Landmarks

  • The Archaeological Museum of Almyros includes local artifacts and exhibits from the Neolithic period, through Mycenean, Geometric, Classical, Hellenistic periods, and later Roman years.[10] Opposite the museum is the old High School, the Gymnasium of Almyros, which is a classic monumental building from the beginning of the 20th century. The Museum and Gymnasium are the oldest buildings in the area.
  • The Kouri forest, about 2 km from the town of Almyros, at an elevation of 75 m (246 ft), encompasses 108 ha[11] (266.9 acres) of lowland oak forest. The forest is flat (elevation gradient is less than 2%). Oaks belong to the species: Quercus pubescens, Quercus aegilops, Quercus pedunculiflora.[12] There are footpaths, as well as a miniature train for a brief tour through the woods and over small bridges.[13]
  • The area is important to migratory birds, such as the mute swan, spoonbill, glossy ibis, and various herons.
  • South of the town are the moderately wooded Othrys mountains. 17 km (10.6 mi) from the town of Almyros but still in Almyros province, high in the Othrys mountains, is the 12th century Monastery of Panagia Xenia, with wall paintings, treasuries, and a library.[14]
  • There are several sandy beaches in the municipality of Almyros.
  • Almyros has three main churches: Agios Dimitrios, Agios Nikolaos and Evangelistria.

Geography

Almyros is situated near the western end of the Pagasetic Gulf, 25 km (15.5 mi) southwest of Volos. Motorway 1 (Athens – Thessaloniki) passes east of the town Almyros.

Climate

Climate data for Nea Anchialos Airport 1956-2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		20.8
(69.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		10.4
(50.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 49.2
(1.94) 		43.7
(1.72) 		51.3
(2.02) 		34.1
(1.34) 		35.0
(1.38) 		20.4
(0.80) 		19.2
(0.76) 		15.9
(0.63) 		38.5
(1.52) 		60.5
(2.38) 		60.9
(2.40) 		65.9
(2.59) 		494.6
(19.48)
Average precipitation days 12.3 10.2 8.1 6.5 4.6 3.6 2.0 2.2 3.6 7.3 8.4 11.4 80.2
Source: [1]

Historical population

Year Community Municipal unit Municipality
1981[15] 6,730 – –
1991[16] 8,916 - –
2001[8] 8,243 13,198 –
2011[17] 8,220 12,678 18,614
2021[2] 7,400 11,192 16,072

References

  1. ^ Municipality of Almyros, Municipal elections – October 2023, Ministry of Interior
  2. ^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Koder, Johannes; Hild, Friedrich (1976). Tabula Imperii Byzantini Bd. 1. Hellas und Thessalia. Wien: Herbert Hunger. ISBN 3-7001-0182-1. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  4. ^ Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  5. ^ Almyros History. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
  6. ^ Drakos, A. G.; Stiros, S. C.; Kiratzi, A. A. (2001), "Fault Parameters of the 1980 (Mw 6.5) Volos, Central Greece, Earthquake from Inversion of Repeated Leveling Data", Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91 (6), Seismological Society of America: 1673–1684, Bibcode:2001BuSSA..91.1673D, doi:10.1785/0120000232
  7. ^ a b "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  8. ^ a b "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  9. ^ "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. (39 MB) (in Greek and French)
  10. ^ Almyros' Archaeological Museum Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine .Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  11. ^ "NatureBank – Τοπίο (ΤΙΦΚ) – Αισθητικό Δάσος Κουρί Αλμυρού". filotis.itia.ntua.gr. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  12. ^ "Ανάλυση και αξιολόγηση του "Κουρί" Αλμυρού Μαγνησίας : αειφορικός σχεδιασμός και διαχείριση του τοπίου της πολιτισμικής μας κληρονομιάς". Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Institutional Repository – IKEE. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  13. ^ Kouri Almyrou Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Hellenic Republic Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
  14. ^ History of the Monastery, Holy Monastery Panagia Kato Xenia. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  15. ^ 1981 Greek census [el]: Πραγματικός πληθυσμός της Ελλάδος κατά την απογραφή της 5 Απριλίου 1981 κατά νομούς, επαρχίες, δήμους, κοινότητες και οικισμούς (PDF). National Statistical Service of Greece. 1982. (in Greek and French)
  16. ^ 1991 Greek census [el]: Πραγματικός πληθυσμός της Ελλάδος κατά την απογραφή της 17ης Μαρτίου 1991 κατά νομούς, επαρχίες, δήμους, κοινότητες και οικισμούς (PDF). National Statistical Service of Greece. 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. (in Greek and French)
  17. ^ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Almyros.
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