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A mediterranean sea (/ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ MED-ih-tə-RAY-nee-ən) is, in oceanography, a mostly enclosed sea that has limited exchange of water with outer oceans and whose water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than by winds or tides.^[1]^[2] The eponymous Mediterranean Sea, for example, is almost completely enclosed by Asia, Europe, and Africa.

List of mediterranean seas

Types of mediterranean seas

There are two types of mediterranean sea.

Concentration basin

A concentration basin has a higher salinity than the outer ocean due to evaporation, and its water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel.
- The Red Sea
- The Persian Gulf
- The Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea is also a concentration basin as a whole, but the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea are dilution basins (see below) owing to the Danube, Don, and Dnieper Rivers and the Po River respectively.

Dilution basin

A dilution basin has a lower salinity due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers, and its water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom.
- The Arctic Ocean
- The American Mediterranean Sea
- The Baltic Sea
- Baffin Bay
- The Black Sea
- The Australasian Mediterranean Sea

Exceptions

The Hudson Bay is so shallow it functions like a huge estuary.^[6]
Having shallow channels and deep basins, the Sea of Japan could form a mediterranean sea, but the strong currents from the Pacific prevent it from having an independent water circulation.
The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea, alleged to be the largest body of brackish water in the world (other possibilities include the Black Sea).^{[inconsistent]}^{[clarification needed]} It occupies a basin formed by glacial erosion.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Kämpf, Jochen (2010). "5.5.2: Mediterranean Seas". Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software. Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 138. ISBN 9783642106101. Retrieved 2017-09-05. Mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean are the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and the Australasian Mediterranean Sea, including the Banda, Sulu, Sulawesi and Java Seas, being connected with the Pacific Ocean.
^ Tomczak, M.; Godfrey, J. Stuart (2003). "Chapter 7: Arctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water" (PDF). Regional oceanography: an introduction (2nd ed.). Delhi: Daya. ISBN 8170353068. OCLC 52613155. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ General oceanography : an introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. 1980. p. 501. ISBN 0471021024. OCLC 6200221.
^ The Oceans Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology. pp. 15, 35 and 637–643.
^ Tang, Charles C. L; Ross, Charles K.; Yao, Tom; Petrie, Brian; DeTracey, Brendan M.; Dunlap, Ewa (2004-12-01). "The circulation, water masses and sea-ice of Baffin Bay". Progress in Oceanography. 63 (4): 183–228. Bibcode:2004PrOce..63..183T. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2004.09.005. ISSN 0079-6611.
^ "Hudson Bay Estuaries". pew.org. Retrieved 2019-05-23.

[Advanced_Ocean_Modeling-1] Kämpf, Jochen (2010). "5.5.2: Mediterranean Seas". Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software. Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 138. ISBN 9783642106101. Retrieved 2017-09-05. Mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean are the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and the Australasian Mediterranean Sea, including the Banda, Sulu, Sulawesi and Java Seas, being connected with the Pacific Ocean.

[2] Tomczak, M.; Godfrey, J. Stuart (2003). "Chapter 7: Arctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water" (PDF). Regional oceanography: an introduction (2nd ed.). Delhi: Daya. ISBN 8170353068. OCLC 52613155. Retrieved 23 May 2019.

[3] General oceanography : an introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. 1980. p. 501. ISBN 0471021024. OCLC 6200221.

[4] The Oceans Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology. pp. 15, 35 and 637–643.

[5] Tang, Charles C. L; Ross, Charles K.; Yao, Tom; Petrie, Brian; DeTracey, Brendan M.; Dunlap, Ewa (2004-12-01). "The circulation, water masses and sea-ice of Baffin Bay". Progress in Oceanography. 63 (4): 183–228. Bibcode:2004PrOce..63..183T. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2004.09.005. ISSN 0079-6611.

[6] "Hudson Bay Estuaries". pew.org. Retrieved 2019-05-23.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{short description|Mostly enclosed sea with limited exchange with outer oceans}}
-A '''mediterranean sea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|d|ɪ|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|i|ə|n}} {{respell|MED|i|tə|RAY|nee|ən}}) is, in [[oceanography]], a mostly enclosed [[sea]] that has limited exchange of water with outer [[ocean]]s and whose water circulation is dominated by [[salinity]] and temperature differences rather than by winds or tides.<ref name="Advanced Ocean Modeling">
+A '''mediterranean sea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|d|ɪ|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|i|ə|n}} {{respell|MED|ih|tə|RAY|nee|ən}}) is, in [[oceanography]], a mostly enclosed [[sea]] that has limited exchange of water with outer [[ocean]]s and whose water circulation is dominated by [[salinity]] and temperature differences rather than by winds or tides.<ref name="Advanced Ocean Modeling">
 {{cite book
-| last1 = Kämpf
+| last = Kämpf
-| first1 = Jochen
+| first = Jochen
-| chapter = 5.5.2 : Mediterranean Seas
+| chapter = 5.5.2: Mediterranean Seas
 | title = Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software
 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RBOYdrWjhSQC
-| location = Heidelberg
+| location = [[Heidelberg]]
-| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media
+| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science & Business Media]]
 | date = 2010
 | page = 138
 | isbn = 9783642106101
 | access-date = 2017-09-05
-| quote = Mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean are the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and the Australasian Mediterranean Sea, including the Banda, Sulu, Sulawesi and Java Seas, being connected with the Pacific Ocean.
+| quote = Mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean are the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and the Australasian Mediterranean Sea, including the Banda, Sulu, Sulawesi and Java Seas, being connected with the Pacific Ocean.}}
+</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://mt-oceanography.info/regoc/pdfversion.html |title=Regional oceanography: an introduction |last1=Tomczak|first1=M. |last2=Godfrey|first2=J. Stuart |date=2003 |publisher=Daya |isbn=8170353068 |edition=2nd |location=[[Delhi]] |chapter=Chapter 7: Arctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water |oclc=52613155 |access-date=23 May 2019 |chapter-url=https://mt-oceanography.info/regoc/pdffiles/colour/single/07P-Arctic.pdf}}</ref> The eponymous [[Mediterranean Sea]], for example, is almost completely enclosed by [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[Africa]].
-}}
-</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.mt-oceanography.info/regoc/pdfversion.html |title=Regional oceanography : an introduction |last=Tomczak |first=M. |last2=Godfrey |first2=J. Stuart |date=2003 |publisher=Daya |isbn=8170353068 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |chapter=Chapter 7: Arctic oceanography; the path of North Atlantic Deep Water |oclc=52613155 |access-date=23 May 2019 |chapter-url=http://www.mt-oceanography.info/regoc/pdffiles/colour/single/07P-Arctic.pdf}}</ref> The eponymous [[Mediterranean Sea]], for example, is almost completely enclosed by [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[Africa]].
 ==List of mediterranean seas==

v t e Earth's oceans and seas
Antarctic/Southern Ocean	Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea
Arctic Ocean	Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Pechora Sea Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea
Atlantic Ocean	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea American Mediterranean Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Lion Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Sidra Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Sea of Marmara Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean	Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean	Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seram Sea Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea
Endorheic basins	Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea
Others	Ocean Sea Superocean
Oceans portal Category

Revision as of 20:19, 15 July 2024

List of mediterranean seas

The mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean

The mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean

The mediterranean seas of the Pacific Ocean

Types of mediterranean seas

Concentration basin

Dilution basin

Exceptions

See also

References