1932 United States presidential election: Difference between revisions
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* [[Will Rogers]], movie star from [[Oklahoma]] |
* [[Will Rogers]], movie star from [[Oklahoma]] |
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* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Governor of New York]] and 1920 vice-presidential nominee |
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Governor of New York]] and 1920 vice-presidential nominee |
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* [[Alfred E. Smith]], former [[Governor of New York]]and 1928 presidential nominee and candidate for the 1920 and 1924 nominations |
* [[Alfred E. Smith]], former [[Governor of New York]] and 1928 presidential nominee and candidate for the 1920 and 1924 nominations |
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* [[Melvin A. Traylor]], banker from [[Illinois]] |
* [[Melvin A. Traylor]], banker from [[Illinois]] |
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* [[George White]], [[Governor of Ohio]] |
* [[George White]], [[Governor of Ohio]] |
Revision as of 05:15, 18 September 2007
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![]() Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Roosevelt/Garner, Blue denotes those won by Hoover/Curtis. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. |
The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country. President Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse, or deal with prohibition. Roosevelt saw that Hoover's failure to deal with these problems could be used as a platform for his own election, promising reform in his policy called the New Deal. Although vague about how he would remedy the situation, Roosevelt won by a landslide, and this "critical election" marked the collapse of the Fourth Party System or Progressive Era. The voters soon were realigned into the Fifth Party System, dominated by Roosevelt's New Deal Coalition.
Nominations
Democratic Party nomination
Democratic Candidates
- Newton D. Baker, former U.S. Secretary of War and candidates for the 1924 and 1928 nominations from Ohio
- Harry F. Byrd, former Governor of Virginia
- John N. Garner, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas
- William H. Murray, Governor of Oklahoma
- James A. Reed, U.S. senator from Missouri
- Albert C. Ritchie, Governor of Maryland
- Will Rogers, movie star from Oklahoma
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, Governor of New York and 1920 vice-presidential nominee
- Alfred E. Smith, former Governor of New York and 1928 presidential nominee and candidate for the 1920 and 1924 nominations
- Melvin A. Traylor, banker from Illinois
- George White, Governor of Ohio
At the Democratic Party Convention in Chicago, Franklin D. Roosevelt succeeded in getting the party's nomination on the fourth ballot, triumphing over 1928 Democratic candidate Al Smith. Roosevelt, achieved this by making a deal with media baron William Randolph Hearst in which FDR would make John Nance Garner, the Speaker of the House of Representatives and also a candidate, his Vice President.
As the fourth ballot progressed, William G. McAdoo, whose own presidential ambitions were thwarted by Smith eight years before, gleefully changed California's votes from Garner to Roosevelt, and, as seen on the chart below, everyone's supporters but Smith's followed suit.
Presidential Balloting, DNC 1932 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
ballot | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
New York Gov. Franklin Roosevelt | 666.5 | 677 | 682 | 945 |
Former New York Gov. Al Smith | 201 | 194 | 190 | 190 |
Speaker of the U.S. House John Nance Garner | 90.25 | 90.25 | 101.3 | - |
Ohio Governor George White | 52 | 50.5 | 52.5 | - |
Former Virginia Gov. Harry F. Byrd | 25 | 24 | 25 | - |
Melvin A. Traylor | 42.5 | 40 | 40 | - |
Missouri Sen. James A. Reed | 24 | 18 | 27 | - |
Maryland Gov. Albert C. Ritchie | 21 | 23 | 23 | - |
Oklahoma Gov. William "Alfalfa Bill" Murray | 23 | - | - | - |
Will Rogers | - | 22 | - | - |
Newton Baker | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | - |
The Democratic Party Platform included repeal of Prohibition (devolving the decision of allowing or prohibiting alcohol to the individual states to decide for themselves).
Republican Party nomination
Republican Candates
- Calvin Coolidge, former President of the United States from Massachusetts
- Herbert C. Hoover, President of the United States from California
- Joseph I. France, former U.S. senator from Maryland
- James W. Wadsworth Jr., former U.S. senator from New York
As the year 1932 began, the Republican Party still had hopes that the worst of the Depression was over; in any case President Herbert Hoover controlled the party. Little-known former U.S. Senator Joseph I. France ran against Hoover in the primaries, often unopposed. His primary wins were tempered by two events: first, Hoover entered the Maryland primary and defeated France in his home state; second, few delegates to the national convention were chosen in the primaries.
Hoover's managers at the Republican National Convention ran a tight ship, not allowing expressions of concern for the direction of the nation. Hoover was nominated on the first ballot with 98% of the delegate vote.
The tally was:
Presidential Ballot, RNC 1932 | |
---|---|
President Herbert Hoover | 1126.5 |
John J. Blaine | 13 |
Former President Calvin Coolidge | 4.5 |
Former U.S. Senator Joseph I. France | 4 |
James W. Wadsworth | 1 |
Both the agricultural Republicans and the extreme hard money Republicans (the latter hoping to nominate Coolidge) balked at the floor managers and voted against the renomination of Vice President Charles Curtis, who won with just 55% of the delegate votes.
General election
Campaign
After making a dangerous airplane trip from his Hyde Park Home to the Democratic convention, Roosevelt accepted the nomination in person. In this history-making speech, he committed himself to battling the Great Depression in the United States with a "New Deal" when he stated: "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."
President Hoover was widely blamed for the depression; for over 2 years Hoover had been issuing statements that the worst was over, only to have the economy make further downturns.
The election was held on November 8, 1932. Maine held separate state elections in September.
1932 was a realigning election. Roosevelt and the Democratic ticket won a sweeping victory over Hoover and the Republicans, extending their control over the U.S. House and gaining control of the U.S. Senate. Twelve years of Republican leadership came to an end, and twenty years of Democratic control would ensue. The vote for Roosevelt was nearly 8 million higher than that for Smith in 1928, an increase of 52%. Hoover's popular vote was reduced by 26% from his result in the 1928 election. In addition, the vote for most minor parties rose dramatically: increases of 230% for the Socialist Party (Norman Thomas's highest raw vote total of his campaigns); an increase of 112% for the Communist Party; an increase of 305% for the Prohibition Party; and an increase of 57% for the Socialist Labor Party.
Results
Presidential candidate | Party | Home state | Popular vote | Electoral vote |
Running mate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count | Percentage | Vice-presidential candidate | Home state | Electoral vote | ||||
Franklin Roosevelt | Democratic | New York | 22,821,277 | 57.4% | 472 | John Nance Garner | Texas | 472 |
Herbert Clark Hoover | Republican | California | 15,761,254 | 39.7% | 59 | Charles Curtis | Kansas | 59 |
Norman Thomas | Socialist | New York | 884,885 | 2.2% | 0 | James H. Maurer | Pennsylvania | 0 |
William Zebulon Foster | Communist | Illinois | 103,307 | 0.3% | 0 | James W. Ford | Alabama | 0 |
William D. Upshaw | Prohibition | Georgia | 81,905 | 0.2% | 0 | Frank S. Regan | Illinois | 0 |
William Hope Harvey | Liberty | Arkansas | 53,425 | 0.1% | 0 | Frank Hemenway | Washington | 0 |
Verne L. Reynolds | Socialist Labor | New York | 33,276 | 0.1% | 0 | J.W. Aiken | Massachusetts | 0 |
Other | 12,569 | 0.1% | — | Other | — | |||
Total | 39,751,898 | 100% | 531 | 531 | ||||
Needed to win | 266 | 266 |
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1932 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 31, 2005. {{cite web}}
: Check date values in: |access-date=
(help)
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005. {{cite web}}
: Check date values in: |access-date=
(help)
Results by state
Franklin Roosevelt Democratic |
Herbert Hoover Republican |
Norman Thomas Socialist |
Other | State Total | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
State | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | % | electoral votes |
# | ||
Alabama | 11 | 207,910 | 84.7 | 11 | 34,675 | 14.1 | - | 2,030 | 0.8 | - | 739 | 0.3 | - | 245,354 | AL | |
Arizona | 3 | 79,264 | 67.0 | 3 | 36,104 | 30.5 | - | 2,618 | 2.2 | - | 265 | 0.2 | - | 118,251 | AZ | |
Arkansas | 9 | 189,602 | 86.0 | 9 | 28,467 | 12.9 | - | 1,269 | 0.6 | - | 1,224 | 0.6 | - | 220,562 | AR | |
California | 22 | 1,324,157 | 58.4 | 22 | 847,902 | 37.4 | - | 63,299 | 2.8 | - | 32,608 | 1.4 | - | 2,267,966 | CA | |
Colorado | 6 | 250,877 | 54.8 | 6 | 189,617 | 41.4 | - | 13,591 | 3.0 | - | 3,611 | 0.8 | - | 457,696 | CO | |
Connecticut | 8 | 281,632 | 47.4 | - | 288,420 | 48.5 | 8 | 20,840 | 3.5 | - | 3,651 | 0.6 | - | 594,183 | CT | |
Delaware | 3 | 54,319 | 48.1 | - | 57,073 | 50.6 | 3 | 1,376 | 1.2 | - | 133 | 0.1 | - | 112,901 | DE | |
Florida | 7 | 206,307 | 74.7 | 7 | 69,170 | 25.0 | - | 775 | 0.3 | - | not on ballot | 276,252 | FL | |||
Georgia | 12 | 234,118 | 91.6 | 12 | 19,863 | 7.8 | - | 461 | 0.2 | - | 1,148 | 0.5 | - | 255,590 | GA | |
Idaho | 4 | 109,479 | 58.7 | 4 | 71,417 | 38.3 | - | 526 | 0.3 | - | 5,203 | 2.8 | - | 186,625 | ID | |
Illinois | 29 | 1,882,304 | 55.2 | 29 | 1,432,756 | 42.0 | - | 67,258 | 2.0 | - | 25,608 | 0.8 | - | 3,407,926 | IL | |
Indiana | 14 | 862,054 | 54.7 | 14 | 677,184 | 42.9 | - | 21,388 | 1.4 | - | 16,301 | 1.0 | - | 1,576,927 | IN | |
Iowa | 11 | 598,019 | 57.7 | 11 | 414,433 | 40.0 | - | 20,467 | 2.00 | - | 3,768 | 0.4 | - | 1,036,687 | IA | |
Kansas | 9 | 424,204 | 53.6 | 9 | 349,498 | 44.1 | - | 18,276 | 2.3 | - | not on ballot | 791,978 | KS | |||
Kentucky | 11 | 580,574 | 59.1 | 11 | 394,716 | 40.2 | - | 3,853 | 0.4 | - | 3,920 | 0.4 | - | 983,063 | KY | |
Louisiana | 10 | 249,418 | 92.8 | 10 | 18,853 | 7.0 | - | not on ballot | 533 | 0.2 | - | 268,804 | LA | |||
Maine | 5 | 128,907 | 43.2 | - | 166,631 | 55.8 | 5 | 2,489 | 0.8 | - | 417 | 0.1 | - | 298,444 | ME | |
Maryland | 8 | 314,314 | 61.5 | 8 | 184,184 | 36.0 | - | 10,489 | 2.1 | - | 2,067 | 0.4 | - | 511,054 | MD | |
Massachusetts | 17 | 800,148 | 50.6 | 17 | 736,959 | 46.6 | - | 34,305 | 2.2 | - | 8,702 | 0.6 | - | 1,580,114 | MA | |
Michigan | 19 | 871,700 | 52.4 | 19 | 739,894 | 44.4 | - | 39,205 | 2.4 | - | 13,966 | 0.8 | - | 1,664,765 | MI | |
Minnesota | 11 | 600,806 | 59.9 | 11 | 363,959 | 36.3 | - | 25,476 | 2.5 | - | 12,602 | 1.3 | - | 1,002,843 | MN | |
Mississippi | 9 | 140,168 | 96.0 | 9 | 5,180 | 3.4 | - | 686 | 0.5 | - | not on ballot | 146,034 | MS | |||
Missouri | 15 | 1,025,406 | 63.7 | 15 | 564,713 | 35.1 | - | 16,374 | 1.0 | - | 3,401 | 0.2 | - | 1,609,894 | MO | |
Montana | 4 | 127,286 | 58.8 | 4 | 78,078 | 36.1 | - | 7,891 | 3.7 | - | 3,224 | 1.5 | - | 216,479 | MT | |
Nebraska | 7 | 359,082 | 63.0 | 7 | 201,177 | 35.3 | - | 9,876 | 1.7 | - | 2 | 0.0 | - | 570,137 | NE | |
Nevada | 3 | 28,756 | 69.4 | 3 | 12,674 | 30.6 | - | not on ballot | 41,430 | NV | ||||||
New Hampshire | 4 | 100,680 | 49.0 | - | 103,629 | 50.4 | 4 | 947 | 0.5 | - | 264 | 0.1 | - | 205,520 | NH | |
New Jersey | 16 | 806,394 | 49.5 | 16 | 775,406 | 47.6 | - | 42,988 | 2.6 | - | 4,719 | 0.3 | - | 1,629,507 | NJ | |
New Mexico | 3 | 95,089 | 62.7 | 3 | 54,217 | 35.8 | - | 1,776 | 1.2 | - | 524 | 0.4 | - | 151,606 | NM | |
New York | 47 | 2,534,959 | 54.1 | 47 | 1,937,963 | 41.3 | - | 177,397 | 3.8 | - | 38,295 | 0.8 | - | 4,688,614 | NY | |
North Carolina | 13 | 497,566 | 69.9 | 13 | 208,344 | 29.3 | - | 5,591 | 0.8 | - | not on ballot | 711,501 | NC | |||
North Dakota | 4 | 178,350 | 69.6 | 4 | 71,772 | 28.0 | - | 3,521 | 1.4 | - | 2,647 | 1.0 | - | 256,290 | ND | |
Ohio | 26 | 1,301,695 | 49.9 | 26 | 1,227,319 | 47.0 | - | 64,094 | 2.5 | - | 16,620 | 0.6 | - | 2,609,728 | OH | |
Oklahoma | 11 | 516,468 | 73.3 | 11 | 188,165 | 26.7 | - | not on ballot | 704,633 | OK | ||||||
Oregon | 5 | 213,871 | 58.0 | 5 | 136,019 | 36.7 | - | 15,450 | 4.2 | - | 3,468 | 0.9 | - | 368,808 | OR | |
Pennsylvania | 36 | 1,295,948 | 45.3 | - | 1,453,540 | 50.8 | 36 | 91,223 | 3.2 | - | 18,466 | 0.7 | - | 2,859,177 | PA | |
Rhode Island | 4 | 146,604 | 55.1 | 4 | 115,266 | 43.3 | - | 3,138 | 1.2 | - | 1,162 | 0.4 | - | 266,170 | RI | |
South Carolina | 8 | 102,347 | 98.0 | 8 | 1,978 | 1.9 | - | 82 | 0.1 | - | not on ballot | 104,407 | SC | |||
South Dakota | 4 | 183,515 | 63.6 | 4 | 99,212 | 34.4 | - | 1,551 | 0.5 | - | 4,160 | 1.4 | - | 288,438 | SD | |
Tennessee | 11 | 259,473 | 66.5 | 11 | 126,752 | 32.5 | - | 1,796 | 0.5 | - | 2,235 | 0.6 | - | 390,256 | TN | |
Texas | 23 | 760,348 | 88.1 | 23 | 97,959 | 11.4 | - | 4,450 | 0.5 | - | 669 | 0.1 | - | 836,426 | TX | |
Utah | 4 | 116,750 | 56.5 | 4 | 84,795 | 41.1 | - | 4,087 | 2.0 | - | 946 | 0.5 | - | 206,578 | UT | |
Vermont | 3 | 56,266 | 41.1 | - | 78,984 | 57.7 | 3 | 1,533 | 1.1 | - | 197 | 0.1 | - | 136,980 | VT | |
Virginia | 11 | 203,979 | 68.5 | 11 | 89,637 | 30.1 | - | 2,382 | 0.8 | - | 1,944 | 0.7 | - | 297,942 | VA | |
Washington | 8 | 353,260 | 57.5 | 8 | 208,645 | 33.9 | - | 17,080 | 2.8 | - | 35,829 | 5.8 | - | 614,814 | WA | |
West Virginia | 8 | 405,124 | 54.5 | 8 | 330,731 | 44.5 | - | 5,133 | 0.7 | - | 2,786 | 0.4 | - | 743,774 | WV | |
Wisconsin | 12 | 707,410 | 63.5 | 12 | 347,741 | 31.2 | - | 53,379 | 4.8 | - | 6,278 | 0.6 | - | 1,114,808 | WI | |
Wyoming | 3 | 54,370 | 56.1 | 3 | 39,583 | 40.8 | - | 2,829 | 2.9 | - | 180 | 0.2 | - | 96,962 | WY | |
TOTALS: | 531 | 22,821,277 | 57.4 | 472 | 15,761,254 | 39.7 | 59 | 884,885 | 2.2 | - | 284,482 | 0.7 | - | 39,751,898 | ||
TO WIN: | 266 |
Bibliography
- Kristi Andersen, The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928-1936 (1979), statistical
- James McGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)
- Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Triumph (1956)
- Frank Freidel, "Election of 1932", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., The Coming to Power: Critical Presidential Elections in American History (1981),
- Harold F. Gosnell, Champion Campaigner: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1952)
- Hoover, Herbert, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression, 1929-1941 (1952)
- Peel, Roy V. and Thomas C. Donnelly, The 1932 Campaign: An Analysis (1935)
- Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. The Crisis of the Old Order (1957),
See also
- United States Senate election, 1932
- United States House election, 1932
- History of the United States (1918-1945)