Jump to content

2007 California wildfires: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Response: removed duplicate information
Crisp26 (talk | contribs)
77 edits
Line 412: Line 412:


===Baja California===
===Baja California===


Every year wildfires affect hundreds of hectares of conifer forest, chaparral and grass on Mediterranean ecosystems in the northern part of Baja California, Mexico. Equipment and financial resources are spent annually to preserve valuable forests and areas used for recreation. However, fire also plays a very significant role in vegetation types and other processes. Information of fire risk and fire behavior are required for the proper management of those areas. Integrate fire danger indexes as well as fire simulations would generate a geographical system designed to help environment. Information of ignition probability, rate of spread and burn index would allow the classification of areas with fire risk at local and state scale.<ref name="front">{{es icon}} {{cite news | author = Sepúlveda Betancourt, Jorge I. | url=http://www.inifap.gob.mx/otros_sitios/PORTADA_PAGINA_INIFAP_No_88.pdf. | title=Índices de Peligro y Simulacion de Incendios Forestales 37 enambiente sig para Baja California | publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Baja California | date=[[31 January]] [[2003]]|accessdate = 2007-11-02}}</ref>



Fires were also burning in northern parts of the [[Mexican state]] of [[Baja California]].<ref name="reuters">{{es icon}} {{cite news |author=Ford, Dana | url=http://lta.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2007-10-24T040529Z_01_N23304262_RTRIDST_0_INTERNACIONAL-CALIFORNIA-INCENDIOS-SOL.XML | title=Incendios en California dejan al menos cinco muertos| publisher=Reuters |date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref> As of [[October 22]][[2007]] the '''Harris Fire''' burned near [[Tecate]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&ie=UTF8&om=1&msa=0&msid=114250687465160386813.00043d08ac31fe3357571&ll=32.990236,-116.732483&spn=1.105782,1.757813&z=9&source=embed | title=KPBS Google Map | work=Google.com | date=[[October 24]][[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref><ref name="yucatan">{{es icon}} {{cite news | url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/noticia.asp?cx=9$0000000000$3669023&f=20071024 | title=Las llamas logran cruzar la frontera | publisher=Diario de Yucatán | date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref> and fires were burning near [[Tijuana]] as well.<ref name="front">{{es icon}} {{cite news | author = Durán, Laura | url=http://www.frontera.info/EdicionEnLinea/Notas/Noticias/22102007/269469.aspx | title=Cierran tramo de carretera Tijuana-Tecate por incendio | publisher=La Frontera | date=[[22 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-10-24}}</ref>
Fires were also burning in northern parts of the [[Mexican state]] of [[Baja California]].<ref name="reuters">{{es icon}} {{cite news |author=Ford, Dana | url=http://lta.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2007-10-24T040529Z_01_N23304262_RTRIDST_0_INTERNACIONAL-CALIFORNIA-INCENDIOS-SOL.XML | title=Incendios en California dejan al menos cinco muertos| publisher=Reuters |date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref> As of [[October 22]][[2007]] the '''Harris Fire''' burned near [[Tecate]],<ref>{{cite news | url=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&ie=UTF8&om=1&msa=0&msid=114250687465160386813.00043d08ac31fe3357571&ll=32.990236,-116.732483&spn=1.105782,1.757813&z=9&source=embed | title=KPBS Google Map | work=Google.com | date=[[October 24]][[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref><ref name="yucatan">{{es icon}} {{cite news | url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/noticia.asp?cx=9$0000000000$3669023&f=20071024 | title=Las llamas logran cruzar la frontera | publisher=Diario de Yucatán | date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-10-24}}</ref> and fires were burning near [[Tijuana]] as well.<ref name="front">{{es icon}} {{cite news | author = Durán, Laura | url=http://www.frontera.info/EdicionEnLinea/Notas/Noticias/22102007/269469.aspx | title=Cierran tramo de carretera Tijuana-Tecate por incendio | publisher=La Frontera | date=[[22 October]] [[2007]]|accessdate = 2007-10-24}}</ref>


Revision as of 22:49, 14 November 2007

October 2007 California wildfires
NASA satellite photo from October 24, 2007, showing the active fire zones and smoke plumes.
Date(s)October 20, 2007[1] – November 6, 2007[2]
LocationSouthern California
Statistics
Burned area500,000 acres (2,000 km2)[3][4]
Land useMixed, residential and wildlands
Impacts
Deaths14[5][3]
Non-fatal injuriesAt least 70[4]
Damage~$1.4 billion

The October 2007 California wildfires were a series of wildfires that began burning across Southern California on October 20. At least 1,500 homes were destroyed[6] and over 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) of land burned from Santa Barbara County to the U.S.–Mexico border. Nine people died as a direct result of the fire;[7] 85 others were injured, including at least 61 fire fighters.[8]

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in seven California counties where fires were burning.[9] President George W. Bush concurred and ordered federal aid to supplement state and local response efforts.[10] Over 6,000 firemen worked to fight the blazes; they were aided by units of the United States Armed Forces,[11] United States National Guard,[12] almost 3,000 prisoners convicted of non-violent crimes,[13] and 60 firefighters from the Mexican cities of Tijuana and Tecate.[14]

The major contributing factors to the extreme fire conditions were drought in Southern California, hot weather, and unusually strong Santa Ana winds with gusts reaching 85 mph (140 km/h).[15]

The sources of the fire were numerous. Several were triggered by power lines damaged by the high winds.[16] One fire started when a semi-truck overturned;[17] another was reported as having been deliberately caused: the suspect was shot and killed at the scene by state authorities.[18] The causes of the remaining fires remain under investigation. The last fire was fully contained on November 9, 2007, 19 days after the series of fires had started.[19]

Counties

San Diego County

NOAA hot spot map of San Diego County, October 23.
Doppler radar imagery of the fires on October 23.

San Diego County was the location of the two biggest fires. The largest, the Witch (Creek) Fire, burned a massive area north and northeast of San Diego. The second, the Harris Fire, burned northwest from the Mexican border towards San Diego. Officials feared the fires could become even more destructive than the 2003 Cedar Fire[9] that burned 280,278 acres (1,134.2 km2) 2,820 buildings (including 2,232 homes) and killed 15 people, including one firefighter, before being contained on November 32003. At the time, the Cedar Fire was considered the largest fire in recorded California history.[20][21]

Residents were subjected to a mix of mandatory and voluntary evacuations, depending on the projected path of the fire. Hundreds of thousands of residents were notified of evacuations via a computerized Reverse 911 phone call system.[22] Law enforcement officers also notified residents by driving through evacuation areas. On October 242007, San Diego County Sheriff Bill Kolender stated that the number of people evacuated in San Diego county had exceeded the number evacuated from New Orleans, Louisiana during Hurricane Katrina.[23]

Two days into the fires, approximately 500,000 people from at least 346,000 homes were under mandatory orders to evacuate,[24] the largest evacuation in the region's history.[25] Evacuation sites included Qualcomm Stadium,[25] as well as many schools, civic centers, and churches throughout the area.[22] The American Red Cross managed the evacuation centers.

Officials estimated that 10,000 gathered at Qualcomm. Volunteers provided food, blankets, water, children's toys, massages, and a live rock band performance for those at the stadium.[26] Nearly all public schools and universities in the San Diego area were closed. Many businesses closed as well. To ensure clear roads for emergency vehicles, San Diego mayor Jerry Sanders asked residents to stay home and inside.[27]

ByOctober 23, some evacuations were lifted, which allowed about 50,000 residents from the cities of Del Mar, Chula Vista, and Poway, and the San Diego neighborhoods of Del Mar Heights and Scripps Ranch to return home.[28][29][30] However, the fires continued and damage was severe. The four major fires across San Diego County burned nearly 300,000 acres and destroyed or damaged 1,350 homes and 100 businesses since October 212007.[31]

In addition to the evacuations, many major roads were closed as a result of fires and smoke. On October 22, the California Highway Patrol closed Interstate 15 in both directions between State Routes 78 and 56.[22] On October 242007 the Horno Fire forced the closure of Interstate 5 as well as the Amtrak Surfliner service between Oceanside and San Clemente.[32] Traffic from Interstate 5 was diverted to Interstate 15, which had reopened.[33]

Officials from the San Diego Wild Animal Park said that its more than 3,500 animals were safer staying in their enclosures where they were protected by the park's fire break and irrigated areas. If the weather conditions worsened the animals could retreat to their watering holes. However, many critically endangered animals such as the California condor were moved to the park's veterinary hospital, which is fire-resistant and fully equipped with sprinklers. Park spokesperson Yadira Galindo said that the animals were "alert but not showing any concerned behavior."

Fire data was provided by the CAL FIRE and independent news media. As of November 9,[19] the following fires have burned in San Diego County:[34][35]

San Diego County
Fire name Date / time started Area burned Structures destroyed Injuries Containment
Witch (Creek) October 21 at 11:00 a.m. 197,990 acres (801 km2) 1040 homes
414 outbuildings
239 vehicles
70 homes damaged
25 outbuildings damaged 		2 deaths
39 firefighters
2 civilians 		100%
Harris October 21 at 9:30 a.m. 90,440 acres (366 km2) 206 homes
252 outbuildings
253 structures damaged
 5 deaths
34 firefighters
21 civilians 		100%
Poomacha (Palomar Mountain) October 23 at 3:13 a.m. 50,176 acres (203.06 km2) 143 homes
77 outbuildings 		21 firefighters 100%
Horno/Ammo October 24 21,084 acres (85.32 km2) 6 firefighters 100%
Rice October 22 at 4:16 a.m. 9,000 acres (36.4 km2) 206 homes
2 commercial properties
40 outbuildings 		5 firefighters 100%
McCoy October 21 300 acres (1.21 km2) 1 residence
1 outbuilding 		100%
Coronado Hills October 22 at 1:50 a.m. 250 acres (1.01 km2) 2 outbuildings 100% on Oct. 22
Wilcox October 23 100 acres (0.40 km2) 100%

Witch Fire

Smoke filled the sky at sunrise October 22.
San Diego skyline against the smoke at sunrise October 232007

The Witch Creek Fire, also known as the Witch Fire, was the largest of the October 2007 wildfires. Hundreds of thousands of residents were informed of evacuations through the Reverse 911 system.[22] This evacuation came almost four years to the day after the Cedar Fire of 2003.

The fire started in Witch Creek Canyon near Santa Ysabel and quickly spread to Ramona, Rancho Bernardo, Poway and Escondido. Locals in the San Pasqual Valley area reported wind gusts of over 100 mph. From there the fire jumped over Interstate 15 and continued west, causing significant damage in Lake Hodges, 4S Ranch, Del Dios and Rancho Santa Fe.

Strong Santa Ana winds pushed the fires west towards the coast.[22] San Diego County Sheriff William B. Kolendar stated that the Witch Creek Fire could be "well in excess of the Cedar Fire of 2003".[36] While many coastal communities were evacuated as the fire moved west, the shifting winds prevented it from directly threatening those areas.

All residents located south of Del Dios Highway, north of State Route 56, west of Interstate 15, and east of Interstate 5 were ordered to evacuate.[22] By 9:30pm October 22 a dispatch from the city of Del Mar's web site stated "For your safety, we are strongly advising that all Del Mar residents evacuate."[37] Evacuations were also ordered for Scripps Ranch neighborhood, specifically "Everything south of Scripps Poway Parkway, north of MCAS Miramar, east of Interstate 15, and west of Highway 67". The Mesa Grande Indian reservation was evacuated due to the Witch Fire.[38] Residents of the Barona Indian Reservation were advised to leave, though the evacuation was not mandatory. The casino on the reservation was closed. At approximately 01:00 on 23 October, fire broke out near Wildcat Canyon to the south of Barona, where many houses were destroyed and lives lost in the Cedar Fire. Residents of Wildcat Canyon and Muth Valley were ordered to evacuate, and the road was closed.[39] The evacuations of Del Mar, Chula Vista, Poway, Del Mar Heights and Scripps Ranch were lifted for many residents on Tuesday October 23 in the late afternoon.[40][41] At 9:50 p.m. PDT October 232007 the town of Julian, California was ordered to evacuate. Due to the fires, there was no power or phone service in the town.[42]

Evacuation sites included Qualcomm Stadium,[25] Escondido High School, Mission Hills High School, Poway High School, Mira Mesa Senior High School, and the Del Mar Fairgrounds.[22]

Many major roads were also closed as a result of fires and smoke. On October 22, the California Highway Patrol closed Interstate 15 in both directions between State Routes 78 and 56.[22] On October 242007 the Horno Fire forced the closure of Interstate 5 as well as the Amtrak Surfliner service between Oceanside and San Clemente.[32] Traffic from Interstate 5 was being diverted to Interstate 15, which had reopened.[33] 1,841 firefighters were assigned to the fire.

Harris Fire

Harris Fire burns on Mount San Miguel the morning of October 23.
Aerial View of Harris Fire October 23, 12:05 pm.

The Harris Fire burned in a northwest direction from its starting point at Harris Ranch Road near Potrero. On October 23 the fire approached eastern Chula Vista.[43] Many communities were evacuated, with evacuation centers set up at a nearby high school and community center.[44] Thomas James Varshock, 52, of Potrero, died on his property during the Harris Fire on Sunday.[45] The fire may also have caused the deaths of four migrant workers near the Mexican Border.[46]An estimated 1,210 firefighters are battling this fire.[47]

The Harris Fire also affected northern Mexico, near the town of Tecate.[48]

Other fires

The Palomar Mountain-Agua Tiba Fire: photo taken looking South towards San Diego from Temecula

  • The Poomacha Fire (or Mt. Palomar Fire) began as a structure fire on the La Jolla Indian Reservation, then established itself on Palomar Mountain, joined the Witch Fire, and entered the Agua Tibia Wilderness. As the last of the October 2007 fires to continue burning into November 2007, it was 100% contained by November 9, 2007.[19]

  • The Rice Canyon Fire started in the early morning of October 22, in the Rice Canyon near Fallbrook. It initially headed west. By October 26, projected movement to the east in the Santa Margarita drainage because of onshore winds. Evacuations still in effect in parts of Fallbrook.[34][52]

  • The El Capitan Fire is 100% contained. At 11:00 p.m. PDT October 232007 the San Diego Union Tribune reported, "A small brush fire that burned today around El Capitan Reservoir north of Alpine is out, Cal Fire officials said about 9:30 p.m. Officials said the blaze consumed the vegetation near the reservoir and ran out of fuel."[53]

  • The McCoy Fire, 100% contained, was located near the U.S. Forest Service on Cuyamaca Mountain. It burned 400 acres and destroyed at least one structure in Pine Hills.[54]

Los Angeles and Ventura counties

Fire data has been provided by the CAL FIRE and independent news media. As of October 29, 2007 at 9:28 a.m. PDT:[34][35]

Los Angeles and Ventura counties
Fire Name Date / Time Started Area Burned Structures Destroyed Injuries Containment
Ranch (Castaic / Piru) October 20 at 9:42 p.m.[1] 58,401 acres (236.3 km2) 1 home
9 outbuildings 		100%
Buckweed October 21 at 12:55 p.m. 38,356 acres (155.2 km2) 63 3 civilians
1 firefighter 		100%
Canyon October 21 at 4:50 a.m. 4,565 acres (18.5 km2) 22 3 100%
Magic October 22 at 2:17 p.m. 2,824 acres (11.4 km2) 100%
Meadowridge October 23 at 12:30 p.m. 40 acres (0.162 km2) 100%
Nightsky October 21 at 10:35 a.m. 35 acres (0.1 km2) 100%
October October 22 at 10:40 p.m. 25 acres (0.1 km2) At least 3 mobile homes damaged 100% on Oct. 23


Santa Clarita, California the night of October 212007

Overall more than 781 square miles burned, as of Sunday October 28, 2007, with more than $1 billion (US) estimated in one of the 7 affected counties (San Diego) alone. Overall, more than 1.8% of the land in Southern California has burned, an area 1.5 times the area of Los Angeles.

  • The Canyon Fire burned around Malibu, California, specifically in Malibu Canyon. It was the first of the October California wildfires to receive significant attention from the national media.[57] In addition to damaging or destroying 14 homes, the fire destroyed two Malibu landmarks: Castle Kashan and the Presbyterian Church.

  • The Magic Fire started near The Old Road at Magic Mountain Parkway. Flames came within a few yards of West Ranch High School and a large housing development in Stevenson Ranch, but were pushed away. The fire is believed to have been caused accidentally by welders at a construction site.[34]

  • The October Fire burned a small area in Santa Clarita, destroying several homes in the Canyon Breeze Mobile Home Park.[34]

  • The Ranch Fire (or Castaic Fire) burned along the Los Angeles-Ventura county line,[34] in the Angeles and Los Padres national forests. It surrounded the Ventura County community of Piru[57][58] and also threatened the communities of Fillmore, Ventura and Ojai.[34] About 500 residences lie in the fire's path.[34] Evacuations were recommended in all of Piru and portions of Fillmore.[58] Angeles National Forest officials implemented a total forest closure on October 23.

Two NASA satellite images from October 212007 show how quickly the fires spread. The right image was taken just 3 hours 15 minutes after the left image.

Orange County

Main article: Santiago Fire
The Santiago Fire seen from Aliso Viejo, overlooking the city of Lake Forest, on October 23, 2007
Fires burn across a hillside in Orange County.
File:Fire near SM lake.jpg
The Santiago Fire seen from Rancho Santa Margarita on October 23, 2007

  • The Santiago Fire began shortly before 5:55 p.m. on October 21, 2007 in the foothills north of Irvine and east of the city of Orange in Orange County. The fire was reportedly started in two separate spots (along Santiago Canyon Road, west of Silverado Canyon Road); fire officials have attributed the source of the fire to arson.[59] Schools and districts all over Orange County were closed on Friday, October 26, 2007 because of the smoke and bad air quality.[60] As of October 27 2007, a reward of $250,000 was being offered for information leading to arrest of the arsonist(s).[61] Fifteen homes and nine outbuildings have been destroyed. Eight homes and twelve outbuildings have been damaged, and eight firefighter injuries have been reported. As of 7:35 a.m. on Wednesday, October 31, the fire has burned 28,445 acres (115.1 km2) and is 90% contained; full containment expected November 4.[19][34]

San Bernardino County

Current data on the fires has been provided by the CAL FIRE and independent news media. As of October 30 at 6:00 p.m. PDT, the following fires have burned in San Bernardino County:[19][34][35]

San Bernardino County
Fire Name Date / Time Started Area Burned Structures Destroyed Injuries Containment
Slide (Running Springs) October 22 at 8:02 a.m.[62] 12,789 acres (51.8 km2) 201 homes
3 outbuildings 		100%
Grass Valley October 22 at 5:08 a.m.[63] 1,247 acres (5.0 km2) 174 homes
2 outbuildings 		100%
Martin October 23 at 9:00 a.m. 123 acres (0.5 km2) 1 home damaged 1 firefighter 100%
Walker October 23 160 acres (0.6 km2) 2 firefighters 100% on Oct. 23
Cajon (Devore & Glen Helen) October 22 at 12:15 p.m.[64] 250 acres (1.0 km2) 100%
Little Mountain Fire October 22 at 3:30 p.m. 650 acres (2.6 km2) 100% on Oct. 22

  • The Slide or Green Valley Lake Fire is burning near Green Valley Lake, east of Lake Arrowhead. The Green Valley Lake, Arrow Bear, and Running Springs communities are under evacuation. 1,359 firefighters currently are assigned to this fire. The estimated cost of this fire to date is $1.2 million. Reports indicate water pressure in local systems was lost and conditions were too extreme for fighters to continue efforts in some areas.[34] The fire burned a camp owned by the Boy Scouts of America's local council, the California Inland Empire Council, called "Camp Helendade." Helendade was originally given to the council in 1960 to replace another camp that had been burned.[65][66][67]

  • The Grass Valley Fire was located just north of Lake Arrowhead.[68]

  • The Martin Fire began near Martin Ranch Road at Meyers Road.

  • The Walker Fire burned near Walker Ave in the dairies of Ontario.

  • Together, the Devore and Glen Helen Fires (or Cajon Fire) forced the closure of Interstate 15 in the Cajon Pass. One fire was started by an overturned semi-truck.[17]

  • The Little Mountain Fire threatened several homes and other structures near Cal State San Bernardino before it was contained.[35] Due to the cumulative effects of the area fires, the University closed for the week of October 23.[69]

Santa Barbara County

  • The Sedgewick Fire was the northernmost of the October 2007 California wildfires. It ignited around 6:00 a.m. PDT on October 21, 2007 from a downed power line. The fire burned a total of 710 acres (2.9 km2) near Los Olivos. Approximately 2000 people were affected and 800 homes threatened before the fire was 100% contained around 5:00 p.m. on October 22.[70]

Riverside County

  • The Roca Fire was reported around 3:52 p.m. on October 21 in the vicinity of SR-79 South at SR-371 in Aguanga. One home was destroyed and one injury was reported. It was 100% contained on October 22, after burning 270 acres (1.1 km2).[34]

  • The Rosa Fire, three clustered blazes in the Via Santa Rosa/Rancho California Road area of western Temecula began October 22. It was 100% contained by October 24, after burning 411 acres (1.7 km2). Investigators suspect arson.[71]

  • The Wildomar Fire began around 12:30 on October 24 in Wildomar brush, between I-15 and I-215. It was 100% contained within the same day, after burning 20 acres (0.1 km2).[72]

Baja California

Every year wildfires affect hundreds of hectares of conifer forest, chaparral and grass on Mediterranean ecosystems in the northern part of Baja California, Mexico. Equipment and financial resources are spent annually to preserve valuable forests and areas used for recreation. However, fire also plays a very significant role in vegetation types and other processes. Information of fire risk and fire behavior are required for the proper management of those areas. Integrate fire danger indexes as well as fire simulations would generate a geographical system designed to help environment. Information of ignition probability, rate of spread and burn index would allow the classification of areas with fire risk at local and state scale.[73]


Fires were also burning in northern parts of the Mexican state of Baja California.[74] As of October 222007 the Harris Fire burned near Tecate,[75][76] and fires were burning near Tijuana as well.[73]

More than fifteen thousands hectares had been consumed by the wildfires in Baja California. Tijuana, Tecate and Ensenada were the municipalities more afected by the fire. In total there were seven fires caused by Santa Ana winds. The community of Maneadero, in the highlands of Ensenada, was the most affected.[77]

Wind and weather

See also: 2007 Western North American heat wave
QuikSCAT image from 2002 showing the speed of the Santa Ana winds (m/s)

The fires occurred at the end of a dry summer and were exacerbated by the seasonal Santa Ana winds. The San Diego Union Tribune reported, "Santa Ana winds blowing up to 60 mph combined with temperatures into the 90s to create in the worst possible fire conditions."[78]

Southern California was in the midst of an unusual drought; in Los Angeles, California, with only 3.21 in (82 mm) of precipitation in 2006-2007, it was the driest year on record.[79] The combination of wind, heat, and dryness turned the chaparral into explosive fuel. Officials believed that some of the fires generated their own winds, similar to the Oakland Firestorm of 1991.

A comparison of the Simi Valley skyline from October 21, 2007 (left and center) to October 22 2007 (right)

The effects of the smoke were felt as far away as Brentwood, California (in the East Bay, near Stockton), where it impacted local weather.

Impact

Highway 241 closed due to the fires

On October 21, the Harris Fire damaged and disabled the Southwest Power Link, a 500,000-volt power line from Arizona to San Diego.[80] Power outages were reported in Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and other counties on October 22 to 333,500 Southern California Edison customers, most being restored within 24 hours. The power outage also affected the areas of Ojai, Oxnard, Simi Valley, Santa Clarita, Thousand Oaks, Agoura Hills, Rialto, Fontana, San Bernardino, Rancho Cucamonga, Mira Loma, Hesperia, Corona, Bloomington, Irvine, Calimesa and Rubidoux. This outage also caused 230 people to be without power in Malibu.[81] The California Independent System Operator Corp, or California ISO, declared an energy transmission emergency in southern California on October 23, due to wildfires affecting the lines. 500,000-, 230,000- and 138,000-volt lines were disabled in San Diego, and some lines in other areas were also disabled. 24,992 lost power, due to lack of power from the power grid.[80] During the crisis, Mexico provided power to help augment the electrical needs of the San Diego area.[82]

Authorities say the evacuations, which have displaced more than 900,000 people, are the largest evacuations in the history of California.[83] By mid-morning on October 222007, thousands of evacuees were taking shelter in Qualcomm Stadium and other locations throughout San Diego.[25] On the afternoon of October 222007, the Marines were evacuating some planes from Marine Corps Air Station Miramar to other military bases in California and Arizona.[84] The Navy moved all non-essential personnel from Naval Base San Diego barracks onto nearby vessels to accommodate refugees.[12] The San Diego Wild Animal Park moved some animals to the on-site animal hospital for their protection.[22]

File:SDFIRE2007 058brightsharp.jpg
Evacuees at evacuation site Mira Mesa High School

The Horno Fire had charred 6,000 acres in Camp Pendleton by 4:00 a.m PDT October 242007. It caused the closure of Interstate 5 and it also caused Amtrak to stop Surfliner service between Oceanside and San Clemente.[32] Traffic was being diverted to Interstate 15, which had itself been closed earlier.[33]

Migrant workers were largely overlooked during the crisis, sometimes staying at work in the fields within mandatory evacuation zones. Many had lived in the canyons nearby and distrust officials. [85] When fleeing the fires, migrant workers received little assistance: some were arrested, while others were turned away from shelters because they did not have adequate identification, even though they had lost everything. [86] Some Mexican firefighters expressed concern about their countrymen, while others felt the migrant workers were aware of the risks they were taking. [87]

Astonishingly, only a few cases of looting were documented. Six people were arrested for stealing supplies from Qualcomm stadium[88], another was arrested for theft after being found in possession of stolen goods in the Jamul fire area [89], and two were arrested near the Tecate border crossing.[90]

Air quality and health effects

The concentration of particulate matter 10 micrometers and smaller (designated PM10) reached unhealthy levels as a result of the fires. PM10 particles are small enough to enter deep into the lungs, and possibly the bloodstream. San Diego city attorney Michael Aguirre, citing concerns over weather conditions and air quality, urged the city to consider a voluntary evacuation of the entire city.[91]


Smoke fills the horizon in East San Diego County, October 222007.

Response

At Naval Air Station North Island, a plane captain launches an MH-60S Seahawk from Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC) 85 to conduct operations in support of the California Department of Forestry's efforts in combating the San Diego wildfires.
Firefighters battle a blaze near Irvine, California.

Government agencies and volunteers worked together to mitigate the effects of the fires. According to the state of California's Consolidated Response web page, "There are 17 active fires in Southern California. The priority for fighting fires as of 19:30 on October 21 is the Buckweed, Witch, Harris, Canyon, Ranch, Santiago, and Sedgewick Fires."[92] March Air Reserve Base is the primary staging area for relief supplies as coordinated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency.[12]

With many businesses and schools closed, some people used their time off to help others. Officials estimated that 10,000 people were gathered at Qualcomm stadium, the largest shelter point in San Diego. Besides food, blankets and water, volunteers provided toys for children, massages, and a live rock and roll band performance.[26] CERT teams, in various cities, received their first activation since the program's inception in this region. Trained volunteers have done a myraid of things ranging from coordinating relief, to acting as a fire department auxiliary.[2] The faithful from many religions including Buddhists, Catholics, Jews, Protestants, and Mormons, as well as religious groups such as Victim Relief Ministries, Giving Children Hope, Hope Force International, Apostolic World Relief, and the Salvation Army, responded by opening places of worship, donating supplies, and feeding workers and evacuees.[93][94][95]

The Department of Defense has contributed twelve engines for firefighting efforts. The National Guard called up 1,500 troops, with 17,000 available if needed; another 100 California National Guard medical personnel are providing medical assistance.[12] Six crews from the Navy's Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 85 based at Naval Air Station North Island have been assigned to battle the Witch Creek fire. They fly MH-60 Seahawk helicopters equipped with a 420-gallon water bucket and they are the only local Navy teams trained to fight fires from the air. Marine Corps Air Station Miramar has contributed several aircraft as well as fire fighting trucks to operations based in Ramona.[11] One of the larger airtankers, the Martin Mars, arrived from its home in Port Alberni, British Columbia on October 25, landing on Lake Elsinore in California. With a 7,000 gallon capacity, it was sent through a private contract. Two other airtankers and their crews from Quebec have been working the fires, part of an annual three-month contract with the state of California.[96]

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in seven California counties where fires burned. President George W. Bush concurred[10] and visited the region on Thursday, October 25, 2007.[97][31]

Rep. Duncan Hunter criticized the Marines for delaying use of their helicopters until CalFire spotters were in position to coordinate their efforts. However, California Fire Marshal Kate Dargan said that the Marines and officials at CalFire were following procedures worked out with the military after serious problems with air coordination during the 2003 California wildfires. Other state officials also praised the federal response. Aaron McLear, a spokesman for Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, said the governor "is getting everything he needs from the federal government".[98]

NBC Nightly News reported, with the evacuations reaching about 950,000 people, that this was the largest peacetime movement of Americans since the Civil War era;[99] although similar evacuation figures were cited for Hurricane Rita[100] and Hurricane Katrina.[101]

On November 62007 the state of California reported that the fires were under control. According to the State's consolidated report on the fires, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger "called on the Blue Ribbon Task Force to assess the next steps to take at federal, state and local levels of government to prevent and fight future fires. Additionally, the Governor asked the task force to review the Governor’s Blue Ribbon Fire Commission’s recommendations, generated after the 2003 fires, to evaluate if the recommendations are still the best and most effective ways in preventing and fighting fires."[2]

References

  1. ^ a b "InciWeb: Ranch Fire Wildland Fire". InciWeb Incident Information System. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Governor Calls on Blue Ribbon Task Force to Review State Fire Response". State of California. November 62007. Retrieved 2007-11-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b Christine Hanley, Janet Wilson and Mitchell Landsberg (October 24 2007). "1,155 homes -- and counting". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b "Bush signs order to speed aid to fire victims". CNN. October 24 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Elliot Spagat (October 25 2007). "2 burned bodies are found in Calif". Yahoo. Retrieved 2007-10-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Gillian Flaccus (2007-10-24). "1,500 homes lost; $1B loss in San Diego area". Associated Press. Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ "Firestorm Claims 9th Victim". NBCSandiego.com. KNSD. November 8,2007. Retrieved 2007-11-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "Fire deaths, damage come into focus as evacuees cope". cnn.com. CNN. October 262007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b Archibold, Randal C. (2007-10-23). "Residents Flee Wildfires in S. California". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "NYT1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b "Statement on Federal Disaster Assistance for California" (Press release). The White House. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ a b "Six Navy copter crews helping fight wildfires". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 222007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d "Military helps fight fires while personnel evacuated". CNN.com. October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ "California turns to prisoners to fight huge fires". reuters.com. Reuters News Service. October 262007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ "Mexican firefighters helping in California return to Mexico to fight blaze". signonsandiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Chang, Alicia (2007-10-22). "Southern California wildfires blamed on unusual Santa Ana winds". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "Firefighters Protect Homes In Foothill Ranch". KNBC. 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ a b Stephen Wall, Gina Tenorio and Jannise Johnson. "Fontana homes evacuated, freeways closed". DailyBulletin.com. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  18. ^ "California police shoot dead suspected arsonist". Guardian. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  19. ^ a b c d e f "Late October, 2007 California Wildfire Web Pages". FIRESCOPE: FIrefighting RESources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies. 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2007-11-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "Cedar Fire & Memorial". Lakeside Historical Society. Retrieved 2999999-10-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ^ Cedar Fire-Final Update, State of California website. Note, some references, such as [1] report the acreage as 273,246, however this article uses the figure reported by the State of California.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Martinez, Angelica and Greg Gros (October 222007). "Witch fire roars west across Rancho Bernardo and Poway". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ "Fire evac surpasses Katrina". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ "California Wildfires Trigger Widespread Evacuations". NPR (2007-10-24). Retrieved on 2007-10-24.
  25. ^ a b c d H.G. Reza, Jill Leovy and Alex Pham (October 242007). "Scale of the fires' disruption on display at San Diego stadium". LA Times. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ a b "Surveyor makes order out of chaos for evacuees". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 222007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "surveyor" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  27. ^ William M. Welch, Patrick O'Driscoll and Chris Woodyard (2007-10-23). "'Staggering' numbers flee amid fear and uncertainty". Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "Evacuation orders lifted for some San Diego neighborhoods". The Associated Press published on San Jose Mercury News (2007-10-12). Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
  29. ^ "Evacuees Allowed To Return To Del Mar, Chula Vista, Scripps Ranch and Poway". NBC San Diego. Retrieved on 2007-10-23.
  30. ^ "Some Evacuees Return Home". KGTV 10 News (2007-10-24). Retrieved on 2007-10-24.
  31. ^ a b "Fire damage severe, but worst may be over". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ a b c d "Camp Pendleton fire spread to 6,000 acres". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ a b c d "Traffic diverting to north I-15". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Cal Fire". October 23,2007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ a b c d "LA Times Google maps". Google.com. Google and the Los Angeles Times. October 222007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ Martinez, Angelica and Tony Manolatos (October 222007). "Wildfires seen as eclipsing the Cedar fire of 2003". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ "Voluntary evacuation in place for all of Del Mar". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 222007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ "Mesa Grande Indian reservation was evacuated". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 222007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ "Three major fires still burning out of control". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "Evacuation orders lifted for some San Diego neighborhoods". The Associated Press published on San Jose Mercury News (2007-10-12). Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
  41. ^ "Evacuees Allowed To Return To Del Mar, Chula Vista, Scripps Ranch and Poway". NBC San Diego. Retrieved on 2007-10-23.
  42. ^ "Mandatory evacuations in Julian". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  43. ^ Anne Krueger, Leonel Sanchez and Ray Huard. Harris fire burning unchecked, heads for Otay Lakes and Chula Vista, SignonSanDiego.com, 22 October, 2007
  44. ^ Neely, Liz and David Hasemyer and Karen Kucher (October 222007). "Harris fire roars unchecked in East County - 700 residents flee Barrett Junction". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ "Heroics in failed San Diego fire rescue". United Press International. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "4 charred bodies in Calif. migrant camp". AP via Yahoo! news. October 252007. Retrieved 2007-10-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ "Harris fire update 8:16pm October 23, 2007". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ "KPBS Google Map". Google.com. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ^ a b c "Southern California Wildfires Camp Pendleton Information Hotline (866) 430-2764". 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  50. ^ "Flames on Pendleton". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "Southbound I-5 open at Pendleton". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ "Fallbrook being re-evacuated". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ Repard, Pauline (October 232007). "El Capitan fire out". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ "Fire Crews Surround McCoy Fire". 10news.com. October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  55. ^ Jason Song, Jean-Paul Renaud, Scott Gold and Molly Hennessy-Fiske (October 22 2007). "Buckweed fire becomes top priority". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-10-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ Daisy Nguyen (2007-10-30). "Boy with matches started fire that burned 21 homes". Long Beach Press-Telegram. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
  57. ^ a b "South San Diego County fire kills 1, injures 17". October 22 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ a b "Ranch Fire surrounds Piru, Nightsky Fire contained, small blazes doused". Ventura County Star. October 22 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ Fire chief: 25,000-acre blaze was set, CNN.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
  60. ^ ""Fire headed towards forest, authorities fear"". "The Orange County Register". October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  61. ^ OCFA, OCFA, 2007-10-30, retrieved 2007-10-30 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  62. ^ "InciWeb: Slide Wildland Fire". InciWeb Incident Information System. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  63. ^ "InciWeb: Grass Valley Wildland Fire". InciWeb Incident Information System. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)/
  64. ^ "InciWeb: Cajon Wildland Fire". InciWeb Incident Information System. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  65. ^ "Running Springs Fire Update". California Inland Empire Council. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  66. ^ "Fires Consume 5,000 Acres Total". Fire & Wind. The Sun Daily Bulletin. October 24, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ^ "Camp Helendade Website - Boy Scouts of America". Camp Helendade Website. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  68. ^ "Voluntary Evacuations Requested For Highland Residents". KNBC. 2007-10-23. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  69. ^ "Cal State San Bernardino classes canceled through Friday, Oct. 26" (Press release). Cal State San Bernardino. 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  70. ^ "Evacuation Warning Lifted for Santa Ynez Valley Fire". KEYT. October 22 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  71. ^ "Officials: 22,000-acre fire was set". cnn.com. October 25 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ^ "Fire Crews Eye Riverside County's Southern Border". cbs2.com. October 25 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  73. ^ a b Template:Es icon Sepúlveda Betancourt, Jorge I. (31 January 2003). "Índices de Peligro y Simulacion de Incendios Forestales 37 enambiente sig para Baja California". Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Retrieved 2007-11-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite error: The named reference "front" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  74. ^ Template:Es icon Ford, Dana (24 October 2007). "Incendios en California dejan al menos cinco muertos". Reuters. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  75. ^ "KPBS Google Map". Google.com. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  76. ^ Template:Es icon "Las llamas logran cruzar la frontera". Diario de Yucatán. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  77. ^ Template:Es icon Hernandez, Jorge (25 October 2007). "Incendios forestales arrasan 15 hectareas en BC". Noticieros Televisa. Retrieved 2007-11-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  78. ^ McDonald,Jeff and Janine Zuniga and Kristina Davis (October 222007). "County asks for 1,000 more firefighters". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  79. ^ Kahn, Carrie (July 6, 2007). "NPR: Water Flows in Los Angeles Despite Drought". Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  80. ^ a b "Fires wreak havoc on region's electricity supply". Jeran Wittenstein. San Diego Daily Transcript. October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  81. ^ "SoCal Crews Respond To 'Fire After Fire'". KNBC. KNBC.com. October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  82. ^ "From far and wide, helpers pour into a fire-stricken San Diego". scmonitor.com. The Christian Science Monitor. October 262007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  83. ^ "Scale of the fires' disruption on display at San Diego stadium". LATimes.com. Los Angeles Times. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  84. ^ "Miramar evacuating some aircraft". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 222007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  85. ^ Amy Isackson (October 252007). "Fires Highlight Safety Needs of Migrant Workers". npr.org. National Public Radio. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  86. ^ "Immigrants Step Out of the Smoke". kcbs.com. KCBS All News Radio 740 AM. October 272007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  87. ^ Ari B. Bloomekatz (October 272007). "Mexican fire crew joins the fight". latimes.org. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  88. ^ "Illegal immigrants suspected of stealing supplies". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  89. ^ "Another looting arrest". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  90. ^ "Two looting arrests in Tecate". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 242007. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  91. ^ Vigil, Jennifer (October 242007). "Aguirre wants San Diego evacuated in wake of wildfires". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  92. ^ "Southern California Fire Report". CalFires.com. State of California. October 222007. Retrieved 2007-10-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  93. ^ "Faith community reaches out to fire victims". The Kansas City Star. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  94. ^ "Religious Group Offers Gentle Comfort to Wildfire Victims". foxnews.com. Fox Network. 28 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  95. ^ "YCT San Diego Relief Mission". bengreenberg.org. Daat Binyamin. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  96. ^ "Privately owned B.C. water bomber flying to fight California fires". cbc.ca. CBC News. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  97. ^ "Bush promises aid for victims of California fires". Associated Press. October 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  98. ^ "Did the state delay Marine copters?". SignOnSanDiego.com. San Diego Union Tribune. October 232007. Retrieved 2007-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  99. ^ "USNews.com Political Bulletin". US News and World Report. 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-10-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  100. ^ "Hurricane Rita Information". Texas Online. State of Texas. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  101. ^ "New Orleans braces for monster hurricane". CNN. August 29, 2005. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to California wildfires of October 2007.
Wikinews has related news:

Government information

Maps

News sources

Regional Meteorology

Volunteer Relief Effort

Wildfire Health Hazards

Academics and Research


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_California_wildfires&oldid=171536917"