The Shawshank Redemption

For the novella, see Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption.

The Shawshank Redemption
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Frank Darabont
Written by	Novella: Stephen King Screenplay: Frank Darabont
Produced by	Niki Marvin
Starring	Tim Robbins Morgan Freeman Bob Gunton William Sadler Clancy Brown Gil Bellows James Whitmore
Narrated by	Morgan Freeman James Whitmore
Cinematography	Roger Deakins
Edited by	Richard Francis-Bruce
Music by	Thomas Newman
Distributed by	Columbia Pictures (1994-1999) Warner Bros. (1999-present)
Release dates	September 23, 1994
Running time	142 min.
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$25 million
Box office	$28,341,469

The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film, written and directed by Frank Darabont, based on the Stephen King novella, Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. The film stars Tim Robbins as Andy Dufresne and Morgan Freeman as Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding.

The film portrays Andy spending nearly two decades in Shawshank State Prison, a fictional penitentiary in Maine, and his friendship with Red, a fellow inmate. This movie exemplifies the potential gap between initial box office success and ultimate popularity. Despite a lukewarm box office reception that was barely enough to cover its budget, The Shawshank Redemption received favorable reviews from critics and has since enjoyed a remarkable life on cable television, home video, and DVD. It continues to be hailed by critics and audiences alike, fourteen years after its initial release, and is frequently ranked amongst the greatest films of all time. Shawshank currently heads the Internet Movie Database's poll of top 250 films, leading such pictures as The Godfather and The Dark Knight.

Plot

File:Shawshankdvdcap.jpg

Andy asks Red for Rita Hayworth as the inmates watch the movie Gilda.

In 1947, a young banker named Andy Dufresne is convicted of murdering his wife and her lover based on strong circumstantial evidence and is sentenced to two consecutive life sentences at the notorious Shawshank Prison in Maine. At the prison, inmate Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding is rejected for parole after having served twenty years of his life sentence shortly before Andy's arrival. Andy gradually becomes acquainted with Red's circle of friends, and Red himself, who is known for cleverly smuggling in contraband. After a month of adjusting to his new life, Andy approaches Red and orders from him a rock hammer, so as to pursue his hobby of rock collecting, and later, a large poster of Rita Hayworth.

One day, while tarring the roof of Shawshank's license plate factory, Andy overhears one of the prison guards, Captain Hadley, discussing the taxes he will have to pay on an inheritance he will soon receive. Although he nearly gets thrown off the roof, Andy's knowledge of financial matters proves valuable to Hadley. As other guards begin to come to him for financial help, Andy is given a makeshift office under the guise of the prison library to provide tax and financial services. His "clientele" grows to include the entire prison staff, guards from other prisons, and even Warden Norton himself. The warden capitalizes on Andy's skills and devises a program to put prison inmates to work for local construction projects, exploiting the prisoners' free labor for his own personal profit, with Andy acting behind the scenes as a money launderer. To keep Andy happy, the Warden lets Andy keep an inordinate amount of contraband in his cell, and expand the prison library through repeated requests to the state. During this time Andy is frequently beaten and sexually assaulted by a gang called "The Sisters" led by Bogs and Rooster. After Andy is sent to the infirmary by one of their attacks, Captain Hadley disables Bogs for life, sending him away in a wheelchair.

In 1965, a young prisoner named Tommy Williams enters Shawshank on a breaking and entering charge. He learns of Andy's supposed crime and makes a shocking revelation: Elmo Blatch, one of his old cellmates, had gleefully described murdering two people who fit the description of Andy's wife and her lover, and how her "hotshot banker" husband got blamed for it. Andy hopes that he will be able to get a new trial with Tommy's help, and he approaches warden Norton for advice and assistance. Fearing exposure of his illegal activities at Shawshank should Andy be set free, Norton sends him to solitary confinement and orders Hadley to kill Tommy.

Later, when Andy is back in the prison yard, he tells Red that if he ever gets out of prison he should go to a specific hayfield near Buxton, Maine to find something that has been buried there. The following morning, Andy is missing from his cell. In a fury over Andy's disappearance, the warden throws one of Andy's rocks through a poster of Raquel Welch, revealing a large hole that Andy had used to escape. In a flashback sequence, it is revealed Andy spent years chipping away at the wall of his cell with his rock hammer, using the posters of Hayworth, Welch, and others to conceal it. After his escape, Andy assumes the fake identity of Randall Stevens, which he created earlier for the purpose of concealing the warden's embezzlements. Andy withdraws the funds that he had deposited over the years for Norton and sends evidence of the scams to a local newspaper. The morning the story runs, Byron Hadley is arrested and Norton commits suicide in his office.

Soon after, in 1967, Red is finally released on parole after serving 40 years at Shawshank, despite not wishing to be free, worried that he too would end up committing suicide once outside of the prison's strict regime as happened to his fellow prisoner Brooks Hatlen. He recalls his promise to Andy shortly before Andy's escape, and, breaking parole, heads to the field in Buxton that Andy told him about. He finds a small metal box containing money and instructions from Andy. He travels to Mexico and, eventually, reunites with Andy in Zihuatanejo on the Pacific coast.

Cast

Actor	Character's name	Description
Tim Robbins	Andy Dufresne	The protagonist of the film. Tom Hanks, Kevin Costner, Tom Cruise, Nicolas Cage and Charlie Sheen were each considered for the role when the script circulated Hollywood. Hanks turned it down due to commitments with Forrest Gump (which beat Shawshank at the Oscars), but he later worked with Darabont in The Green Mile. While studio favorites Cruise and Sheen were passed over for the part, Costner liked the script but turned it down due to filming of Waterworld, which was a move he later regretted.
Morgan Freeman	Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding	The film's other protagonist and narrator. Before Freeman was cast, Clint Eastwood, Harrison Ford, Paul Newman, and Robert Redford were each considered for the role. Although written as a middle-aged Irishman with greying red hair (as in the original novella), Darabont cast Freeman for his authoritative presence and demeanor, because he could not see anyone else as Red.
Bob Gunton	Warden Samuel Norton	The head of Shawshank State Prison and the primary antagonist.
William Sadler	Heywood	One of Red's gang of long-sentence convicts. Sadler also appeared in a supporting role as Klaus Detterick in Darabont's adaptation of The Green Mile and as Jim Grondin in Darabont's adaptation of The Mist.
Clancy Brown	Capt. Byron Hadley	Chief of the guards at Shawshank and the other main antagonist. When cast, he declined the offer to study real life prison guards as preparation for his role, because he did not want to base it on any two people.
Gil Bellows	Tommy Williams	A young convict whose past experiences in prison hold the truth about Andy's innocence. Brad Pitt was considered at one point for the role.
Mark Rolston	Bogs Diamond	The head of "The Sisters" prison gang and a known rapist.
James Whitmore	Brooks Hatlen	The prison librarian/trustee and one of the oldest convicts at Shawshank. Darabont cast Whitmore as Brooks because he is one of his favorite character actors.

Jeffrey DeMunn appears during the film's opening credits in a cameo role as the 1946 DA, whose case causes Dufresne to be convicted. DeMunn, who is a Darabont alumnus, has also appeared in the director's later adaptations of The Green Mile and The Mist.

Production

Darabont secured the film adaptation rights from author Stephen King after impressing the author with his short film adaptation of "The Woman in the Room" in 1983. Although the two had become friends and maintained a pen-pal relationship, Darabont did not work with him until four years later in 1987, when he optioned to adapt Shawshank. This is one of the more famous Dollar Deals made by King with aspiring filmmakers. Darabont later directed The Green Mile, which was based on another work about a prison by Stephen King, and then followed that up with an adaptation of King's novella The Mist. Rob Reiner, who had previously adapted another King novella The Body into Stand By Me, offered $2.5 million in an attempt to write and direct the project. He aimed to cast Tom Cruise in the part of Andy and Harrison Ford as Red. Darabont seriously considered and liked Reiner's vision, but he ultimately decided it was his "chance to do something really great" by directing the film himself.

The Shawshank Redemption was filmed in and around the city of Mansfield, Ohio, located in north-central Ohio. The prison featured in the film is the old, abandoned Ohio State Reformatory immediately north of downtown Mansfield. The Reformatory buildings have been used in several other films, including Harry and Walter Go to New York, Air Force One and Tango and Cash. Most of the prison yard has now been demolished to make room for expansion of the adjacent Richland Correctional Institute, but the Reformatory's Gothic Administration Building remains standing and, due to its prominent use in films, has become a tourist attraction. The real warden of the Richland Correctional Institute had a cameo appearance in Shawshank as the prisoner seated directly behind Tommy on his bus ride to prison and several other staff members from the nearby Mansfield Correctional Institution have small roles.

Several exterior scenes were shot at the Malabar Farm State Park, in nearby Lucas, Ohio. The sequence in which Andy is parked outside his home contemplating murdering his wife was filmed at the Pugh Cabin within the park. The sequences representing the village of Buxton and the field where Red finds Andy's hidden letter were filmed on private land located opposite the park entrance on Bromfield Road. The oak tree is clearly visible from the roadside. The adjacent rock wall, which was constructed specifically for the film, is located on the far side of the hill away from the roadside. The wall is still standing, although it has been somewhat eroded. Other scenes were shot in Ashland, Ohio, Butler, Ohio, Upper Sandusky, Ohio and Portland, Maine. The two scenes in Mexico were filmed on the Island of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The first scene where Andy was driving a convertible on a road along the Pacific Coast with the top down is route 73 on the north side of St. Croix between Salt River (where Christopher Columbus landed in 1493) and Cane Bay. The second scene was the last scene of the movie. Red was walking on a beach toward is friend Andy while he worked on repairs to a boat on the beach. That was filmed at Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge on the southwest point of St.Croix.

The photo of a young Red on his parole forms is that of Morgan Freeman's son, Alfonso. Alfonso is also seen in the yard when Andy's load of prisoners is first dropped off, shouting enthusiastically "Fresh Fish! Fresh Fish" whilst reeling in an imaginary line. Alfonso later played a parody of his father's character, Red, in a short spoof titled The Sharktank Redemption, available on the second disc of the 10th anniversary DVD.

The film ends with the prominent dedication "In Memory of Allen Greene". Darabont dedicated the film to his friend and agent, Allen Greene II, who died just before the completion of the film due to complications from AIDS.

Interpretations

Roger Ebert suggests that the integrity of Andy Dufresne is an important theme in the story line, especially in prison, where integrity is lacking. Andy is an individual of integrity (here referring to adherence to a code of morality) among a host of criminals, and guards, with little integrity. Additionally, some critics have interpreted the film as a Christian parable due to its handling of hope, original sin, redemption, salvation, and faith in the afterlife. Some Christian reviewers have referred to it as a film "true to Christian principles." In the director's commentary track on the tenth anniversary DVD, Darabont denies any intent to create such a parable, and calls such interpretations of the film "fantastic." Others have also pointed out that the film's tidy dispatching of its principal antagonists - Hadley's tearful arrest, the Warden's suicide, and Bogs' paralysis - would seem to have more to do with Old Testament retribution than New Testament redemption.

Isaac M. Morehouse suggests that the film provides a great illustration of how characters can be free, even in prison, or unfree, even in freedom, based on one's outlook in life.

Critical reception

• In the 1994 Academy Awards the movie was nominated for seven awards (Best Picture, Best Actor– Morgan Freeman, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Sound) but, in the shadow of 1994's big winner Forrest Gump, did not win a single one.
• In 1998 Shawshank was not listed in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies, but nine years later (2007), it placed at the 72nd position on the revised list, outranking both Forrest Gump (76th) and Pulp Fiction (94th), the two most critically acclaimed movies from the year of Shawshank's release.
• In 1999, film critic Roger Ebert listed Shawshank on his "Great Movies" list, and in reader polls by the film magazine Empire, the film ranked fifth in 2004, first in 2006 and fourth in 2008 on the lists for greatest movie of all time.
• In 2002, The Shawshank Redemption was voted the third greatest film ever made in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Film Poll.
• In 2006, it was voted the greatest film of all time by readers of UK film magazine, Empire, but slipped to fourth place in the 2008 readers poll.

Music

Main article: The Shawshank Redemption (soundtrack)

The score was composed by Thomas Newman, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1994, marking his first Academy Award nomination. Interestingly enough, the main theme ("End Titles" on the soundtrack album) is perhaps best known to modern audiences as the inspirational sounding music from many movie trailers dealing with inspirational, dramatic, or romantic films in much the same way that James Horner's driving music from the end of Aliens is used in many movie trailers for action films.

References to other works

Rita Hayworth

Andy asks Red for a Rita Hayworth poster during a screening of Hayworth's film Gilda. The poster depicts a scene from that film. He eventually replaces the poster with one of Marilyn Monroe in her skirt blowing scene from The Seven Year Itch and later with Raquel Welch from One Million Years B.C.

Le Nozze di Figaro

When Andy receives the first response to his letters to the Maine Senate concerning the prison library, the shipment includes a record of the Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart opera Le nozze di Figaro. Defying Norton, Andy plays the aria Che soave zeffiretto over the prison loudspeakers for all the inmates to hear.

The Count of Monte Cristo

While sorting books in the library, Heywood asks Andy what to do with a copy of The Count of Monte Cristo. Andy notes that the book is about a prison break, foreshadowing his own escape by tunneling later in the film.

See also

• List of fictional prisons
• Films considered the greatest ever

Further reading

• Mark Kermode (October 1, 2003). The Shawshank Redemption. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-0851709680. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

• The Shawshank Redemption at IMDb
• The Shawshank Redemption at AllMovie
• Template:Rogerebert
• Template:Rogerebert as "Great Movie"
• Template:Filmsite
• The script for the film - varies slightly from the final version.
• The Shawshank Redemption at the Arts & Faith Top100 Spiritually Significant Films list
• A review from The Washington Post
• A review from PrisonFlicks.com