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<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/department/bclist.htm List of Backward Classes<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/department/bclist.htm List of Backward Classes<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


===Other castes using the title===
===Senguntha Mudaliyar===
Apart from the above mentioned castes, the following castes use Mudaliar as their title or family surnames: [[Chozhia Vellalar]],Paiyur kottai Vellalar,[[Senaithalaivar]],[[Sengunthar]],Veerasaiva Mudaliar
''See the main article at [[Sengunthar]]''

'''Kaikolar''' or '''Sengunthar''' are a large [[Tamil people]] in the states of Southern India<ref name="http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm">[http://www.tn.gov.in/bcmbcmw/bclist.htm List Of Backward Classes Approved<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Historically, there were seventy-two subdivisions (nadu or desams). Their name comes from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words "kai" (hand) and "kol" (shuttle used in looming or spear). They consider the different parts of the loom to represent various gods and sages. They are also known as Sengunthar, which means a red dagger in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

During Chola rule Kaikolars served as soldiers and were called "Terinja kaikolar padai". (Terinja means "known" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and Padai means "regiment"), so "terinja-kaikolar padai" were the personal bodyguards. Kaikkolars were militarised during the Chola empire and formed many regiments in the Chola army from 8th century to 13th century. Kaikolars were prominent members of Tamil society even during the 10th century AD during Chola rule.<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_19/inscription_of_parakesarivarman_no_01.html South Indian Inscriptions-Volume-XIX-Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Smarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar and Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar derived their names from possible titles of Parantaka<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_19/introduction1.html South Indian Inscriptions-Volume-XIX-Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_13/stones_26_to_50.html South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Inscriptions of Rajakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_13/introduction.html South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Cholas Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_17/introduction.html South Indian Inscriptions - Volume 17 Inscriptions collected during the year 1903-04 @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Udaiyar-Gandaradittatterinja-Kaikkolar[8] must have been the name of a regiment called after king Gandaraditya, the father of Uttama-Chola.
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_13/stones_1_to_25.html South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Inscriptions of Rajakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_26/vijayanagara.html South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1908-09 @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar (a regiment named after Singalantaka i.e. Parntaka I)
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_2/no_77_78_west_base_anekatangapadam_temple_kanchi.html South Indian Inscriptions Volume 2 - Rajarajesvara Temple Inscriptions at Tanjavur @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/no_129_133_uttama_chola.html South Indian Inscriptions Volume_3 - Nagesvarasvamin & Umambesvara & Adimulesvara Temples Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Danatonga-terinja-Kaikkola (regiment or group). The early writing of the record and the surname Danatunga of Paranataka I suggests its assignment to his reign.
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_19/inscription_of_parakesarivarman_no_22.html South Indian Inscriptions-Volume-XIX-Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_13/stones_101_to_125.html South Indian Inscriptions Volume_13 - Inscriptions of Rajakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_19/inscription_of_parakesarivarman_no_274.html South Indian Inscriptions-Volume-XIX-Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Muttavalperra seems to indicate some special honour or rank conferred on the regiment by the king.
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_19/inscription_of_parakesarivarman_no_358.html South Indian Inscriptions-Volume-XIX-Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_22/part_1/rajaraja_1.html South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions of Rajaraja I @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/tiruvarur_temple/introduction.html South Indian Inscriptions - Tiruvarur (Thiruvarur) Temple Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_23/aditya_2_karikala.html South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1906-07 @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_26/kulasekhara_dharmaperumal.html South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1908-09 @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_26/bujabalaraya.html South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1908-09 @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_26/vikramacholadeva.html South Indian Inscriptions - Inscriptions collected during the year 1908-09 @ whatisindia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==Historical Personalities==
==Historical Personalities==

Revision as of 11:39, 12 December 2008

Mudaliar also Mudaliyār, Mudali and Moodley in Tamil language literally means a person of first rank in a feudal society[1] in south India. Currently the Mudaliar surname is widely used by people belonging to various castes originally from Tamil Nadu in the Tamil diaspora across the world. Most Mudaliars are Tamil people with Tamil as their mother tongue.

Etymolgy

The word Mudaliar means first citizens or first ones and is used to denote a Vellalar subcaste. The word Mudali was also used to refer to a position held in a Nakarattar firm as it applies to other non-Vellalar castes[2].

History

Athondai, the son of Karikala[3][4] proved to possess heroic qualities. When Karikala wanted to give him a Kingom to rule over, an eye was cast northwards at the Kurumbar Bhumi or Land of Kurumbas. After overthrowing the Kurumbar sovereignity, Karikala crowned his son Athondai as the ruler of Thondaimandalam, renaming the Kurumba Bhumi after its emperor[5]. He divided Thondaimandalam into 24 Kottams and parcelled it out to the Vellala Chiefs, awarding them the title Mudali or Mudaliyar literally meaning The first citizens or first ones[6].

Some of the Mudali clans of Thondaimandalam migrated to Sri Lanka during the period of medieval poet Kambar. For example, some of the Tamils in Ceylon trace their lineage to this group some of whom had become saints called Nayanars. The book: The Tamils in Early Ceylon By C. Sivaratnam traces some of the Mudaliyars in Ceylon to Thaninayaka Mudaliyar (among other), a rich Saiva Velalar who emigrated to Ceylon from Tondaimandalam[7]

Some of the other clans from Thondaimandalam with the Mudali surname include Irumarapum Thooya Thaninayaga Mudali from Seyyoor and Mannadukonda Mudali whose clan has been quoted even during famour poet Kambar's time;

The next was the Vellala of the family of him who shed over kamban a shower of gold for the work of Erezhupatu, whose country was Tondai Nadu, who had a widespread name, who used to wear a lotus garland and whose name was Maanadukanda Mudali. He was made to reside at Irupalai. The next was the Vellala of Seyur, who was as wealthy as Indra, and who never deviated from the path of visture. whose garland was of water lilies. Whose fame was great and whose paternal and maternal lines were matchless and pure and whose name was Taninayaga. He was made a chief of Neduntiva.[8]

There have been other accounts like for example in the 17th century a leading Muslim trader Marakkayar was given the title Mudali Pillai by the Nayak king of Madurai.[9]

Agamudayars, a warrior caste which migrated to the Tondai Nadu many centuries ago used Mudali title to denote the regiment captains of the soldier groups

Various castes using the "Mudaliar" title

A brief description of various castes using the title Mudaliar is given below.

Thondaimandala Mudaliar

The Thondaimandala Mudaliars are a high ranking caste in the state of Tamil Nadu, India[10]. They are the original homogeneous group of Mudaliars who were settled in Thondaimandalam or Thondai Nadu in South India by Chola King, Karikala Chola[6][11][12][13]. When Karikala Chola annexed Thondai nadu and gave it to his son Athondai, he divided Thondaimandalam into 24 Kottams and parcelled it out to the Vellala Chiefs, awarding them the title Mudali or Mudaliyar literally meaning The first citizens or first ones[6]. They are feudal lords and major landowners in the Thondaimandalam area which includes the present day areas of Chennai, Chengalpet, Kanchipuram, and Vellore[6]. A significant population of Thondaimandala Saiva Vellala Mudaliars have also migrated to other areas such as Madurai and Tirunelveli. Dalavoy Ariyanatha Mudaliar, the Velala General of Viswanatha Nayak also settled some of them in areas outside of Thondaimandalam. They are endogamous and inter-marriage with other Mudaliars is quite rare. Their mother tongue is Tamil[14] [15] . They have a long history of ardent Saiva devotees called Nayanmars. Sekkizhar, the author of the Tamil epic Periyapuranam hailed from this community.

Thondaimandala Kondaikatti Vellalar

Tradition suggests that this group were the first Vellalar groups that were settled in Thondaimandalam by Adondai Chakravarti after overthrowing the Kurumbar sovereignty[16]. Adondai Chakravarti is described in various ways: a) as a lieutenant in the Chola empire[17], b) as the son of ancient Chola King Kokkili and a Naga princess, c) as the illegitimate son of Rajendra Kulotunga Chola I and a palace attendant [18], d) son of Karikala Chola [19]. This claim appears blurred due to the ambiguous identity of Athondai Chakravarti and the time of such settlement. There are conflicting sources, some that say, the settlement was in 7th or 8th century AD and others that say that it was much later in 11th or 12th century AD. Nevertheless, this settlement is much later than Karikala Chola's settlement of TondaimandalamCite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).. There were many Mirasidars and Zamindars belonging to this group. They are mainly concentrated in Madras, Chingleput, Kanchipuram and Vellore districts.

Agamudaiya Mudaliar

See the main article at Agamudaya Mudaliar

Agamudaya Mudaliar or Arcot Mudaliar combined with Thuluva Vellalar, a vellalar caste from Tulu nadu and are now they are known by Agamudayar/Arcot/Thuluva Vellala names. Their presence is significant in the Northern districts of Tamil Nadu. [20]. One Kayiladamudaiyan alias Solakon-Pallavaraiyar from Kulattur in Tiruvindalur nadu is said to have held the office of Mudali in the 13th century. Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Sri Lankan Mudaliyars

The book: The Tamils in Early Ceylon By C. Sivaratnam traces some of the Mudaliyars in Ceylon to Thaninayaka Mudaliyar (among other), a rich Saiva Vellala who emigrated to Ceylon from Tondaimandalam[7].

Jaffna has two or three clans from Thondaimandalam with the Mudali surname. Irumarapum Thooya Thaninayaga Mudali from Seyyoor and Mannadukonda Mudali whose clan has been quoted even during famour poet Kambar's time. Here is the direct quotation from Kailaya Malai, a historical book of Jaffna on the migration into Jaffna from Thondai Nadu. The other clans may come under this section or under Sri Lankan Vellalar section.

The next was the Vellala of the family of him who shed over kamban a shower of gold for the work of Erezhupatu, whose country was Tondainade, who had a widespread name, who used to wear a lotus garland and whose name was Maanadukanda Mudali. He was made to reside at Irupalai. The next was the Vellala of Seyur, who was as wealthy as Indra, and who never deviated from the path of visture. whose garland was of water lilies. Whose fame was great and whose paternal and maternal lines were matchless and pure and whose name was Taninayaga. He was made a chief of Neduntiva.[8].

See Sri Lankan Mudaliyars for the class of Mudaliyars created by the British administrators during 19th century Sri Lanka.

Kerala Muthali/Mudali

Kerala Muthali (Mudali) belongs to various Mudaliar communities. They are predominantly found in the Trivandrum and Palghat Districts of Kerala and Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu. They migrated to these places in the late 17th Century onwards for various purposes including Agriculture, coconut oil extraction, coir Trade and as specialized fighters and reliable spies. They were given special preference by the royal family of Travancore due to their cultural similarity and loyalty. This status resulted in further deepening their area of influence within Travancore. During the British era, many families embraced Christianity. Unlike the Tamil Brahmins settled in various places of Kerala, Muthalis/Mudalis marry Nairs, Chakravar, Sakravar (Kavathi) and those who are converted to Christianity but retain Mudaliar identity. Kerala Muthalis still keep their separate identity even though they are a micro-minority caste in Kerala. Due to their linguistic and educational backwardness Kerala [1], Tamilnadu [2] and Pondicherry [3] states have categorized them as BCs. Gradually after independence and state reorganization, Kerala Muthalis have completely integrated with the Kerala Culture, but still consider Lord Muruga/Subramanya as their primary god of worship while most of the Kerala Hindus are devotees of Lord Vishnu.

Alienation from Travancore Royal family begun with Swathi Thirunal's acceptance of Thanjavoor Sugandhavalli alias Sugandha Parvathi Bhai as his wife. His first wife Thiruvattar Amma Veettil Paanapillai Ayikutti Narayani Pillai was belonging to a powerful Nair family from Central Travancore. After Swathi Thirunal's misterious death at an early age of 33, the Kerala Muthali community faced various threats. Then British resident, General Cullen's timely involvement helped to avert a great backlash on the community. The South Travancore Keralamuthali Samajam is the umbrella organisation currently working for the cause of the community[citation needed].

Nanjil Mudali

Nanjil Mudali is another group of people who have the Mudali surname. They belong to Nanjil Nadu in Kanyakumari district. [21]

Other castes using the title

Apart from the above mentioned castes, the following castes use Mudaliar as their title or family surnames: Chozhia Vellalar,Paiyur kottai Vellalar,Senaithalaivar,Sengunthar,Veerasaiva Mudaliar

Historical Personalities

Nayanmars(Shaivite saints)

  • Thirunavukkarusu Nayanar
  • Sakkiya Nayanar
  • Moorga Nayanar
  • Kotpuli Nayanar
  • Vaayilar Nayanar
  • Nesa Nayanar

Poets

  • Kovoor kizhar: Poet
  • Ottakoothar: Poet in Chola dynasty and author of Thakayagaparani and Saraswathi Andhadhi
  • Andhaka Kavi Vira Raghava Mudaliar: poet of the 16th century
  • Anadhari Pulavar: poet in Chola kingdom

Kings & Lords

  • Kanthappa Mudaliar: Land lord, ruled an island under aryan kings
  • Thiruvarur Samasthanam: Thiruvarur vst mudaliar
  • Udaiyarpalayam Zamin: Ruled Udaiyarpalayam,Jeyamkondam etc.

Ministers

  • Sekkizhar:Minister in chola dynasty and author of Periapuranam
  • Ambi Aramvalartha Mudaliar: Reputed minister during the reign of Krishnadevaraya
  • Ariyanatha Mudaliar: Vellala Dalavoy of the Vijayanagar viceroy Viswanatha Nayaka.

Modern Personalities

Freedom Fighters

Tamil Literature

  • Paventhar Bharathidasan: Tamil Poet. He was also known as "Puratchi Kavignar" due to his revolutionary works
  • V. Kalyanasundaram: Famous Writer also known as Thiru.Vi.Ka.
  • Dr.M.Varadarasan: Novelist and writer also known as Mu Va
  • Ku.Rajavelu : Retired Director,Chennai Tamil Nadu Government
  • Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar: Tamil Playwrighter. He was known as "Father of Tamil Drama"

Philanthropists

  • Pachaiyappa Mudaliar: Founder, Philanthropist, Pachaiappan Institutions, Chennai.
  • Vallal Sabapathi Mudaliar: Vallal Sapabathy Mudaliar Educational Trust.
  • Raja Sir Ramasamy Mudaliar: A well known Philanthropist who endowed a hospital and dispensary in the Native infirmary[22]
  • Masilamani Mudaliar: Provided Free Boys Hostel for educational purposes

Government

Politics

  • CN Annadurai: Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu & Founder DMK.
  • M.Bhaktavatchalam: Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu & Congress Leader.
  • P Shanmugam: Former Chief Minister of Pondicherry State and present State Congress Chief.
  • P.U.Shanmugham: Former Minister of Tamilnadu.
  • O V Alagesan: Former Union Minister of India.
  • V R Nedunchezhiyan: Former Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu and Former Intermin Chief minister of Tamilnadu.
  • Dr C Natesan: He is regarded as the father of Dravidian movement. He along with Sh Pitti Theagarayar and Dr T M . Nair started "the South Indian Welfare Society " which later became Justice party [23]
  • K Anbazhagan: Minister of Tamil Nadu and DMK Leader.
  • Sir P T Rajan: Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Leader Justice Party.
  • Pulavar Govindhan: Former Speaker of Tamil Nadu Assembly.
  • PTR Palanivel Rajan: Formerly Speaker of Tamil Nadu Assembly,Endowment Minister.
  • T. M. Anbarasan:Current Labour Minister Of Tamil Nadu
  • A. C. Shanmugam:Founder New Justice Party, Ex. M.L.A., M.P.,

Scientists and academicians

Civil Service/Judiciary

  • T. V. Rajeswar,IPS Officer & Current Governor of Uttar Pradesh
  • T. L. Sankar: IAS Officer & Former Chairman A.P.S.E.B, Former Principal Administrative Staff College of India
  • K. V. Kannapa Mudaliar: I.A.S. Officer.
  • A.M.Saminathan :I.A.S Officer who headed various commissions
  • D.A.S.Prakasam: IAS Officer
  • K. Kumaraswamy: IPS Officer
  • J. Ramamurthy: IPS Officer
  • A.K.Viswanathan: IPS Officer
  • M.Thangavelu: IAS Officer
  • P.Shanmugasigamani: IAS Officer- retd Secretary to Govt.
  • T.R.Ramaswamy I.A.S.: Former Collector of Tanjore
  • T.B.Bharathi: IAS Officer.
  • S Natarajan: Former India's Supreme Court Justice
  • T.B.Chikoba: Former TNEB Chairman

Sports

Entertainers

Film actors

Film Directors

Film Producers

  • P.A.Perumal Mudaliar:National Pictures
  • Nataraja Mudaliar
  • N. Veeraswamy : Kannada Film Producer
  • Venu Ravichandran:Aascar Films
  • Kalaipuli S.Dhanu

Music Directors

Lyricist

Spiritual

  • Vethathiri Maharishi: Founder of the The World Community Service Center, an organisation striving for World peace from 1911 and propagator of the famous blessing phrase of "Vaazgha Vaiyagam Vaazgha Valamudan" (வாழ்க வையகம் வாழ்க வளமுடன்).
  • Balan Thevaraya Swamigal: Author of "Kandha Shasti Kavasam"
  • Rev. L. Joseph:One of the famous veteran preachers of The Arcot Lutheran Church, a man known for his honesty, sincerity, and simplicity and amazing inter-faith theological insight.

Business

  • Ariyanatha Mudaliar:Founder of Chennai SIlks
  • Ethiraj Mudaliar:Chairman, Binny Group, partner Ramachandra Medical College.
  • M. Nandagopal:Executive Chairman, Mohan Breweries and Distilleries Limited, Chennai

References

  1. ^ Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. direct web reference: http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft038n99hg&brand=eschol
  2. ^ Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars By David West Rudner
  3. ^ History of Tirupati: The Tiruvengadam Temple By T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya
  4. ^ Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture - Page 161 by S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar
  5. ^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany
  6. ^ a b c d The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago By V. Kanakasabhai
  7. ^ a b The Tamils in Early Ceylon By C. Sivaratnam, http://books.google.com/books?vid=0PrqSaY8TV9DtgCG9v&id=hlocAAAAMAAJ&q=mudaliyar+vellala&dq=mudaliyar+vellala&pgis=1
  8. ^ a b noolaham.net
  9. ^ Muslim trader with Mudali title http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11FYACaVySoC%26pg%3DPA17%26lpg%3DPA17%26dq%3Dmudali%2Bpillai%2Bmarakkayar%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DeiwtCjhi7G%26sig%3D-2kNNkzgn_Yr1C_A7Ox3aTW0Rs4&ei=SfFOR9_1II-4gQTV7_TsCg&usg=AFQjCNEilgXz8uD_MNmmVvhnu7B5PDldkw&sig2=Ip7S5Nt8KflOsrXjzNcwRw
  10. ^ Rural Society in Southeast India By Kathleen Gough By Kathleen Gough
  11. ^ "Irschick, Eugene F. Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994."
  12. ^ Order and Disorder in Colonial South India Eugene F. Irschick Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1989), pp. 459-492,
  13. ^ The Hindu : Of tilting pillars
  14. ^ Kerala Pillai History as told by Dr. Kanam Sankara Pillai
  15. ^ Vellalar History
  16. ^ Religion and Public Culture: encounters and identities in modern South Indi by John Jeya Paul, Keith Edward Yandell,http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0700711015&id=x3GuKnZTGG4C&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&ots=0mGugDgcw8&dq=adondai+kondaikatti&sig=rvjX3UZKGetOlVMyoGQS0IC4ac0
  17. ^ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,http://books.google.com/books?vid=0o3HpzvAK7y1RHyxOc&id=JLFfVFU1mCoC&pg=PA581&lpg=PA581&dq=adondai+chola#PPA581,M1
  18. ^ Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture By S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8120609999&id=vRcql-QBhRwC&pg=PA394&lpg=PA394&dq=adondai+chola&sig=CUdOfMyvFWr60FUG2jBelSkCQhQ
  19. ^ History of Tirupati: The Tiruvengadam Temple By T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya, http://books.google.com/books?vid=0EAC1QqCYpse1n8eEo&id=VBoaAAAAMAAJ&q=adondai&dq=adondai&pgis=1
  20. ^ List Of Backward Classes Approved
  21. ^ List of Backward Classes
  22. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Medical_College
  23. ^ http://www.indianstampghar.com/?p=657
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