List of family name affixes: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
* '''Naka'''- 中 ([[Japanese (language)|Japanese]]) "middle (child)" |
* '''Naka'''- 中 ([[Japanese (language)|Japanese]]) "middle (child)" |
||
* '''neder'''- (Swedish) "lower", "under" |
* '''neder'''- (Swedish) "lower", "under" |
||
* '''Nic''' |
* '''Nic'''-, '''Ni'''- (Irish, Scottish) "Daughter of" |
||
* '''nord-''', '''norr'''- (German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "north" |
* '''nord-''', '''norr'''- (German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "north" |
||
* '''ny'''- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "new" |
* '''ny'''- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "new" |
Revision as of 17:01, 29 January 2009
Family name affixes are a clue for family name etymology and determining ethnic origin of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.
Prefixes
- A- (Romanian) "son of"
- ab (Welsh) "son of"
- antune- (Portuguese) "Anthony"
- ap (Welsh) "son of"
- abu (Arabic) "father of" [Also used in Hebrew prior to 1300 BCE]
- al (Arabic for "the" in names, e.g. al-Razi)
- alm- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "elm"
- alt- (German) "old"
- bab- (Polish, Ukrainian, Slovakian, Czech) "woman" especially "old woman"
- bäck- (Swedish) "brook"
- bar- (Aramaic, Hebrew) "son of"
- bath-, bat- (Aramaic, Hebrew) "daughter of"
- beau- (French) "beautiful"
- beck- (Swedish) "brook" (archaic spelling)
- ben- (Aramaic, Hebrew) "son of"
- berg- (German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "mountain", "hill"
- bin (Arabic) "son of" [Also used in Hebrew prior to 1300 BCE]
- bint (Arabic) "daughter of"
- birch- (English)
- björk- (Swedish), bjørk- (Norwegian, Danish) "birch"
- björn- (Swedish), bjørn- (Danish, Norwegian) "bear"
- bjur- (Swedish) "beaver" (poetic / dialectal)
- Da (Italian) "from, of"; (Portuguese) "from the". . Here the is a feminine singular object.
- dahl-, dal- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "valley"
- De (Italian, French, Spanish) "of"; indicates region of origin, often a sign of nobility; in Spanish-speaking countries a married woman will append her name with "de XXXX" where "XXXX" is her husband's last name; (Dutch) "the"
- Degli (Italian) "of the". Here the is a masculine plural object starting with either 'sp', 'sc', 'ps', 'z', 'gn' or 'st'.
- Della (Italian) "of the". Here the is a feminine singular object.
- Der (Western Armenian) "son/daughter of a priest"; (German) "the" (masculine nominative), "of the" (feminine genitive)
- Di (Italian) "son of"; (Spanish)
- Dj- (Slovakian)
- Dos (Portuguese) "From the, of the". Here the is a masculine plurar object.
- Du (French) "of the". Here, 'the' is a masculine object, as 'de la' would be feminine and 'des' would be plural.
- ek- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "oak"
- El (Egyptian and Maghreb Arabic, Spanish) ("the")
- Escob- (Spanish) "broom"
- Esch- (Dutch, German) "ash"
- Fleisch- (German) "meat"
- Fitz (Irish, from Norman French) "Son of", from Latin "filius", "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son based on its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings)
- fors- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "rapids"
- Gott- (German) "God"
- Griff- (Welsh, English)
- Haj or Hadj or Hajj (Persian| حاج) "Pilgrim to Mecca"
- holm- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "island"
- Kauf- (German) "trade" or "barter"
- Koop- (Dutch) "trade" or "barter"
- kvarn- (Swedish) "mill"
- lind- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "linden"
- lönn- (Swedish), lønn- (Danish, Norwegian) "maple"
- lund- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "grove"
- Mac- (Irish, Scottish) "Son of"
- Mc- (Irish) assumed to be an abbreviation of Mac, but often claimed to be particular to Irish language. Sometimes spelt Mc (with a superscript 'c').
- Mir- (Persian, Azeri, short form of the Arabic word Amir امیر) "commander", "prince"
- Naka- 中 (Japanese) "middle (child)"
- neder- (Swedish) "lower", "under"
- Nic-, Ni- (Irish, Scottish) "Daughter of"
- nord-, norr- (German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "north"
- ny- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "new"
- O' - (Irish) "Grandson of", "Descendant of"
- öfver- (Swedish) "upper", "over" (archaic spelling)
- ost- (German), öst-, öster- (Swedish), øst- (Danish, Norwegian) "east"
- över- (Swedish) "upper", "over"
- Öz - (Turkish) "Pure"
- Papa- (Greek) "son/daughter of a Priest"
- pour- (Persian) "son of"
- quarn- (Swedish) "mill" (archaic spelling)
- skog-, skoog- (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) "forest"
- sten- (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "stone"
- stor- (Swedish) "large"
- ström- (Swedish), strøm- (Danish, Norwegian) "stream"
- söder- (Swedish) "south"
- ter (Dutch) "at the"
- Ter (Eastern Armenian) "son/daughter of a Priest"; (Armenian)
- Tre (Cornish) "farm of"
- Türk (Turkish) "Turkish"
- van (Dutch) "of"
- väst-, väster- (Swedish) "west"
- vest- (Danish, Norwegian) "west"
- von (German) "of"; a sign of nobility.
Suffixes
- -a (typically in female names)
- -a- (Frisian) "One of the good guys", could be -ma, -stra, -ta. Frisians took the oath of the Free Frisians screaming 'Better dead than a slave' after which they could get their new surnames (see Eala Freya Fresena).
- -acz (Polish)
- -aitis (Lithuanian) "son of"
- -aitė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female
- -"aty" Americanized form
- -aj (Albanian)
- -ak (Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian)
- -ák (Czech, Slovak)
- -an (Romanian)
- -anu (Romanian)
- -ář, -ar (Czech, Slovak)
- -arz (Polish)
- -as (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)
- -au (Belarusian) equivalent to Russian -ov
- -auskas (Lithuanian for the Polish -owski, Belarusian -auski)
- -awan (Urdu)
- -ba (Abkhazian) "male"
- -bach, -back (German) "brook"
- -bäck (Swedish) "brook"
- -backa , -backe (Swedish) "hill", "slope"
- -baum (German) "tree"
- -beck (Swedish) "brook" (archaic spelling)
- -bee, -by (English) "homestead"
- -berg (German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "mountain" or "hill"
- -bergen (Dutch) "mountain" or "hill"
- -burn, -burne (English) "brook"
- -brook (English)
- -brun, -brunn (German, Swedish) "spring"
- -by (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) "town", "village"; also borrowed into English
- -chenko (Ukrainian, Belarusian)
- -chi (Persian, چی-) attributed to or performing a certain "job"
- -chian (Persian, چیان-) attributed to or performing a certain "job"
- -chek ((Ukrainian, Belarusian)
- -chik, -chyk ((Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian)
- -chuk (Ukrainian, Belarusian)
- -czuk (Polish)
- -cka (Polish) Feminine equivalent of -cki
- -cki (Polish) variant of -ski
- -cký (Czech, Slovak)
- -čki (Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian)
- -cock, -cox (English) "little"
- -cote, -cott, -cutt (English) "cottage"
- -craft, -croft (English) "small field"
- -czak (Polish) another variant of the -czyk, -czek, -czuk series
- -dal (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) "valley"
- -dale (English) "valley"
- -datter (Danish, Norwegian) "daughter (of)"
- -don (English) "hill"
- -dorf (German) "village"
- -dotter (Swedish) "daughter (of)"
- -dottir (Icelandic) "daughter of"
- -dze (Georgian)
- -dzki (Polish) variant of -ski, -cki
- -eanu (Romanian)
- -eau (French) "water"
- -ec (Czech, Slovak, Polish) equivalent to Russian -ets
- -ee (See -i)
- -eff (Russian, Bulgarian) (obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ev)
- -ek (Czech, Polish, Slovak)
- -ems (Dutch)
- -ėnas (Lithuanian) "son of"
- -enko (Ukrainian) "son of"
- -ens (Dutch)
- -er (French, German, Turkish "male")
- -ers (Dutch)
- -es (Greek, Portuguese, Brazilian)
- -escu (Romanian)
- -ets (Russian, Belarusian)
- -eu (Belarusian) equivalent to Russian -ev
- -ev (all nationalities of Russia, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Azeri) possessive
- -eva (Russian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Azeri) Feminine equivalent of ev
- -ez (Spanish) (including Spanish-speaking countries) "son of"
- -fält, -fäldt (Swedish) "field"
- -fia, -fi, -fy, -ffy (Hungarian) "descendant of" (literally "son of")
- -felt, -feldt (Swedish) "field" (archaic spelling)
- -ford (English)
- -fors (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "rapids"
- -fort (French)
- -gil, (Turkish, "family")
- -gaard, -gard, -gård (Norwegian, Danish, Swedish) "farm"
- -garth (English, Scottish) "orchard"
- -gate (English)
- -gren (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "branch"
- -haar (German, Danish) "hair"
- -han (Turkish) "king, khan"
- -holm (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "island"
- -höven, -hoeven (German) "small garden"
- -i (Hungarian) "of", "from" (geographically)
- -i (Persian, Azeri) "descendant of", "attributed to"
- -ian(ts), -yan(ts), -ents,-ants,-unts,-uni (Armenian) "son/daughter of"
- -iak (Ukrainian, Polish) "descendant of"
- -ić (Serbian, Croatian, Bosniak) a diminutive
- -ič (Slovenian, Slovak) diminutive
- -ičius (Lithuanian) actually Lithuanianized version of the Polish "icz"
- -icz (Polish)
- -ides, idas (Greek), "son of"
- -ik (Czech, Slovak, Polish)
- -ikh, -ykh (Russian)
- -in (Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian)
- -ina (female equivalent of -in; especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name)
- -ing (Anglo-Saxon) "place of the people of"
- -ino (a common suffix for male Latino and Italian names)
- -ipa (Abkhazian) "son of"
- -ipha (Abkhazian) "girl of"
- -is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)
- -ienė (Lithuanian) female version
- -ytė (Lithuanian) unmarried female version
- -ishin (Ukrainian) possessive (e.g. Romanishin = son of wife of Roman)
- -ishina (female equivalent of -ishin)
- -iu (Romanian)
- -ius (Lithuanian) "son of"
- -iv (Ukrainian) possessive
- -j (Adygean)"old"
- -ka (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Belarusian) diminutive
- -kawa, -gawa 川 (Japanese) "river"
- -kin, -kins, -ken (English) "little"
- -ko (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Czech)
- -chenko (Ukrainian)
- -nko (Ukrainian)
- -ko (Adygean) "son" ĸъо
- -kus (Lithuanian)
- -kvist (Swedish) "twig"
- -kyzy (Kyrgyz) "daughter of"
- -la, -lä (Finnish), comes to surnames from names of villages and farms
- -ła, -la (Polish), often comes from verbs in the past tense; in countries where the letter Ł is not available, it is replaced by L
- -lein (German) "small"
- -ley, -ly (English, Scottish) "wood," or "grove"
- -li (Turkish, Azeri) "from"
- -lund (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) "grove"
- -man (English) "servant of," (Turkish) "male person"
- -mann (German) "servant of"
- -mand (Persian, مند-) owning or showing
- -maz (Turkish) "does not" (e.g. "Yılmaz = Yields not")
- -men (Turkish) "male person"
- -mont, -monte (French) "mountain" or "hill"
- -nd (French)
- -nė, -te /female/ (Lithuanian)
- -nen (Finnish) diminutive, "from"
- -nko (Ukrainian)
- -nova, -novas (Italian, Spanish) "new"
- -novo (Spanish) "new"
- -ný (Czech, Slovak) adjective
- -ny (Polish) adjective
- -nezhad, -nejad (Persian, نژاد) "descendant of"
- -nyi (Hungarian)
- -o (typically in male names)
- -off (Russian, Bulgarian) (obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ov)
- -oğlu (Azeri, Turkish) "son of"
- -ok (Belarusian, Czech)
- -oi, -oy (Russian) sometimes transliterated as -oj
- -onis (Lithuanian) "son of"
- -os (Greek)
- -opoulos, -opulos (Greek)
- -osz, -oš (Polish, Czech, Slovak)
- -ou (Greek)
- -ou (Belarusian) equivalent to Russian -ov
- -ov (Bulgarian, Russian (all nationalities of Russia), Serbian, Azeri) (possessive)
- -ova (Bulgarian, Russian, Azeri) Feminine equivalent of -ov
- -ová (Czech) suffix attached to all Czech female surnames
- -ow (Prussian, though found in predominantly German names, it is pronounced like English "ow" not like the German "ov")
- -pern, -perin (German) "spring"
- -pour, -poor (Persian) "son of"
- -quist (Swedish) "twig" (archaic spelling)
- -ridge, -redge, -rigg (English)
- -rd (French)
- -rud (Norwegian) "clearing"
- -s /male/ (Latvian)
- -s /male/ (Lithuanian)
- -s (Dutch) "(son/daughter) of". Sometimes less recognizable, like in "Hendrickx" (son/daughter of Hendrik)
- -schmidt, -schmitt, -schmid, -schmit (German) "smith"
- -sen (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch or Low German) "son of"
- -ssen (Dutch or Low German) "son of"
- -ssens or -sens (Dutch) "grandson/granddaughter of". Literally "(son/daughter) of the son of"
- -shvili (Georgian)
- -shyn (Ukrainian)
- -ski (Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Serbian. Also Russian but more often transliterated as -sky), "originating from", "estate of"
- -ska (Polish, Macedonian, Ukrainian) Feminine equivalent of -ski
- -skaya (Russian) Feminine equivalent of -sky
- -skyi, -skiy (Ukrainian)
- -sky (Russian)
- -ský (Czech, Slovak)
- -smith (English)
- -son (English, Swedish) "son of"
- -sson (Swedish, Icelandic) "son of"
- -stad (Norwegian, Swedish, Danish) "town, place"
- -stein (German) "stone"
- -sten (Norwegian, Swedish, Danish) "stone"
- -stern (German) "star"
- -ström (Swedish), -strøm (Danish, Norwegian) "stream"
- -svärd (Swedish) "sword"
- -tæ (Ossetian) "belong to"
- -tabar (Persian) "descendant of"
- -thwait (Anglicized from the Danish) "meadow, clearing" introduced into British Isles by Vikings between 800 and 1066 AD
- -to, -tō, -do, -dō 藤 (Japanese) "wisteria"
- -ton, -ten, -tone (English) "town," "place" or "village"
- -tzki, tzky (Polish) - phonetic Germanized spelling of original Polish -cki
- -Türk (Turkish)
- -uk (Ukrainian, Belarusian)
- -ulea (Romanian) "son of"
- -ulis (Lithuanian)
- -ūnas (Lithuanian) "son of"
- -uulu (Kyrgyz, it is pronounced in English "oo-loo") "son of"
- -velt (Dutch) "farm" or "field"
- -verde (Spanish) "green"
- -vich (Russian, occasionally a respelling of original Serbian, Croatian -vić) "son of"
- -vičius (Lithuanian)
- -vičiutė (Lithuanian)
- -vili (Georgian)
- -white, -waite (English) "clearing"
- -wood (English)
- -worth (English) "homestead"
- -wright (English) "maker of"
- -y (See -i)
- -ycz (Polish)
- -yk (Polish)
- -ynas (Lithuanian) "son of"
- -ysz (Polish)
- -zadeh, -zada (Persian, Azeri, زاده) "son of", "descendant of"
- -zadegan (Persian, زادگان-) plural form of zadeh
See also
- List of most common surnames
- Patronymic
- Family name etymology
- Tussenvoegsel (Dutch prefixes)