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| foundation = 2001
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| location = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]]
| location = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], [[UK]]
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Revision as of 09:26, 28 February 2009

HBOS plc
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryFinance and Insurance
Founded2001
HeadquartersUnited Kingdom Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
ProductsFinancial Services
Revenue£21,291 million (2007)
£5,149 million (2007)
£4,109 million (2007)
Number of employees
72,000
ParentLloyds Banking Group
SubsidiariesBank of Scotland plc, HBOS Australia, HBOS Insurance & Investment Group
Group headquarters on The Mound, Edinburgh.
HBOS Office at Trinity Road, Halifax.
"Blue Leany" Office in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
HBOS offices in Lovell Park, Leeds, formerly that of the Leeds Permanent Building Society, before their takeover by the Halifax Building Society.

HBOS plc is a banking and insurance group in the United Kingdom, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lloyds Banking Group having been taken over in January 2009. It is the holding company for Bank of Scotland plc, which operated the Bank of Scotland and the Halifax brands; HBOS Australia, and HBOS Insurance & Investment Group Limited, the group's insurance division. Although officially HBOS is not an abbreviation with any intrinsic meaning, it is widely recognised as an initialism for Halifax Bank of Scotland. The corporate headquarters of the group were in Edinburgh, Scotland; the old head office of the Bank of Scotland. Operational headquarters were based in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England; the old head office of Halifax.[1]

HBOS was formed by the 2001 merger of Halifax plc and the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland,[2] and the formation of HBOS was heralded as creating a fifth force in British banking as it created a company of comparable size and stature to the established Big Four UK retail banks. It is also the UK’s largest mortgage lender.[3]. HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 saw the transfer of Halifax plc to the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland, which was now a registered public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc.

The group became part of Lloyds Banking Group through a takeover by Lloyds TSB. This came into effect on Monday 19 January 2009 after both sets of shareholders approved the deal. HBOS continues to operate as a separate organisation within the new Group as a subsidiary - although over time it is likely to be restructured.

The two banks have stated that the new group will continue to use 'The Mound' as the headquarters for its Scottish operations and would continue the issue of Scottish bank notes.[4][5]

History

HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006

Main article: HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006

In 2006, HBOS secured the passing of the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006, a private Act of Parliament that would allow the group to operate in a more simplified structure.[6] The Act allowed HBOS to make the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland a public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc, which became the principal banking subsidiary of HBOS. Halifax plc transferred its undertakings to Bank of Scotland plc, and although the brand name was retained, Halifax then began to operate under the latter company's UK banking licence.

The provisions in the Act were implemented on 17 September 2007.

2008 short selling and credit crunch

In March 2008, HBOS shares fell 17 percent amid false rumours that it had asked the Bank of England for emergency funding.[7] The Financial Services Authority conducted an investigation as to whether short selling had any links with the rumours. It concluded that there was no deliberate attempt to drive the share price down.[8]

On 17 September 2008, very shortly after the demise of Lehman Brothers, HBOS's share price suffered wild fluctuations between 88p and 220p per share, despite the FSA's assurances as to its liquidity and exposure to the wider credit crunch.[9]

However, later that day, the BBC reported that HBOS was in advanced takeover talks with Lloyds TSB to create a "superbank" with 38 million customers. This was later confirmed by HBOS. The BBC suggested that shareholders would be offered up to £3.00 per share, causing the share price to rise, but later retracted that comment.[10][11] Later that day, the price was set at 0.83 Lloyds shares for each HBOS share, equivalent to 232p per share,[12] which is less than the 275p price at which HBOS raised funds earlier in 2008.[13]

In order to avoid another Northern Rock-style collapse, the UK government announced that should the takeover go ahead, they would allow it to bypass competition law.

Alex Salmond, Scotland's First Minister, previously an economist, said of the takeover:

"I am very angry that we can have a situation where a bank can be forced into a merger by basically a bunch of short-selling spivs and speculators in the financial markets."[14]

Vince Cable, Liberal Democrats spokesman labelled the hedge funds which profit from short-selling as "masters of the universe".[15]

Acquisition by Lloyds TSB

File:Lloyds.jpg
Neighbouring Halifax and Lloyds TSB branches outside the Arndale Centre, Cross Gates, Leeds.

On 18 September 2008 the terms of the recommended offer for HBOS by Lloyds TSB were announced. The deal was concluded on 19 January 2009. [16] The three main conditions for the acquisition were:

  • Three Quarters of HBOS shareholders voted in agreement with the board's actions;[5]
  • Half Of Lloyds TSB shareholder voted to approve the takeover;[17]
  • UK government dispensation with respect to competition law.

A group of Scottish businessmen challenged the right of the UK government to approve the deal by overruling UK competition law, but this was rejected. The takeover was approved by HBOS shareholders on December 12th.

Prime Minister Gordon Brown personally brokered the deal with Lloyds TSB, an official said: “It is not the role of a Prime Minister to tell a City institution what to do”.[18] The Lloyds TSB board have stated that merchant banks Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley were amongst the advisers recommending the takeover.[5]

Bailout

On October 13, 2008, Gordon Brown's announcement government must be a "rock of stability," resulted to an "unprecedented but essential" government action: the Treasury would infuse £37 billion ($64 billion, €47 billion) of new capital-bailout into Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc, Lloyds TSB and HBOS Plc, to avert financial sector collapse or UK "banking meltdown". He stressed, however, that it was not "standard public ownership" for the banks would return to private investors "at the right time."[19][20] Alistair Darling stated UK taxpayers would benefit from the government's rescue plan, for it will have some control in RBS in exchange of about £20 billion from the taxpayer. Total ownership in RBS would be 60%, with the figure for HBOS 40%.[21] Royal Bank of Scotland stated it intended to raise 20 billion pounds ($34 billion) capital with government's aid, amid its chief executive Fred Goodwin's resignation. The government acquires $8.6 billion of preference shares and underwriting $25.7 billion of ordinary shares. Thus, it intended to raise 15 billion pounds (18.9 billion euros, 25.8 billion dollars) from investors, to be underwritten by the government. Taxpayers' money will buy 5 billion pounds of shares from RBS, amid Barclays bank raising 6.5 billion pounds only from investors, instead of government help.[22] Reuters reported Britain could inject 40 billion pounds ($69 billion) into the said 3 banks including Barclays.[23]

Controversy

Mortgage fraud

During 2003 The Money Programme uncovered systemic mortgage fraud throughout HBOS. The Money Programme found that during the investigation brokers advised the undercover researchers to lie on applications for self-certified mortgages from, among others, The Bank of Scotland, The Mortgage Business and Birmingham Midshires[24]. All three are part of the Halifax Bank of Scotland Group, Britain's biggest mortgage lender.

Claims of institutional sexism

In January, 2009, two senior managers at HBOS faced charges of sexual, religious and racial harassment. A married 29-year-old corporate manager made the claims at a tribunal in Nottingham, claiming the bank was an "institutionally sexist environment", adding that the bank "failed to provide a safe working environment". The two accused men denied all the claims against them. [25][26].

HBOS bad loans

On Friday, 13 February 2009, Lloyds Banking Group revealed that the losses at HBOS were greater than had been anticipated at around £10billion. The share price of Lloyds Banking Group plunged 32% on the London Stock Exchange, carrying other bank shares with it.[27]. The acquisition was carried out rapidly in 2008, and due diligence may not have revealed the large losses at HBOS announced by Lloyds.

Operations

HBOS conducts all its operations through three main businesses:

  • Bank of Scotland plc
  • HBOS Australia
  • HBOS Insurance & Investment Group Limited

Bank of Scotland plc

Bank of Scotland plc is the banking division of the HBOS group, and operates the following brands:

United Kingdom

International

HBOS Australia

HBOS Australia was formed in 2004 to consolidate the group’s holdings in Australia. It consists of the following subsidiaries:

Reported by Mohsin*

On 8 October 2008 HBOS Australia sold its Bank of Western Australia and St Andrew's Australia Pty Ltd subsidiaries for approximately A$2bn to Commonwealth Bank of Australia.[28]

HBOS Insurance & Investment Group Limited

HBOS Insurance & Investment Group Limited manages the group’s insurance and investment brands in the UK and Europe. It consists of the following:

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Bank of Scotland, Halifax tie knot". All Business. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
  2. ^ "HBOS: the issue explained". Guardian. 2001-05-04. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  3. ^ "HBOS is the largest mortgage lender in the Isles". 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  4. ^ "Lloyds TSB confirms deal to take over HBOS". 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  5. ^ a b c "Recommended acquisition of HBOS plc by Lloyds TSB Group plc" (PDF). Lloyds TSB. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  6. ^ "HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006". 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  7. ^ "Authorities avert run on HBOS caused by false rumours". 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  8. ^ "FSA concludes HBOS rumours investigation". 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  9. ^ "HBOS Statement". 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  10. ^ "HBOS in merger talks with Lloyds TSB". BBC News. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  11. ^ "HBOS confirms in takeover talks with Lloyds TSB". 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  12. ^ "Lloyds seals deal for HBOS". Reuters. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  13. ^ "Lloyds TSB takeover talks with HBOS: the key issues". Guardian. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  14. ^ "Salmond attacks financial 'spivs'". BBC News. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  15. ^ "Critics blast 'spivs' over HBOS bank merger". Metro. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  16. ^ Lloyds: What happens next?
  17. ^ "Lloyds TSB - Your shareholder questions answered". Lloyds TSB. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  18. ^ "Gordon Brown steps in to secure HBOS rescue". The Times Online. 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  19. ^ news.bbc.co.uk, Brown: We'll be rock of stability
  20. ^ bloomberg.com, Stocks Rebound After Government Bank Bailout; Lloyds Gains
  21. ^ guardian.co.uk, Darling: UK taxpayer will benefit from banks rescue
  22. ^ afp.google.com, Britain to invest up to 37 billion pounds in ailing banks
  23. ^ reuters, British banks set for 40 billion pound rescue: sources
  24. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/10_october/29/money_programme_mortgage.shtml
  25. ^ HBOS is institutionally sexist, Muslim woman claims in £16m harassment case
  26. ^ HBOS manager in £1m sex claim
  27. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/4612681/Lloyds-shares-tumble-as-HBOS-slumps-to-10bn-loss.html
  28. ^ Australia's CBA to buy BankWest for $1.5bn

Bibliography

  • Alan Cameron, Bank of Scotland, 1695-1995: A Very Singular Institution, Mainstream Publishing (20 April 1995), ISBN 1851586911
  • Peter Pugh, The Strength to Change: Transforming a Business for the 21st Century, Sponsored Publishing (29 October 1998), ISBN 0670880493


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