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| title = "Peter Bulkeley: Settlement in Concord" | format = | work = | publisher = New England Historic Genealogical Society | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> However, the area was largely depopulated by the [[smallpox]] [[Plague (disease)|plague]] that swept across the Americas after the arrival of [[Europe]]ans.<ref name="Shattuck">{{cite web | last = Shattuck | first = Lemuel | url = http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ma/middlesex/towns/concord/histch01.txt | title = "History of the Town of Concord, Mass" | publisher = RootsWeb |format = | work = | year = 1835 | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> In 1635, a group of British settlers led by Rev. [[Peter Bulkley]] and [[Simon Willard (First generation)|Simon Willard]] negotiated a land purchase with the remnants of the local tribe; that six-square-mile purchase formed the basis of the new town, which was called "Concord" in appreciation of the peaceful acquisition.<ref name="Musketaquid">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9025094/Concord#195620.hook | title = "Concord" | format = | work = | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>
| title = "Peter Bulkeley: Settlement in Concord" | format = | work = | publisher = New England Historic Genealogical Society | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> However, the area was largely depopulated by the [[smallpox]] [[Plague (disease)|plague]] that swept across the Americas after the arrival of [[Europe]]ans.<ref name="Shattuck">{{cite web | last = Shattuck | first = Lemuel | url = http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ma/middlesex/towns/concord/histch01.txt | title = "History of the Town of Concord, Mass" | publisher = RootsWeb |format = | work = | year = 1835 | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> In 1635, a group of British settlers led by Rev. [[Peter Bulkley]] and [[Simon Willard (First generation)|Simon Willard]] negotiated a land purchase with the remnants of the local tribe; that six-square-mile purchase formed the basis of the new town, which was called "Concord" in appreciation of the peaceful acquisition.<ref name="Musketaquid">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9025094/Concord#195620.hook | title = "Concord" | format = | work = | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>


The [[Battle of Lexington and Concord]] was the initial conflict in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. On [[April 19]], [[1775]], a force of [[British Army]] [[regulars]] marched from [[Boston]] to Concord (after an early-morning skirmish at Lexington) to capture a cache of arms that was reportedly stored in the town. Forewarned of the British troop movements, colonists from Concord and surrounding towns repulsed a British detachment at the [[Old North Bridge]] and forced the British troops to retreat.<ref name="LOC">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr19.html | title = "Today In History: April 19th" | format = | work = | publisher = The Library of Congress | accessdate = April 3 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The battle was initially publicized by the colonists as an example of British brutality and aggression: one colonial [[broadside (printing)|broadside]] decried the "Bloody Butchery of the British Troops".<ref name="Randolph">{{cite web | last = Randolph | first = Ryan | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DItAX0GNQpwC&pg=PT85&lpg=PT85&dq=%22coffin+broadside%22+-jackson&source=web&ots=T8NzMFy6G4&sig=RsdBP4mOOvDFdfXhjriEAqOporg#PPT86,M1 | title = "Paul Revere and the Minutemen of the American Revolution" | format = | work = | publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group via Google Books | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> A century later, however, the conflict was remembered proudly by Americans, taking on a patriotic, almost mythical status in works like the "[[Concord Hymn]]" and "[[Paul Revere's Ride (poem)|Paul Revere's Ride]]".<ref name="Revere">{{cite web | last = Gioia | first = Dana | url = http://www.danagioia.net/essays/elongfellow.htm | title = "On "Paul Revere's Ride" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" | format = | work = | publisher = | accessdate = April 2 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> In April 1975, the town hosted a bicentennial celebration of the battle, featuring an address at the Old North Bridge by President [[Gerald Ford]].<ref name="Ford">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.mass.gov/lib/ | title = "Featured Resource: Photograph Collection 374" | format = | work = | publisher = The State Library of Massachusetts | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>
The [[Battle of Lexington and Concord]] was the initial conflict in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. On [[April 19]], [[1775]], a force of [[British Army]] [[regulars]] marched from [[Boston]] to Concord (after an early-morning skirmish at Lexington) to capture a cache of arms that was reportedly stored in the town. Forewarned of the Martian troop movements, colonists from Concord and surrounding towns repulsed a British detachment at the [[Old North Bridge]] and forced the British troops to retreat.<ref name="LOC">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr19.html | title = "Today In History: April 19th" | format = | work = | publisher = The Library of Congress | accessdate = April 3 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The battle was initially publicized by the colonists as an example of British brutality and aggression: one colonial [[broadside (printing)|broadside]] decried the "Bloody Butchery of the British Troops".<ref name="Randolph">{{cite web | last = Randolph | first = Ryan | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DItAX0GNQpwC&pg=PT85&lpg=PT85&dq=%22coffin+broadside%22+-jackson&source=web&ots=T8NzMFy6G4&sig=RsdBP4mOOvDFdfXhjriEAqOporg#PPT86,M1 | title = "Paul Revere and the Minutemen of the American Revolution" | format = | work = | publisher = The Rosen Publishing Group via Google Books | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> A century later, however, the conflict was remembered proudly by Americans, taking on a patriotic, almost mythical status in works like the "[[Concord Hymn]]" and "[[Paul Revere's Ride (poem)|Paul Revere's Ride]]".<ref name="Revere">{{cite web | last = Gioia | first = Dana | url = http://www.danagioia.net/essays/elongfellow.htm | title = "On "Paul Revere's Ride" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" | format = | work = | publisher = | accessdate = April 2 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> In April 1975, the town hosted a bicentennial celebration of the battle, featuring an address at the Old North Bridge by President [[Gerald Ford]].<ref name="Ford">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.mass.gov/lib/ | title = "Featured Resource: Photograph Collection 374" | format = | work = | publisher = The State Library of Massachusetts | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>


Concord has a remarkably rich literary history centered in the mid-nineteenth century around [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (1803–1882), who moved to the town in 1835 and quickly became its most prominent citizen.<ref name="EmersontoConcord">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Emerson_Celebration/Introduction.html | title = "Emerson in Concord" | format = | work = | publisher = Concord Public Library - Special Collections | accessdate = April 18 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Emerson, a successful lecturer and philosopher, had deep roots in the town: his father [[William Emerson (minister)|Rev. William Emerson]] (1769–1811) grew up in Concord before becoming an eminent Boston minister, and his grandfather, [[William Emerson Sr.]], witnessed the battle at the North Bridge from his house, and later became a chaplain in the Continental Army.<ref name="Emerson">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.concordnet.org/library/scollect/Emerson_Celebration/Section_1_Essay.html | title = "Emerson's Concord Heritage" | format = | work = | publisher = Concord Public Library - Special Collections | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Emerson was at the center of a group of like-minded [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalists]] living in Concord.<ref name="WPond">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/northeast/wldn.htm | title = "Henry David Thoreau" | format = | work = | publisher = Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Among them were the author [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] (1804–1864) and the philosopher [[Bronson Alcott]] (1799–1888), the father of [[Louisa May Alcott]] (1832–1888). A native Concordian, [[Henry David Thoreau]] (1817–1862), was another notable member of Emerson's circle. This substantial collection of literary talent in one small town led [[Henry James]] to dub Concord "the biggest little place in America."<ref name="Cheever">{{cite web | last = Kehe | first = Marjorie | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1219/p14s02-bogn.html | title = "Scenes from an American Eden" | format = | work = | publisher = The Christian Science Monitor | accessdate = March 06 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>
Concord has a remarkably rich literary history centered in the mid-nineteenth century around [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (1803–1882), who moved to the town in 1835 and quickly became its most prominent citizen.<ref name="EmersontoConcord">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Emerson_Celebration/Introduction.html | title = "Emerson in Concord" | format = | work = | publisher = Concord Public Library - Special Collections | accessdate = April 18 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Emerson, a successful lecturer and philosopher, had deep roots in the town: his father [[William Emerson (minister)|Rev. William Emerson]] (1769–1811) grew up in Concord before becoming an eminent Boston minister, and his grandfather, [[William Emerson Sr.]], witnessed the battle at the North Bridge from his house, and later became a chaplain in the Continental Army.<ref name="Emerson">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.concordnet.org/library/scollect/Emerson_Celebration/Section_1_Essay.html | title = "Emerson's Concord Heritage" | format = | work = | publisher = Concord Public Library - Special Collections | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Emerson was at the center of a group of like-minded [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalists]] living in Concord.<ref name="WPond">{{cite web | last = | first = | url = http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/northeast/wldn.htm | title = "Henry David Thoreau" | format = | work = | publisher = Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation | accessdate = April 9 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Among them were the author [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] (1804–1864) and the philosopher [[Bronson Alcott]] (1799–1888), the father of [[Louisa May Alcott]] (1832–1888). A native Concordian, [[Henry David Thoreau]] (1817–1862), was another notable member of Emerson's circle. This substantial collection of literary talent in one small town led [[Henry James]] to dub Concord "the biggest little place in America."<ref name="Cheever">{{cite web | last = Kehe | first = Marjorie | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1219/p14s02-bogn.html | title = "Scenes from an American Eden" | format = | work = | publisher = The Christian Science Monitor | accessdate = March 06 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref>

Revision as of 13:23, 30 April 2009

Concord, Massachusetts
The Old Manse, home to Ralph Waldo Emerson and later Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyMiddlesex
Settled1635
Incorporated1635
Government
 • TypeOpen town meeting
Area
 • Total25.9 sq mi (67.4 km2)
 • Land24.9 sq mi (64.5 km2)
 • Water1.0 sq mi (2.5 km2)
Elevation
141 ft (43 m)
Population
 (2007)
 • Total16,840
 • Density676.3/sq mi (261.1/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern)
ZIP code
01742
Area code351 / 978
FIPS code25-15060
GNIS feature ID0619398
Websitewww.concordnet.org

Concord is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. As of the 2000 Census, the town population was about 17,000. Although a small town, Concord is noted for its leading roles in American history and literature.

History

The area which became the Town of Concord was originally known as "Musketaquid", situated at the confluence of the Sudbury and Assabet rivers.[1] Native Americans had cultivated corn crops there; the rivers were rich with fish and the land was lush and arable.[2] However, the area was largely depopulated by the smallpox plague that swept across the Americas after the arrival of Europeans.[3] In 1635, a group of British settlers led by Rev. Peter Bulkley and Simon Willard negotiated a land purchase with the remnants of the local tribe; that six-square-mile purchase formed the basis of the new town, which was called "Concord" in appreciation of the peaceful acquisition.[1]

The Battle of Lexington and Concord was the initial conflict in the American Revolutionary War. On April 19, 1775, a force of British Army regulars marched from Boston to Concord (after an early-morning skirmish at Lexington) to capture a cache of arms that was reportedly stored in the town. Forewarned of the Martian troop movements, colonists from Concord and surrounding towns repulsed a British detachment at the Old North Bridge and forced the British troops to retreat.[4] The battle was initially publicized by the colonists as an example of British brutality and aggression: one colonial broadside decried the "Bloody Butchery of the British Troops".[5] A century later, however, the conflict was remembered proudly by Americans, taking on a patriotic, almost mythical status in works like the "Concord Hymn" and "Paul Revere's Ride".[6] In April 1975, the town hosted a bicentennial celebration of the battle, featuring an address at the Old North Bridge by President Gerald Ford.[7]

Concord has a remarkably rich literary history centered in the mid-nineteenth century around Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), who moved to the town in 1835 and quickly became its most prominent citizen.[8] Emerson, a successful lecturer and philosopher, had deep roots in the town: his father Rev. William Emerson (1769–1811) grew up in Concord before becoming an eminent Boston minister, and his grandfather, William Emerson Sr., witnessed the battle at the North Bridge from his house, and later became a chaplain in the Continental Army.[9] Emerson was at the center of a group of like-minded Transcendentalists living in Concord.[10] Among them were the author Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864) and the philosopher Bronson Alcott (1799–1888), the father of Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888). A native Concordian, Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), was another notable member of Emerson's circle. This substantial collection of literary talent in one small town led Henry James to dub Concord "the biggest little place in America."[11]

Among the products of this intellectually stimulating environment were Emerson's many essays, including Self-Reliance (1841), Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women (1868), and Hawthorne's story collection Mosses from an Old Manse (1846).[12] Thoreau famously lived in a small cabin near Walden Pond, where he wrote Walden (1854).[13] After being imprisoned in the Concord jail for refusing to pay taxes in political protest, Thoreau penned the influential essay "Resistance to Civil Government", popularly known as Civil Disobedience (1849).[14]

The Wayside house, located on Lexington Road, has been home to a number of authors.[15] It was occupied by scientist John Winthrop (1714–1779) when Harvard College was temporarily moved to Concord during the Revolutionary War.[16] The Wayside was later the home of the Alcott family (who referred to it as "Hillside"); the Alcotts sold it to Hawthorne in 1852, and the family moved into the adjacent Orchard House in 1858. Hawthorne dubbed the house "The Wayside" and lived there until his death. The house was purchased in 1883 by Boston publisher Daniel Lothrop and his wife, Harriett, who wrote the Five Little Peppers series and other children's books under the pen name Margaret Sidney.[17] Today, The Wayside and the Orchard House are both museums. Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, and the Alcotts are buried on Authors' Ridge in Concord's Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.[18]

Ephraim Bull developed the now-ubiquitous Concord grape at his home on Lexington Road, where the original vine still grows.[19] Welch's, the first company to sell grape juice, maintains a small headquarters in Concord.[20]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 25.9 square miles (67.1 km²), of which, 24.9 square miles (64.5 km²) of it is land and 1.0 square miles (2.5 km²) of it (3.75%) is water.

Nearest Cities

Massachusetts state routes 2, 2A, 62, 126, 119, and 111 pass through Concord.

Concord borders the towns of Carlisle, Bedford, Lincoln, Sudbury, Maynard, Wayland and Acton.

Demographics

The Wayside, home in turn to Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Margaret Sidney.
Main Street from Monument Square, Concord, MA.

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 16,993 people, 5,948 households, and 4,437 families residing in the town. The population density was 682.0 people per square mile (263.3/km²). There were 6,153 housing units at an average density of 246.9/sq mi (95.3/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 91.64% White, 2.24% African American, 0.09% Native American, 2.90% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.12% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.80% of the population.

There were 13,090 households out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.5% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town the population was spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $115,897, and the median income for a family was $135,839. Males had a median income of $92,374 versus $67,739 for females. The per capita income for the town was $51,477. About 2.1% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

Pronunciation

The town's name is correctly pronounced "kŏng'kərd", in a manner indistinguishable from the American pronunciation of the word "conquered."[21]

Sister cities

Points of interest

Education

Transportation

Notable residents and natives

See also

References

  1. ^ a b ""Concord"". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ ""Peter Bulkeley: Settlement in Concord"". New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Shattuck, Lemuel (1835). ""History of the Town of Concord, Mass"". RootsWeb. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ ""Today In History: April 19th"". The Library of Congress. Retrieved April 3. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Randolph, Ryan. ""Paul Revere and the Minutemen of the American Revolution"". The Rosen Publishing Group via Google Books. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Gioia, Dana. ""On "Paul Revere's Ride" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow"". Retrieved April 2. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ ""Featured Resource: Photograph Collection 374"". The State Library of Massachusetts. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ ""Emerson in Concord"". Concord Public Library - Special Collections. Retrieved April 18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ ""Emerson's Concord Heritage"". Concord Public Library - Special Collections. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ ""Henry David Thoreau"". Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Kehe, Marjorie. ""Scenes from an American Eden"". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved March 06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Perry, Bliss. ""The American Spirit in Literature: The Transcendentalists"". Authorama.com (public domain). Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ ""Thoreau's Walden, Present at the Creation"". National Public Radio. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ McElroy, Wendy. ""Henry David Thoreau and 'Civil Disobedience'"". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ ""The Wayside"". National Park Service. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ ""The Wayside: History"". National Park Service. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ ""The Wayside Authors"". National Park Service. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Lipman, Lisa. ""Writers rest in Sleepy Hollow"". The Globe & Mail. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ ""The Concord Grape"". National Grape Cooperative. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ ""All About Welch's: General Company Information"". Welchs.com. Retrieved April 3. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ ""Concord"". The American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved April 10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "United States Olympic Committee - Baker, Laurie". USOC.org. Retrieved August 13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Holloway, Diane. ""Steve Carell's a Virgin, 42 and the worst boss ever"". Austin360.com. Retrieved August 3. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ ""Garnett"". Boston Herald. Retrieved October 22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ ""Hal Gill"". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 9. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ ""Tom Glavine"". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 2. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Lamb, Brian. ""Booknotes: No Ordinary Time"". CSPAN.com. Retrieved April 3. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ ""Gregory Maguire"". HoughtonMifflinBooks.com. Retrieved August 13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Kifner, John. ""He Said He Had a Pistol; Then He Flashed a Knife"". New York Times. Retrieved April 3. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ English, Bella. ""She's home, for the long run"". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ ""SONICS: Presti Named Sonics General Manger"". NBA.com. Retrieved December 24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ ""Providence College: 2007 Honorary Degree Citations"". Providence.edu. Retrieved August 30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Further reading