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|year = 2009}}</ref> Additional, the operators of the website [http://reocities.com/ ReoCities] downloaded as much of the content hosted on GeoCities as they could shortly before it shutdown and are currently in the process of bringing up a mirror of the website, albeit an incomplete one.<ref>"[http://reocities.com/ Welcome to ReoCities]." ''Reocities''. 2009. Retrieved on October 27, 2009.</ref>
|year = 2009}}</ref> Additional, the operators of the website [http://reocities.com/ ReoCities] downloaded as much of the content hosted on GeoCities as they could shortly before it shutdown and are currently in the process of bringing up a mirror of the website, albeit (for now) an incomplete one.<ref>"[http://reocities.com/ Welcome to ReoCities]." ''Reocities''. 2009. Retrieved on October 27, 2009.</ref>


==Selected traffic statistics==
==Selected traffic statistics==

Revision as of 05:56, 28 October 2009

Yahoo! GeoCities
Type of site
Web hosting
OwnerYahoo! Inc.
Created byDavid Bohnett and John Rezner
URLgeocities.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationYes

Yahoo! GeoCities was a web hosting service founded by David Bohnett and John Rezner in late 1994 as Beverly Hills Internet (BHI).

In its original form, site users selected a "city" in which to place their web pages. The "cities" were named after real cities or regions according to their content—for example, computer-related sites were placed in "SiliconValley" and those dealing with entertainment were assigned to "Hollywood"—hence the name of the site.

Ten years after Yahoo! bought GeoCities,[1] the company announced that it would shut down the service on October 27, 2009.[2][3][4] GeoCities websites became unavailable on the afternoon of October 27, 2009.

History

The first GeoCities logo.

GeoCities began in mid-1995 as BHI, which stood for Beverly Hills Internet, a small Web hosting and development company in Southern California.[5]

The company created its own Web directory, organized thematically in six "neighborhoods". The neighborhoods included "Colosseum," "Hollywood," "RodeoDrive," "SunsetStrip," "WallStreet," and "WestHollywood". In mid-1995, the company decided to offer users (thereafter known as "Homesteaders") the ability to develop free home pages within those neighborhoods. Chat, bulletin boards, and other elements of "community" were added soon after, helping foster rapid growth. On July 5, 1995 Geocities added additional cities, including "CapitolHill," "Paris," "SiliconValley," and "Tokyo."[6] By December 1995, the company, which now had a total of 14 neighborhoods, was signing up thousands of Homesteaders a day and getting over six million monthly page views. The company decided to focus on building membership and community, and on December 15, 1995, BHI became known as GeoCities after having also been called Geopages.[7] At that point GeoCities was headquartered at 9401 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills.[8] By December 1996 it was headquartered on the third floor of 1918 Main Street in Santa Monica, with an office on the 8th floor of 125 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City.[9]

File:Geocitiesoriginallogo.png
The GeoCities logo of the late 1990s.

Over time, many companies, including Yahoo!, invested extensively in GeoCities and, with the introduction of paid premium services, the site continued to grow. In May 1997, GeoCities introduced advertisements on its pages. Despite negative reaction from users, GeoCities continued to grow. By June 1997, GeoCities was the fifth most popular site on the Web, and by October of that year the company had signed up its millionth Homesteader.[citation needed]

In June 1998, in an effort to increase brand awareness, GeoCities introduced a watermark to user web pages. The watermark, much like an onscreen graphic on some television channels, was a transparent floating GIF which used JavaScript to stay on the bottom right side of the browser screen. Many users felt the watermark interfered with the design of their website and threatened to move their web pages elsewhere. The watermark also had cross-browser issues. GeoCities claimed in a press release that the company had received upbeat feedback regarding the watermark.[10]

The company went public in August 1998, listing on the NASDAQ exchange with the code GCTY. The IPO price was $17, rising rapidly after launch to a peak of over $100. By 1999 Geocities was the third-most visited website on the World Wide Web, behind AOL and Yahoo!.[11] The headquarters had moved to 4499 Glencoe Avenue in Los Angeles, near the Marina del Rey area of Los Angeles County.[12]

Acquisition by Yahoo!

The first Yahoo! GeoCities logo.

In January 1999, near the peak of the dot-com bubble, Geocities was purchased by Yahoo! for $3.57 billion in stock, with Yahoo! taking control on May 28.[1][13][14] The acquisition proved extremely unpopular; users began to leave en masse in protest at the new terms of service put out by Yahoo! for GeoCities.[15] The terms stated that the company owned all rights and content, including media such as pictures. Yahoo! quickly reversed its decision.[15] In July 1999, Yahoo! eliminated neighborhoods and street addresses from homesteader URLs. GeoCities never enforced neighborhood specific content; for example, a "Hollywood" homesteader could be nothing but a college student's home page, which would be more appropriate for another neighborhood. The neighborhoods were replaced by "vanity" URLs consisting of www.geocities.com/membername. Soon after a lawsuit was filed against Yahoo! by its volunteer group of community managers, GeoCities's volunteer program (Community Leaders) was terminated.[citation needed]

In 2001, amidst speculation by analysts that GeoCities was not yet profitable (it having declared an $8 million loss for the final quarter of 1998), Yahoo! introduced a for-fee premium hosting service at GeoCities[16] and crippled the accessibility of free and low-price hosting accounts by limiting their monthly data transfer for webpage visitors; since then the monthly data transfer limit for free accounts was limited to 4 GB[citation needed]. Later, the paid accounts were unified in the Yahoo! Web Hosting service, with no data transfer limits.[citation needed] During 2001, a false rumor began that GeoCities was to close; the chain e-mail making that claim cited a The New York Times article that stated the opposite.[17]

Closure

On April 23, 2009, Yahoo! announced that it would be closing GeoCities, and stopped accepting new registrations, though the existing GeoCities accounts remained active.[3] In late June 2009, Yahoo! updated the GeoCities home page to indicate: "GeoCities is closing on October 26, 2009."[2]

With the closure of GeoCities, Yahoo! no longer offers free webpage hosting.[18] Yahoo! encouraged users to upgrade their accounts to the fee-based Yahoo! Web Hosting service.[19]

Rupert Goodwins, the editor of ZDNet, perceived the closure of GeoCities as an end of an era; he described GeoCities as "the first proof that you could have something really popular and still not make any money on the internet."[18] Vijay Mukhi, an internet and cyber security expert quoted in the Business Standard, criticized Yahoo's handling of GeoCities; Mukhi described GeoCities as "a lost opportunity for Yahoo! They could have made it a Facebook if they wanted." Rich Skrenta, the CEO of Blekko, posted on Twitter an offer to take over GeoCities from Yahoo! in exchange for 50% future revenue share.[20] The popular webcomic xkcd was redesigned on the day of GeoCities' scheduled closure to mimic an archetypal GeoCities page,[21] serving as a testament to GeoCities' prominent and historic role on the Web and in Internet culture.

In response to the closure, rival webhosting services began to compete for the web sites leaving GeoCities. For instance, German web host Jimdo started the "Lifeboat for GeoCities" service to encourage GeoCities users to put their websites on Jimdo.[11][22] Geocities-closing.com, started by GeoCities competitor uCoz, is a similar project launched to save GeoCities websites[23]

With the GeoCities closing announcement the Internet Archive announced a project to archive GeoCities pages, stating "GeoCities has been an important outlet for personal expression on the Web for almost 15 years. Internet Archive made it their task to ensure the thoroughness and completeness of their archive of GeoCities sites.[24]

The website InternetArchaeology.org also archived and is showcasing artifacts from GeoCities.[25] Additional, the operators of the website ReoCities downloaded as much of the content hosted on GeoCities as they could shortly before it shutdown and are currently in the process of bringing up a mirror of the website, albeit (for now) an incomplete one.[26]

Selected traffic statistics

The domain geocities.com attracted at least 177 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.[27]

ComScore stated that the Geocities had 18.9 million unique visitors from the U.S. in March 2006. In March 2008 Geocities had 15.1 million unique U.S. visitors. In March 2009 Geocities had 11.5 million unique visitors, a 24% decline from March 2008.[3]

Litigation

In 1999, a complaint was instituted against GeoCities stating that the corporation violated the provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act under 14 USC § 45, which states in relevant part, “Unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are hereby declared unlawful.” The FTC found that GeoCities was engaged in deceptive acts and practices in contravention to their stated privacy act. Subsequently, a consent order was entered into which prohibits GeoCities from misrepresenting the purpose for which it collects and/or uses personal identifying information from consumers. A copy of the complaint and order can be found at 127 F.T.C. 94.[28] (page 94)

The litigation came about in this way: GeoCities provided free home pages and e-mail address to children and adults who provided personally identifying and demographic information when they register for the website. At the time of the complaint, GeoCities had more than 1.8 million members who were "homesteaders". GeoCities illegally permitted third-party advertisers to promote products targeted to GeoCities' 1.8 million users, by using personally identifiable information obtained in the registration process. These acts and practices affected "commerce" as defined in Section 4 of the Federal Trade Commission.[28]

The problem GeoCities faced was that it placed a privacy statement on its New Member Application Form and on its website promising that it would never give personally identifying information to anyone without the user's permission. GeoCities sold personal information to third parties who used the information for purposes other than those for which members gave permission.[28]

It was ordered that GeoCities would not make any misrepresentation, in any manner about its collection or use of personal identifying information, including what information will be disclosed to third parties. GeoCities was not allowed to collect personal identifying information from any child if GeoCities had actual knowledge that the child did not have his parents' permission to provide the information.[28]

Neighborhoods

In 1996 GeoCities had 29 "neighborhoods," which had groupings of content created by the "homesteaders" (GeoCities users).[29] By 1999 GeoCities had additional neighborhoods and refocused existing neighborhoods.[30]

GeoCities Marketplace

In 1999 GeoCities had an online commercial presence with GeoCities Marketplace. It included the GeoStore, which sold GeoCities-branded merchandise. Users cashed in GeoPoints in the store.[31]

GeoCities Japan

Prior to the takeover by Yahoo!, GeoCities had a Japanese subsidiary, GeoCities Japan. GeoCities Japan was based on Japanese culture.[32] GeoCities Japan was headquartered in the Nihonbashi Hakozaki Building in the Nihonbashi area of Chūō, Tokyo.[33]

Japan neighborhoods

GeoCities Japan had the following neighborhoods:[34]

  • WallStreet (ウォール街, Wōrugai) – Finance and business
  • Epicurean Table (エピキュリアンテーブル, Epikyurian Tēburu) – Dining
  • Colosseum (コロシアム, Koroshiamu) – Outdoor sports and health
  • SiliconValley (シリコンバレー, Shirikon Barē) – Computers and the internet
  • SilkRoad (シルクロ-ド, Shiruku Rōdo) – Travel
  • Technopolis (テクノポリス, Tekunoporisu) – Science and high technology
  • Berkeley (バークレイ, Bākurei) – Education and student life
  • Heartland (ハートランド, Hātorando) – Family and pets
  • Hollywood (ハリウッド, Hariuddo) – Films and performing arts
  • Playtown (プレイタウン, Pureitaun) – Video games
  • Broadway (ブロードウェイ, Burōdowei) – Pop, rock music, and concerts
  • Milano (ミラノ, Mirano) – Fashion, design, and shopping
  • Milkyway (ミルキーウェイ, Mirukīwei) – Dating
  • MotorCity (モーターシティ, Mōtā Shiti) – Automobiles and motorcycles

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Yahoo! buys GeoCities". CNN.com. 1999-01-28.
  2. ^ a b Yahoo! (2009). "GEOCITIES IS CLOSING ON OCTOBER 26, 2009". Retrieved 2009-06-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b c Rao, Leena (2009-04-23). "Yahoo Quietly Pulls The Plug On Geocities". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2009-04-30. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  4. ^ Millian, Mark (2009-10-26). "GeoCities' time has expired, Yahoo closing the site today". LA Times (blog).
  5. ^ "Beverly Hills Internet, builder of interactive cyber cities, launches 4 more virtual communities linked to real places; SiliconValley, CapitolHill, Paris and Tokyo offer free homesteads to residents of BHI's 'GeoCities'". BusinessWire. July 5, 1995. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  6. ^ "Beverly Hills Internet, builder of interactive cyber cities, launches 4 more virtual communities linked to real places; SiliconValley, CapitolHill, Paris and Tokyo offer free homesteads to residents of BHI's 'GeoCities'." Business Wire. July 5, 1995. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  7. ^ "Beverly Hills Internet, Builder of Web Communities, Changes Name to GeoCities; Monthly Page." Business Wire. Thursday December 14, 1995. 1. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.
  8. ^ "Beverly Hills Internet, Builder of Web Communities, Changes Name to GeoCities; Monthly Page." Business Wire. Thursday December 14, 1995. 2. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.
  9. ^ "Advertising and Sponsorship Information." GeoCities. December 19, 1996. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  10. ^ Hu, Jim (1998-06-28). "GeoCitizens fume over watermark". CNet.
  11. ^ a b Marshall, Rosalie. "Yahoo closing Geocities web hosting service." vnunet. April 24, 2009. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  12. ^ "Contact Geocities." GeoCities. Retrieved on February 22, 1999. April 30, 2009.
  13. ^ Nuttall, Chris (1999-01-29). "Yahoo! moves in on GeoCities". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  14. ^ Narasimhan, Balaji. "The death of GeoCities." MID-Day. April 27, 2009. Retrieved on May 3, 2009.
  15. ^ a b "Yahoo Angers GeoCities Members With Copyright Rules". nytimes.com. 1999-06-30. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  16. ^ Schiffman, Betsy (2001-08-28). "A Community That Stays Together, Pays Together". Forbes. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
  17. ^ "GeoCities Closing." Snopes. April 25, 2009. Retrieved on May 3, 2009.
  18. ^ a b "Yahoo pulls the plug on GeoCities." BBC. April 24, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
  19. ^ Yahoo!. "GeoCities will close later this year". Yahoo! Help. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009.
  20. ^ D'Monte, Leslie. "Yahoo! writes Geocities' obituary." Business Standard. Retrieved on April 25, 2009. April 30, 2009.
  21. ^ Doctorow, Cory (October 26, 2009). "XKCD's eye-watering Geocities tribute". Boing Boing. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
  22. ^ "Jimdo's Lifeboat for GeoCities." Jimdo. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  23. ^ "GeoCities Shuts It Doors and Thousands of Sites Could be Lost,But There Are Other Options." Retrieved on October 8, 2009.
  24. ^ Internet Archive (2009). "Saving a Historical Record of GeoCities". Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  25. ^ Tech Crunch (2009). "Internet Archeology: In which the internet's sordid past is preserved and curated". Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  26. ^ "Welcome to ReoCities." Reocities. 2009. Retrieved on October 27, 2009.
  27. ^ GeoCities attracts almost 180m visitors online yearly
  28. ^ a b c d http://www.ftc.gov/os/decisions/docs/Volume127.pdf#page=94
  29. ^ a b c "29 Neighborhoods." GeoCities. December 19, 1996. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  30. ^ Visit these neighborhoods." GeoCities. February 9, 1999. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  31. ^ "GeoCities Marketplace." GeoCities. February 9, 1999. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.
  32. ^ "Visiting GeoCities Japan." GeoCities. February 3, 1999. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  33. ^ "スタッフ募集." GeoCities Japan. February 21, 1999. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
  34. ^ "コミュニティ." GeoCities Japan. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.
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