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===Sound therapies===
===Sound therapies===
MVAH also utilizes two other kinds of sound therapy:
MVAH also utilizes two other kinds of sound therapy:
*Listening to Vedic Literature recited in Sanskrit from a specific branch of the Vedic Literature that corresponds to the appropriate area of the body as determined by a MVAH expert.<ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998|p=142}}</ref> According to a study published in ''Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice'', the effects of "primordial sounds" (Sama Veda, MAV) can be conducive to cell growth when compared to hard rock music (AC/DC, ''Back in Black'').<ref> Effect of Different Sounds on Growth of Human Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro, Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 25-32, 1996, Hari M. Sharma, MD, FRCPC, Ellen M. Kauffman, MT, HTL (ASCP), and Ralph E. Stephens, PhD, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University.</ref>
*Listening to Vedic Literature recited in Sanskrit from a specific branch of the Vedic Literature that corresponds to the appropriate area of the body as determined by a MVAH expert.<ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998|p=142}}</ref> According to a study published in ''Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice'', the effects of "primordial sounds" (Sama Veda, MAV) can be conducive to cell growth when compared to hard rock music (AC/DC, ''Back in Black''). The experiment tested 5 human cell lines and 1 normal cell line for each of an average of four experiments. It was found that primordial sound decreased the average growth across cell lines. while the growth of cells was significantly increased in the presence of rock music, showing that sound has an effect on the growth of neoplastic and normal human cells in vitro.<ref> Effect of Different Sounds on Growth of Human Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro, Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 25-32, 1996, Hari M. Sharma, MD, FRCPC, Ellen M. Kauffman, MT, HTL (ASCP), and Ralph E. Stephens, PhD, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University.</ref>


*Listening to a form of classical Indian music called Maharishi Gandharva Veda that are purported to integrate and harmonize the cycles and rhythms of the body.<ref name="Consciousness, Robert Keith Wallace pp 99-102">{{harvnb|Wallace|1993|p=99-102}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998|p=143}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Scheider|Fields|2006|p=212}}</ref> Maharishi Gandaharva Veda is described in the TM Movement as the science of sound, focusing on finding the healing properties of sounds. It is claimed that the melodies date from the Vedic period, and that particular melodies or ragas express the qualities of specific periods of day or night, divided into eight three-hour periods.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=adhwR1HUZ7gC&pg=PA213&dq=Maharishi+Gandharva#v=onepage&q=Maharishi%20Gandharva&f=false Schneider & Fields, p 213]</ref> Gandharva Veda is an upaveda<ref>A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 2, Surendranath Dasgupta, page 274</ref> and is codified in a number of texts that came to be known collectively at Gandharva Veda, an auxiliary text attached to Sama Veda.<ref>"Sacred sound: experiencing music in world religions", by Guy L. Beck, page 122-123</ref> Mukund Lath writes that Gandharva Veda is a sacred corpus of music, derived from the still more ancient sama, a sacred Vedic form of music.<ref>A Study of Dattilam (1978), Mukund lath</ref> Wujastyk writes that Gandharva Veda is North Indian classical music, that has Islamic rather than Vedic roots, something ignored by the Maharishi and the TM Movement.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PT342&dq=Maharishi+Gandharva+Veda+Islamic#v=onepage&q=Maharishi%20Gandharva%20Veda%20Islamic&f=false Wujastyk, p 328]</ref>
*Listening to a form of classical Indian music called Maharishi Gandharva Veda that are purported to integrate and harmonize the cycles and rhythms of the body.<ref name="Consciousness, Robert Keith Wallace pp 99-102">{{harvnb|Wallace|1993|p=99-102}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998|p=143}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Scheider|Fields|2006|p=212}}</ref> Maharishi Gandaharva Veda is described in the TM Movement as the science of sound, focusing on finding the healing properties of sounds. It is claimed that the melodies date from the Vedic period, and that particular melodies or ragas express the qualities of specific periods of day or night, divided into eight three-hour periods.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=adhwR1HUZ7gC&pg=PA213&dq=Maharishi+Gandharva#v=onepage&q=Maharishi%20Gandharva&f=false Schneider & Fields, p 213]</ref> Gandharva Veda is an upaveda<ref>A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 2, Surendranath Dasgupta, page 274</ref> and is codified in a number of texts that came to be known collectively at Gandharva Veda, an auxiliary text attached to Sama Veda.<ref>"Sacred sound: experiencing music in world religions", by Guy L. Beck, page 122-123</ref> Mukund Lath writes that Gandharva Veda is a sacred corpus of music, derived from the still more ancient sama, a sacred Vedic form of music.<ref>A Study of Dattilam (1978), Mukund lath</ref> Wujastyk writes that Gandharva Veda is North Indian classical music, that has Islamic rather than Vedic roots, something ignored by the Maharishi and the TM Movement.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=M3XBu-vpXgoC&pg=PT342&dq=Maharishi+Gandharva+Veda+Islamic#v=onepage&q=Maharishi%20Gandharva%20Veda%20Islamic&f=false Wujastyk, p 328]</ref>

Revision as of 12:08, 4 December 2009

Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health (MVAH) (also known as Maharishi Ayurveda[1][2] and Maharishi Vedic Medicine)[3] was founded internationally in the mid 1980s by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who developed the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique. MVAH is considered an alternative medicine whose purpose is to provide a complementary system to modern, western medicine, and that aims to restore balance in the physiology, eliminate toxins and impurities, and awaken the body's natural healing mechanisms.[4][5]

Distinct from traditional Ayurveda, Maharishi Ayurveda emphasizes the role of consciousness, gives importance to positive emotions and supports being in tune with the natural rhythms of the body.[6] Maharishi Ayur Veda has been variously characterized as; emerging from, and consistently reflecting the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, representing the entirety of the Ayurvedic tradition, and as a system that restores the ancient Ayurvedic texts of India to a more holistic perspective.[7][8][9]

MVAH offers a variety of products and services including therapies and herbal supplements.[citation needed]

Controversies include; a 1991 article in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) alleging that promoters of MVAH failed to disclose financial incentives when they submitted a letter for publication and that their marketing practices were misleading, a 2008 study published in JAMA reporting that two of the 19 Maharishi Ayurveda products tested contained heavy metals, and a 1991 British case in which two doctors were found guilty of "Serious Professional Misconduct" for using MVAH in the unsuccessful treatment of HIV.

Components

Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health involves reconnecting physiological functioning with the body's inner intelligence by reducing and eliminating impurities and imbalances, that are said to be the cause of disease.[citation needed] Proponents state that through MVAH, the Maharishi revived the ancient Vedic system of health care.[10][11][12] Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health uses 40 approaches, each one based on one of the 40 branches of Vedic literature. According to MVAH, each of these 40 branches of Vedic literature has a direct correlation to various aspects of the human physiology.[13][14] These 40 approaches are further reduced to three areas of practical application: mind, body, and environment.[15]

In Alternative Medicine and Ethics, Stephen Barrett describes 20 components to Maharishi Ayur_Veda:

The full range of the Maharishi Ayur-Veda program 'for creating healthy individuals and a disease free society' has 20 components: development of higher states of consciousness through advanced meditation techniques, use of primordial sounds, correction of the "mistake of the intellect', strengthening of the emotions, Vedic structuring of language, music therapy, enlivening of the senses, pulse diagnosis, psychophysiological integration, neuromuscular integration, neurorespiratory integration, purification (to remove 'impurities due to faulty diet or behavioral patterns'), dietary measures, herbal food supplements, other herbal preparations, daily behavioral routines, prediction of future imbalances , religious ceremonies, nourishing the environment and promoting world health and peace. Most of these cost several hundred dollars but some cost thousands and require the service of an Ayurvedic practitioner.[16]

Andrew Weil writes that, in India, Ayurveda is an inexpensive alternative to allopathic medicine available to all people, while Maharishi Ayurveda is expensive.[17] A traditional Vaidya treats patients individually, diagnosing them and then individually preparing or instructing the patient how to prepare treatments for the entire complexity of their individual symptoms, whereas Maharishi Ayur-Veda takes a mass-market approach.[18]

Transcendental Meditation

Main article: Transcendental Meditation

Maharishi Ayurveda emphasizes the role of consciousness in creating and maintaining good health.

The Transcendental Meditation technique is the main modality for improving mental health and promoting collective health in MVAH.[19][20] Studies have suggested a positive correlation between the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique and various health-related behaviors and physiological parameters[21] including decreased cigarette smoking,[22] decreased alcohol use,[22] decreased anxiety,[23] decreased insomnia,[24] reduction of high cholesterol,[25] improvement in lung function for patients with asthma,[26] and an effect the researchers termed "younger biological age".[27] Reduced illness and medical expenditures[28] and decreased outpatient visits have also been observed in TM practitioners.[28] It may also have an effect on a variety of disorders, including ADHD, pain, diabetes, and congestive heart failure.[29][30][31] The National Institutes of Health, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the National Center for Research Resources have funded research on the Transcendental Meditation program.[21] Further research is on-going and researchers have been particularly interested in its potential usefulness in treating heart disease and hypertension, especially among African-Americans, and in promoting longevity.[32] Proponents of Transcendental Meditation claim that stress is the basis for all illness, and that TM is the most effective technique for improving all aspects of health.[16]

Pulse diagnosis

The MVAH practitioner uses pulse diagnosis (also known in Sanskrit as "nadi vigyan")[33][34] to determine the levels of imbalance and impurities in the patient and offer recommendations related to herbal preparations,[35] diet, daily and seasonal routines, exercise, and physiological purification.[5][36] Procedures that strengthen digestion and proper nutrient absorption are also given importance.[12] Proponents claim that the pulse can be used to detect “imbalances at early stages when there may be no other clinical signs and when mild forms of intervention may suffice”.[16][34] It is thought that herbal remedies, dietary adjustments and changes in routine initiated at this stage can prevent imbalances from developing into disease. Chopra and Sharma wrote that pulse diagnosis can diagnose a variety of diseases, including those unrelated to the cardiovascular system, including asthma, cancer, and diabetes.[37] In 1991, Andrew Skolnick wrote that William Jarvis, president of The National Council Against Health Fraud, described pulse diagnosis as a variety of palm reading and that Chopra refused to have pulse diagnosis tested by JAMA in a blinded protocol "on the grounds that a blinded experiment would 'eliminate the most crucial component of the experiment, which is consciousness.'"[38]

Multimodal therapy at health centers

The Transcendental Meditation movement operates spas and health centers around the world.[citation needed] These health centers offer a series of multimodal therapies including the purification therapy called Maharishi Panchakarma.[39][40] Panchakarma means "five actions", and is intended to clear impurities from the body and to balance the doshas. The first preparatory step is called "snehana", involving the ingestion of perscribed quantities of ghee over several days, followed by a purgative. The actual panchakarma then begins with "abhyanga", a herbalized full-body oil massage. The panchakarma then continues with one or more additional treatments, including "swedana", a herbalized steam bath; "sirodhara", in which warm sesame oil is poured on the forehead; "nasya", an oil massage of head, neck and shoulders combined with steam inhalation and nasal drops; and "basti", a herbal enema. The exact treatments are specifically designed for the patient by an expert in MAV. Additional therapies generally undertaken in association with Maharishi Panchakarma are Maharishi Gandharva Veda music therapy and aromatherapy. Typical Maharishi Panchakarma treatments take 2 hours per day, over the course of 3 to 14 days, and are recommended several times per year as ideal, usually in conjuction with the change of seasons.[41][42]

Preliminary research suggests that these mulitmodal therapies, when used in concert with one another, may be effective in reducing cholesterol, reducing fat soluble toxins and creating an improved sense of well being.[43][44][45][46][47][48]

A study published in 2002 in the American Journal of Cardiology found that a multimodal approach of Maharishi Vedic Medicine can be a treatment for carotid atherosclerosis in older subjects. The randomized controlled trial involving 57 subjects found that subjects in the research group had reduced thickness of the carotid artery after one year of treatment. The treatment consisted of practicing Transcendental Meditation, taking the Maharishi Amrit Kalash herbal formula, practicing Maharishi Yoga asanas and Surya Namaskar, and eating an ayurvedic diet.[49]

A 1993 study published in The Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine says that Maharishi Panchakarma (PK) is useful in improving cardiovascular risk factors.[50]

Maharishi Ayurveda Products

The Maharishi and experts in MAV, working with Vedic and Western scholars, have developed, marketed, and researched a variety of botanical preparations that are based on restored ancient Ayurvedic recipes. Maharishi Ayurvedic herbal products are manufactured and sold by many companies, including: Maharishi Ayurveda Products Pvt. Ltd. (MAPPL) of New Delhi, India, Maharishi Ayurveda Products International (MAPI) of Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Maharishi Ayurveda Products Europe B.V., the Netherlands.[51][52] Maharishi Ayurveda Products International (MAPI) of Colorado Springs sells more than 400 products and is said to be the largest Ayurvedic company in North America.[52]

Maharishi Ayurveda products and services are also sold through outlets in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.[53]

Maharishi Amrit Kalash

The original Maharishi Ayurveda product is Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK), a two-part herbal formula referred to as nectar and ambrosia or MAK-4 and MAK-5. MAPI says that it is prepared according to an ancient recipe[54] and contains these 13 herbs: White Musali, Liquorice, Giant Potato, Aswagandha, Gum Arabic Tree, Indian asparagus, Caper, Aloeweed, Black musale, Amla, Gulancha Tinospora, Three-leaved Chaste Tree and Elephant Creeper.[55] A 1991 article in the Canadian Medical Association Journal says the "company will not disclose the products exact composition".[56]

MAK is available through MAPI and various retail outlets worldwide.[52] Chopra recommended that everyone take MAK twice daily as a cure-all/prevent-all, claiming that MAV is far more cost-effective than conventional medicine. Skolnick observed that the cost of MAK alone was $1000 per year as of 1991, equal to 40% of the average per-capita expenditure on all health care in the United States in 1989.[57]

Maharishi Amrit Kalash research studies

There have been many research studies conducted with Maharishi Amrit Kalash. These studies have appeared in the following scientific journals: International Journal of Psychosomatics,[58] The Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine,[59] Free Radical Biology and Medicine,[60] the Indian Journal of Clinical Practice,[61] the Biochemical Archives,[62] Complementary Medicine International,[63] The American Journal of the Medical Sciences,[64] the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,[65] Pharmacological Research,[66] Indian Journal of Experimental Biology[67]Nutrition Research [68] and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal.[69] Other research has been presented at the Scientific Conference on Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Proliferation and the American Heart Association, Joint Meeting of the International Union of Biochemists.[70]

At Ohio State University MAK-4 and MAK-5 were studied individually and together and were shown to be "highly effective against breast cancer" according to Christine Horner in her book, Waking the Warrior Goddess. Horner, who sells Ayurvedic remedies on her website, but not Maharishi Amrit Kalash or any Maharishi Ayurveda products,[71] goes on to say that MAK is "an effective anti-aging supplement" and "alleviates the horrendous side effects of chemotherapy".[72]

A study, published in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, found that Amrit Kalash was an effective antioxidant and may be useful in the treatment of atherosclerosis. The study involved 10 hyperlipidemic patients over an 18-week period.[73]

At the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center a study published in 'Nutrition and Cancer' suggests that murine and human melanoma cells respond differently to MAK-5 and MAK-4 and that human melanoma growth-inhibiting agents are present in both compounds.[74]

A double blind, randomized study of 48 subjects published in the International Journal of Psychosomatics found that Maharishi Amrit Kalash improved performance on an age-related visual task. The treatment group showed significantly more improvement after periods of three and six weeks than the placebo group. The study, by researchers at the Maharishi International University, concluded that this herbal formula may enhance attentional capacity or alertness, thereby reversing some of the detrimental cognitive effects of aging.[75]

Two studies by Hari Sharma suggesting positive effects of Maharishi Amrit Kalash on platelet aggregation in a test tube were criticized in a 1991 article by Mount Sinai Medical Center professor Victor Herbert as having "no relation to human disease. What happens in a test tube has nothing to do with what happens in a real live person". Herbert goes on to say that there is no way of knowing how much of the MAK is absorbed. Herbert also said that "ayurvedic compounds once transformed by the gut, may actually be harmful to humans".[56]

A 1993 in vitro (cell culture) study at the University of Colorado found that Maharishi Amrit Kalash (MAK-4 and -5) contained agents that inhibited the growth of human melanoma cells but not mouse melanoma cells.[76]

A study in 1996 by Sharma and researchers at Ohio State University showed that Maharishi Amrit Kalash-4 (MAK-4) had antioxidant properties, as assessed by inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, both in vitro and in rabbits. The results indicated that MAK-4 may yield increased antioxidant protection in the brain, and may therefore be useful in preventing or treating free radical-induced neurological disorders.[77] A second study of MAK 4 on rabbits found that it reduced plaque in the aorta through its antioxidant activity.[78]

A 2005 study done at South Dakota State University found that Amrit Nectar (MA-7) is a powerful antioxidant and that it may protect against the toxic effects of chemotherapy (Adriamyacin and cisplatin). The research, performed on rats, found that Amrit Nectar reversed the effects of cisplatin on the liver and kidney and reduced mortality by 20%.[79]

In 2005 a study in Japan on the effects of MAK-5 on aged mice found that it helps prevent the decrease in immune function that is associated with aging.[80]

A 2007 study in Italy looked at the cancer-inhibiting effects of MAK-4 and -5 both in cancer cells in a test tube and on liver tumors in mice. The results suggested that Amrit Kalash inhibits liver carcinogenesis in mice.[81]

Heavy metals

A 2008 study by Robert B. Saper, published in JAMA,[82] found that one-fifth of 213 US-manufactured and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines purchased via the Internet contained detectable lead, mercury, or arsenic.[83] Two Maharishi Ayurveda Products International Inc. USA (MAPI) products, "Vital Lady" and "Worry Free" were found to have detectable levels of lead, and seventeen other MAPI products tested had no detectable levels of lead, mercury, or arsenic.[82][84] Ted Wallace, president of MAPI, stated that the company tests its products before and after shipment from India to the US, and that its products are examined for purity, heavy metals, residual pesticides, and biological contaminants.[84]

Michael McGuffin, president of the American Herbal Products Association said that eliminating every trace of arsenic, mercury or lead from products would require "an entirely new food supply".[82] According to McGuffin the government and professional agencies set widely different safety standards for lead, mercury and arsenic and that while most of the products in Saper's article have lead levels that exceed California's standard, only two violate the World Health Organization's standard.[84]

In 2008, a lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court against Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation ("MVED"), Maharishi Ayurveda Foundation and Maharishi Ayurveda Products Ltd. ("MAP Ltd"). The Plaintiff claims that she contracted lead poisoning from Garbhapal Ras, an herbal product she purchased in India. According to the Iowa Department of Public Health, Garbhapal Ras contained nearly 3% lead. The product was manufactured by MAP Ltd. in India, and prescribed for her by a physician at the Maharishi Ayurveda Arogyadham clinic in Delhi.[83][85] A spokesperson said that MVED is not involved in the manufacturing, prescribing, or sale of products from the Indian clinic where the product was prescribed and purchased. The spokesperson said that products sold in the U.S. are subject to inspection, testing, and quality control.[85]

David Whitley, Director of Ayurveda Limited in the United Kingdom, writes that the Maharishi Ayurveda Council of Vaidyas approves of the use of arsenic, lead, and mercury under the supervision of trained and certified vaidyas, in accordance with ancient Ayurvedic texts. Whitley writes that the benefits of heavy metals are increased and the side effects are minimized when used properly. Whitley acknowledges that these compounds would be required to be licensed as medicines in the UK, but are unlicensed and thus cannot be sold there.[86]

Architecture

Maharishi Sthapatya Veda (MSV),[87] a system of Vedic architecture, is the main modality of MVAH for improving the immediate environment. Maharishi Sthapatya Veda is described as a science of structure that creates a relationship with the natural laws that structure the universe. MSV aims to design buildings in a way that aligns them with nature or natural law, thereby creating harmony for the individuals who occupy the building.[88] MSV consists of precise mathematical formulas, equations, and proportions for architectural design.[89]

In Maharishi Sthapatya Veda, the architect takes into account three major factors: the orientation of the structure, room placement and the proportion of the rooms, windows, doors, walls etc. and their demensions.[90] The MVS architect also considers the slope and shape of the lot, exposure to the rising sun, location of nearby bodies of water and the other buildings or activities in the nearby environment.[citation needed]

Maharishi Global Construction in Fairfield, Iowa, states that building a home according to the principles of MSV "connects the individual intelligence of the occupant of the house to the cosmic intelligence of the universe". Homes with entrances facing west invite "poverty, lack of creativity and vitality",[91] and "anxiety, depression, bad luck and even criminal tendencies".[92]

Maharishi Vedic Astrology

Maharishi Vedic Astrology (also known as Maharishi Jyotish)[93][94] is said to address planetary influences on individual health.[94] Jotyish is a vedanga within the field of Vedic literature. Maharishi Jyotish is an aspect of Maharishi Ayurveda that is premised on the ability to precisely calculate mathematically the unfolding pattern of life, and to locate the trends and tendencies of an individual life within that pattern, making it possible to determine in advance whether a difficult period was coming, and to take action in the present to amend a future difficulty.[95] According Maharishi Jyotish, the solar system has an influence on the human brain, cells and DNA.[96] According to the Maharishi and Nader, there is a correspondence between the nine Grahas of Vedic Astrology and the structure of DNA, the brain and the structure of cells. Each graha is associated with a gemstone:[97]

Relationship of 9 Grahas to DNA structure, brain structure and cell structure, and associated gems

Graha Structure of DNA Brain Components Cell Structure Gemstones
1 Sun hydrogen bonds thalmus cell nucleus ruby
2 Jupiter guanine globus pallidus golgi apparatus yellow sapphire
3 Saturn adenine putamen lysosomes blue sapphire
4 Mars cytosine amygdala mitochondria red coral
5 Venus thymine substantia nigra endoplasmic reticulum diamond
6 Mercury sugar subthalamus cell membranes emerald
7 Moon phosphate hypothalmus cytosol pearl
8 Descending Lunar Nodes enzymes nucleus caudatus (tail) the pores cat's eye
9 Ascending Lunar Nodes enzymes nucleus caudatus (head) endosome garnet

With respect to the nervous system, Maharishi Vedic Astrology associates the Grahas with the basal ganglia, thalmus and hypothalmus; the 12 Bhavas (astrological houses) with cortical areas; the 12 Rashis (zodiac signs) with the cranial nerves; and the 27 Nakshatras (lunar mansions) with groups of the brainstem.[98]

Correction of imbalances discovered through Maharishi Jyotish is possible, the Maharishi claimed, through the performance of "Yagyas" by Vedic Pandits in India, ceremonies designed to restore the balance between the individual and the environment.[99] MVAH holds that the patient need not witness or be present for the Yagya, or even for the Yagya to be conducted nearby the patient. It is claimed that, by chanting verses from Vedic literature, the sounds affect the unified field to neutralize negative patterns and reinforce positive patterns.[100] According to Maharishi Jyotish, Maharishi Yagya performances are Vedic engineering technologies to avert and dissolve negativity, and through which perfection of life can be created.[101]

A Vedic Calendar, which establishes the most auspicious days for the performance of Yagyas, is published on the Global Good News web site.[102] For example, Yagyas performed on Maha Shivaratri, the Day of Shiva, are claimed to enliven spiritual and material aspects of one's consciousness, and to promote progress in all areas of life; Yagyas performed on Maha Lakshmi are claimed to bring prosperity, growth and good fortune; and, Yagyas performed on Akshaya Tritiya are claimed to enhance lasting success in one's activities.[103][104] The Vedic calendar is based on the movement of Surya (sun) and Chandra (moon). The Vedic calendar specifies which Laws of Nature are most lively on that specific day.[104]

Andrew Skolnick describes Maharishi Yagyas as Hindu ceremonies to appease the gods and beseech their help on behalf of afflicted followers that can cost tens of thousands of dollars, and which the patient neither takes part in nor witnesses. He wrote that, while Chopra and Nancy Lonsdorf, medical director of the Maharishi Ayur-Veda Center in Washington D.C. denied that they prescribed Yagyas or that Yagyas were part of Maharishi Ayur-Veda, Chopra's Lancaster Center did in fact recommend Yagyas for its patients, and a TM-Movement fundraising letter states that Lonsdorf prescribed an $11,500 Yagya for a seriously-ill patient of hers.[57]

Patients with serious illnesses often pay hundreds or thousands of dollars for gemstones prescribed by Maharishi Jyotish astrologers.[38] A TM-Movement company called Jyotish Gems sells gemstones prescribed by Maharishi Jyotish astrologers to ward off the effects of bad influences in one's horoscope.[105]

Maharishi Light Therapy with Gems

Nader writes that various gemstones correspond to the planets of Maharisi Jyotish, and also correspond to parts of the body.[106]

The Maharishi described Maharishi Light Therapy with Gems (MLG) as a Vedic technology, according to Rainer Picha, Minister of Health for the Global Country of World Peace. Training in the therapeutic use of gemstones is conducted at the Maharishi European Research University in Holland. Picha says that the MLG "approach is absolutely harmless. There is nothing invasive about it. It is pure cosmic light that enters the physiology, bringing order and helping in every way. Order in the physiology basically means health, and health is promoted through this approach."[107]

Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology

Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology (MVVT) is performed by an MVVT Vedic expert who whispers within themselves some specific traditional Vedic sounds that have been chosen to address the health concerns of that individual, and then administers the sound vibrations by blowing on the affected area of the body.[108][109] A website for the Maharishi Medical Centers says that MVVT offers "relief from a wide range of chronic health problems",[110] including athlete's foot, baldness, HIV, and cancer of the blood.[111]

A double-blinded randomized controlled trial involving 167 subjects found that the Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology was effective in reducing pain and stiffness in arthritic subjects. Those in the treatment group also had improved range of motion. One hundred percent relief of symptoms was the most commonly reported category of improvement due to treatment. Overall, the results were highly significant. Analysis of subcategories found significant results for the treatment of peripheral arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.[112]

An uncontrolled study of the Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology involving 213 subjects found that after three sessions the average self-reported improvement in chronic illness was 40.97 percent. The conditions that were treated included neck pain, which improved the most, respiratory ailments, digestive problems, mental health (including anxiety and depression), back pain, headaches, cardiovascular conditions, and eye problems. Findings also showed significant reductions in frequency of discomfort or pain, in intensity of pain, and in the disturbing effects of the pain in daily activity.[113]

Sound therapies

MVAH also utilizes two other kinds of sound therapy:

  • Listening to Vedic Literature recited in Sanskrit from a specific branch of the Vedic Literature that corresponds to the appropriate area of the body as determined by a MVAH expert.[114] According to a study published in Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice, the effects of "primordial sounds" (Sama Veda, MAV) can be conducive to cell growth when compared to hard rock music (AC/DC, Back in Black). The experiment tested 5 human cell lines and 1 normal cell line for each of an average of four experiments. It was found that primordial sound decreased the average growth across cell lines. while the growth of cells was significantly increased in the presence of rock music, showing that sound has an effect on the growth of neoplastic and normal human cells in vitro.[115]
  • Listening to a form of classical Indian music called Maharishi Gandharva Veda that are purported to integrate and harmonize the cycles and rhythms of the body.[108][116][117] Maharishi Gandaharva Veda is described in the TM Movement as the science of sound, focusing on finding the healing properties of sounds. It is claimed that the melodies date from the Vedic period, and that particular melodies or ragas express the qualities of specific periods of day or night, divided into eight three-hour periods.[118] Gandharva Veda is an upaveda[119] and is codified in a number of texts that came to be known collectively at Gandharva Veda, an auxiliary text attached to Sama Veda.[120] Mukund Lath writes that Gandharva Veda is a sacred corpus of music, derived from the still more ancient sama, a sacred Vedic form of music.[121] Wujastyk writes that Gandharva Veda is North Indian classical music, that has Islamic rather than Vedic roots, something ignored by the Maharishi and the TM Movement.[122]

Compact discs of the music are published by the Maharishi University of Management Press.[123] Research by David Orme-Johnson, a former professor at Maharishi International University, and David K. Wallace, the founding president of the university, indicates that listening to Maharishi Gandharva Veda music produces brain waves that correlate with relaxation and the experience of bliss.[124]

Professional training

Maharishi Ayur-Veda Association of America

Courses to train physicians, nurses and health professionals in the principles and practices of Maharishi Ayurveda are offered by the Maharishi Ayur-Veda Association of America (MAAA) in various locations in the USA. These courses include Continuing Medical Education credit. The faculty and curriculum committee of the MAAA include: Stuart Rothenberg, Robert Schneider, Walter Moelk, Nancy Lonsdorf, Richard Averbach, Gary Kaplan, and Vaidya Manohar Palakurthi. Courses are offered in conjunction with the Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine in La Jolla, California.[125]

Maharishi College of Perfect Health

Courses in Maharishi Ayur-Veda for health professionals are also conducted at the Maharishi College of Perfect Health, International Maharishi Ayur-Veda Training Centre in Vlodrop, the Netherlands. These courses include: post graduate training, Maharishi Aroma Therapy, Maharishi Light Therapy with Gems, Maharishi Ayur-Veda Health Educator, Vedic Mind-Body program and Presentation of Medical Research.[126] The faculty includes Rainer Picha, Walter Mölk, Robert Keith Wallace, Roswitha Margarete Geelvink-Tradel, and Bob Apon.[127]

Origin of Ayurveda and its relationship to Maharishi Ayurveda

Maharishi Ayur-Veda is described as a modern restoration of the holistic perspective of the original texts of Ayurveda found in the Vedas.[9] In MVAH the Veda is said to be an "abstract blueprint of creation".[2] The knowledge and technologies of MVAH are based on the understanding that the order displayed throughout the entire universe, including within the human physiology, is governed by a fundamental underlying intelligence.[128] According to the Maharishi, illness comes about when there is a lack of coordination between the body's inner intelligence and its outer expression.[129] The aim of Maharishi Ayur Veda is the integration of the conscious thinking mind with its silent depths, resulting in perfect functioning of mind and body.[130]

As with traditional Ayurveda, Maharishi Ayur Veda describes material creation according to panchamahabhutas theory, in which the five elements of earth, air, fire, water and ether combine to form three doshas: vatta, pitta and kapha.[131] The theory of both traditional and Maharishi Ayurveda is that the body's function is governed by the three doshas, which designate body types and the physical and mental traits they typify. An individual's dosha contains various combinations of vatta, pitta and kapha, which can vary with the seasons and time of day. Disease symptoms are attributed to imbalances in ones dosha, which can be detected through pulse diagnosis or a questionnaire. Balance is achieved through a variety of products and procedures, many of which are specific to one's dosha.[16][132] Maharishi Ayur-Veda does not stray from these traditional common interpretations of dosha.[133]

Maharishi Ayur Veda emerges from and consistently reflects the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, and is the upaveda of Atharva Veda.[134][135] Maharishi Ayur Veda represents itself as representing the entirety of the Ayurvedic tradition.[136] The Vedas attributed most disease and bad luck to demons, devils, and the influences of the stars and planets.[137][16] According to Cyndie Koopsen and Caroline Young, authors of Integrative Health: A Holistic Approach for Health Professionals, it is "prior to the Vedas" that "diseases were believed to be the result of possession by various demon entities”.[138]

The practices of Maharishi Ayur-Veda are authentic, but Francis Zimmerman says that they are biased toward gentleness, avoiding treatments he characterizes as "violent", and involving an ideological confusion of Ayurvedic categories.[139] In 1985, Maharishi Ayurveda doctors met with outside consultants, who suggested that some traditional Ayurvedic remedies would not be accepted by American consumers.[140] The principal difference between Maharishi Ayur-Veda and traditional Ayurveda is the emphasis on the role of consciousness and the use of Transcendental Meditation, as well as the highlighting of the need to express positive emotions and attuning ones life to the natural rhythms of the body.[9][141]

Maharishi Ayur Veda also holds that perfect health is a state present within every person, that can be chosen by the individual, and that the physical body is a portal to a "quantum mechanical body" that exists at the subatomic level where matter and energy are one, and that every organ and process in the body has a quantum equivalent.[142] Tony Nader, called Maharajadhiraj Raja Ram, who is the Soverign Ruler of the Global Country of World Peace, identifies this concept of "quantum healing" with the Maharishi's theories of Vedic Science.[143]

Individual metabolic differences and seasonal variations as described in MAV are an important part of a healthy diet. MAV considers taste and quality to be central features in the classification of foods, and seasonal factors as crucial in determining nutritional needs. MAV also advises use of certain herbal nutritional supplements to maintain optimum health.[144]

Deepak Chopra, founding president of Maharishi Ayur-Veda Products International, Inc (MAPI), the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine and former medical director of the Maharishi Ayurveda Health Center for Stress Management and Behavioral Medicine, says, according to Stephen Barrett in an article in the journal Alternative Medicine and Ethics that "If you have happy thoughts, then you make happy molecules. On the other hand, if you have sad thoughts, and angry thoughts, and hostile thoughts, then you make those molecules which may depress the immune system and make you more susceptible to disease." Barrett goes on to say that, while the TM technique and other relaxation techniques may temporarily relieve stress, claims made by Chopra that happy or sad thought may affect the molecular levels of the body and the immune system have no scientific basis.[16]

Controversies

Chalmers and Davis

In October 1991, the Professional Conduct Committee of the British General Medical Council found Roger Chalmers, Dean of Medicine of the unrecognized Maharishi University of Natural Law, Mentmore and Leslie Davis, Dean of Physiology at that institution, guilty of "Serious Professional Misconduct" in connection with their use of Maharishi Ayur-Veda for the treatment of AIDS and HIV, and ordered them erased from the Register. The Committee found, among other things, that there were no proper and approved clinical trials for the treatments, there was inadequate scientific evidence to support the treatments, that they were prescribing and that they had made false and misleading statements on the value of MAV in the treatment of HIV and AIDs and about the TM-affiliated "World Medical Association for Perfect Health". Independent tests of the pills prescribed by Chambers and Davis showed that they had, at best, a negligible effect on the HIV virus, but were 100,000 times more toxic than AZT. Separate warnings were issued on side-effects of both Transcendental Medication and the Maharishi Ayurvedic diet, and by the British Dietetic Association on the potential dangers of the Maharishi Ayurvedic diet to AIDS patients.[38][145][146][147][148] MAV became the subject of the GMC trial because it had been marketing its treatments specifically to one of the most vulnerable and controversial groups in the late 1980s: HIV-positive homosexuals.[149]

Sharma and Chopra

In 1991, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article on the benefits of Maharishi Ayur-Veda titled Letter from New Delhi: Maharishi Ayur-Veda: Modern Insights into Ancient Medicine, authored by Hari Sharma, of the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Brihaspati Dev Triguna, of the All India Ayur-Veda Congress, and Deepak Chopra, of the American Association of Ayurvedic Medicine.[37]

A subsequent article in JAMA alleged that the authors of the first article had not disclosed their financial ties with organizations that sell the products and services about which they wrote. The article also investigated the marketing practices surrounding Ayur-Veda products and services.[38] It was alleged that the media had been intentionally deceived for financial gain.[38] It also challenged the Sharma et al. claim that Maharishi Ayur-Veda was more cost effective than standard medical care.[38] Additionally, the article reported that in the late 1980s, herbal researcher Tony Nader, at the time a Ph.D. candidate in neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, had been criticized for misrepresenting his research promoting Maharishi Ayurveda Products International (MAPI) herbal products as being sponsored by MIT and Harvard.[38] The article reported that Nader and David Orme-Johnson were criticized by the organizers of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Economic Botany, which was held at the University of Illinois in Chicago in June 1987. According to the organizers, Nader and Orme-Johnson submitted research abstracts for the conference, but the presentation that they made had little to do with the abstracts, but instead was a promotion for the herbal remedies of MAPI and for Transcendental Meditation.[38] The JAMA article quotes a former TM teacher and chair of the TM center in Washington, D.C., as saying that he had been told to deceive the media.[38][150]

A letter to the editor by Chopra and Sharma was published in JAMA in October, 1991. Chopra and Sharma wrote that many of the criticisms they had received in letters to the editor were inflammatory and had depended heavily on emotional and unfounded charges, without sound scientific backing and few references. They went on to say that the criticisms were directed largely at the TM organization, rather than to the approaches of Maharishi Ayur-Veda.[37] Andrew Skolnick, in letter to the editor of JAMA, says Chopra and Sharma did not deny and made no apology that they had concealed from JAMA their financial ties to organizations selling and marketing the products and services about which they had written.[151]

Flint

In 1994, Jonie Flint sued Chopra, the Maharishi Ayur-Veda Health Center in Palo Alto California and Brihaspati Dev Triguna over her husband David's death from leukemia. Two months following a visit to the center at which a primordial sound treatment was prescribed by Chopra, Triguna declared Flint cured of leukemia. Flint followed other Maharishi Ayur-Veda treatments at Triguna's directions over a period of nine months, at a cost of more than $10,000, but died of leukemia. Flint was assisted in filing her lawsuit by the National Council Against Health Fraud.[152] Chopra's attorneys said that the suit against him would be dismissed before trial. They said that David Flint was desperate and that Chopra saw him for 45 minutes for spiritual counsel and gave him a primordial sound technique. They also said that Flint signed a form saying that he understood that sound therapy wasn't a substitute for conventional therapies. The form Flint signed also absolved Chopra and his organization of responsibility in the event the treatment was unsuccessful.[citation needed]

Trademarks

Maharishi Ayur-Veda, Maharishi Ayurveda, Maharishi University of Management, Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health, Maharishi Vedic Astrology, Maharishi Vedic Medicine, Maharishi Vedic Vibration Technology, and Transcendental Meditation are trademarks licensed to Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation.[153]

Notes

  1. ^ Wallace 1993, pp. 64–66
  2. ^ a b Sharma & Clark 1998
  3. ^ Conquering Chronic Disease Through Maharishi Vedic Medicine, Reddy and Egenes, 2002 isbn = 978-1-930051-55-3
  4. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, Preface
  5. ^ a b Lonsdorf
  6. ^ Integrative Health: A Holistic Approach for Health Professionals, Cyndie Koopsen, Caroline Young, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, p170, ISBN 0763757616
  7. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 309
  8. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 326
  9. ^ a b c Sharma 1995
  10. ^ Schneider & Fields 2006, p. 261
  11. ^ Fields
  12. ^ a b Schneider & Fields 2006, p. 5
  13. ^ Nader 2000
  14. ^ Sharma et al.
  15. ^ Schneider & Fields 2006, p. 64
  16. ^ a b c d e f Barrett 1998, pp. 11–13
  17. ^ Weil 2000, p. 296
  18. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 232
  19. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, pp. 147–149
  20. ^ Orme-Johnson & Alexander 1988
  21. ^ a b Paul-Labrador 2007
  22. ^ a b Walton & Levitsky 1994
  23. ^ Eppley, Abrams & Shear 1989
  24. ^ Journal of Counseling and Development 64: 212–215, 1985
  25. ^ Cooper & Aygen 1979
  26. ^ Wilson et al. 1975
  27. ^ Wallace et al. 1982
  28. ^ a b Orme-Johnson & Herron 1997
  29. ^ Anonymous 2006 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFAnonymous2006 (help)
  30. ^ Hitti 2006
  31. ^ Jayadevappa 2007
  32. ^ Schneider 2002
  33. ^ Wallace 1993, pp. 76–79
  34. ^ a b Sharma & Clark 1998, pp. 54–56
  35. ^ http://74.125.95.132/u/maharishi?q=cache:XAVAKZUJspoJ:www.mum.edu/pdf/msvs/v02/glaser.pdf+research+ayurveda&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&ie=UTF-8[dead link]
  36. ^ Wallace 1993, p. 76-89
  37. ^ a b c Sharma & Chopra 1991
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Skolnick 1991
  39. ^ Wallace 1993, p. 105-107
  40. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 109
  41. ^ Sharma, Hari Awakening Nature's Healing Intelligence: Expanding Ayurveda Through the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health Lotus Press, 1998 ISBN 0914955357, 9780914955351 pp.201ff
  42. ^ Mullenneaux, Lisa, "Ayurveda: Restoring the balance", Yoga Journal (May/June 1998) p.66
  43. ^ http://74.125.95.104/u/maharishi?q=cache:XAVAKZUJspoJ:www.mum.edu/pdf/msvs/v02/glaser.pdf+panchakarma+research&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&ie=UTF-8[dead link]
  44. ^ Waldschutz 1988
  45. ^ Fagan & Herron 2002
  46. ^ Schneider R H, Cavanaugh K L, Kasture H S, et al. 1990 Health promotion with a traditional system of natural health care: Maharishi Ayur-Veda, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 5(3):1-27
  47. ^ Sharma H M, Nidich S, Sands D, Smith D E 1993 Improvements in cardiovascular risk factors through Panchakarma purification procedures, Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine 12(4):2-13
  48. ^ The Maharishi Ayurveda Treatment of Ten Chronic Diseases — A Pilot Study,Netherlands Magazine of Integrated Science, Vol. 5, No. 35, pp. 586-594, 1989, G.W.H.M. Janssen, MD
  49. ^ Fields et al. 2002
  50. ^ Improvement in Cardiovascular Risk Factors Through Panchakarma Purification Procedures, The Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 3-13, 1993, Hari M. Sharma,* Sanford I. Nidich,** David Sands, and D. Edwards Smith, College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Maharishi International University.
  51. ^ MAV Europe web site
  52. ^ a b c Radford 2000[1] Cite error: The named reference "Radford" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  53. ^ MAV official web site
  54. ^ Ayurveda Ltd. 2009
  55. ^ [www.mapi.com MAPI Web Site]
  56. ^ a b [Goldman, Brian, "The selling of ayurvedic medicine", Canadian Medical Association Journal 1991; 144(1) pp 53-55)] [2]
  57. ^ a b Skolnick, Andrew A.. "The Maharishi Caper: Or How to Hoodwink Top Medical Journals", Science Writers (Fall, 1991)
  58. ^ Influence of a Maharishi Ayurvedaic Herbal Preparation [MAK-5] on Age-Related Visual Discrimination, International Journal of Psychosomatics, Vol. 37, Nos. 1-4, pp. 25-29, 1990, P. Gelderloos, SScD, H.H.B. Ahlstrom, MS, D.W. Orme-Johnson, PhD, D.K. Robinson, MS, R.K. Wallace, PhD, and J.L. Glaser, MD, Maharishi University of Management
  59. ^ Effect of Maharishi Amrit Kalash [MAK-5] on Brain Opioid Receptors and Neuropeptides, The Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-8, 1991, Hari M. Sharma,*Silva Hanissian, Anil K. Rattan, Stephen L. Stern,Ú and Gopi A. Tejwani, Department of Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, and ÚDivision of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University
  60. ^ Effect of Herbal Mixture Student Rasayana on Lipoxygenase Activity and Lipid Peroxidation, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 687-697, 1995, Hari M. Sharma, Atef N. Hanna, Ellen M. Kauffman, and Howard A.I. Newman, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University
  61. ^ Effect of Maharishi 4 [MAK-4] and Maharishi 5 [MAK-5] on Inflammatory Mediators—With Special Reference to Their Free Radical Scavenging Effect, Indian Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 23-27, January 1991, Yukie Niwa, Niwa Institute for Immunology, Japan
  62. ^ Protective Effects of MAK-4 and MAK-5 on Adriamycin-Induced Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation and Mortality, Biochemical Archives, Vol. 8, pp. 267-272, 1992, Ferzaan N. Engineer, Hari M. Sharma, and Chandradhar Dwivedi, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
  63. ^ Effect of Herbal Mixtures MAK-4 and MAK-5 on Susceptibility of Human LDL to Oxidation, Complementary Medicine International, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 28-36, May/June 1996, Atef N. Hanna, PhD, Vidya Sundaram, MD, James M. Falko, MD, Ralph E. Stephens PhD and Hari M. Sharma MD FRCPC, Department of Pathology and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
  64. ^ Inhibition of Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Oral Herbal Mixtures Maharishi Amrit Kalash-4 (MAK-4) and Maharishi Amrit Kalash-5 (MAK-5) in Hyperlipidemic Patients, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Vol. 314, No. 5, pp. 303-310, 1997, Vidya Sundaram, M.D., Atef N. Hanna, Ph.D., Gary P. Lubow, M.D., Lata Koneru, M.D.,Ú James M. Falko, M.D. and Hari M. Sharma, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH ÚDepartment of Internal Medicine, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH.
  65. ^ The Antioxidant and Antiatherogenic Effects of MAK-4 in WHHL Rabbits, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 463-478, 1996, Jae Y. Lee, PhD, Atef N. Hanna, PhD, John A. Lott, PhD, and Hari M. Sharma, MD, FRCPC, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
  66. ^ Maharishi Amrit Kalash [MAK-4 and MAK-5] Rejuvenates Ageing Central Nervous System’s Antioxidant Defense System: An In Vivo Study, Pharmacological Research, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp 497-502, 1999, Bhupinder Pal Singh Vohra, Satya Prakash Sharma, Vinod Kumar Kansal, Laboratory of Nutritional Histopathology and Ageing, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra—136 119, Haryana, India, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
  67. ^ Effect of Maharishi Amrit Kalash, an Ayurvedic Herbal Mixture, on Lipid Peroxidation and Neuronal Lipofuscin Accumulation in Ageing Guinea Pig Brain, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 355-359, 2001, B.P. Vohra, S.P. Sharma, V.K. Kansal, and S.K. Gupta, Conducted at Laboratory of Nutritional Histopathology, Kurukshetra University, India
  68. ^ Reduction of Metastases of Lewis Lung Carcinoma by an Ayurvedic Food Supplement [MAK-4] in Mice, Nutrition Research, Vol. 12, pp. 51-61, 1992, Vimal K. Patel, PhD,* J. Wang, PhD,* R.N. Shen, MD,* H.M. Sharma, MD,** and Z. Brahmi, PhD, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine
  69. ^ Anti-Aging and Oxygen Free Radical (OFR) Scavenging Effects of an Anti-Carcinogenic Natural Product, Maharishi Amrit Kalash [MAK-4 and MAK-5], Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal, Vol. 5, No. 6, p. A1735, 1991 (Abstract), J.Z. Fields, E. Eftekhari, J.F. Hagen, L.J. Wichlinski, and R.H. Schneider (SPON: A.H. Friedman), Research Service 151, VA Hosp., Hines, IL 60141, Dept. of Pharmacology, Loyola Univ. Med. Sch., Maywood IL, Dept. of Physiology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, IA
  70. ^ Joint Meeting of the International Union of Biochemists – Symposium No. 200, Satellite Meeting of the Oxygen Society, and the International Society for Free Radical Research, Berkeley, CA, January 26-27, 1990, J.Z. Fields,* R.H. Schneider,** L. Wichlinski, J. Hagen, Department of Pharmacology, Hines V.A. – Loyola University Medical Center, Maharishi International University
  71. ^ "Dr. Christine Horner MD: Supplements". drchristinehorner.com. 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  72. ^ Horner, Christine. Waking the Warrior Goddess, 2003, Basic Health Publications Inc., ISBN 1-59120-155-1, pp 117-118
  73. ^ Sundaram et al. 1997
  74. ^ Nutrition and Cancer 1993; 20(1):79-86
  75. ^ Gelderloos et al. 1990
  76. ^ Prasad ML, Parry P, Chan C, “Ayurvedic agents produce differential effects on murine and human melanoma cells in vitro,” Nutr Cancer. 1993;20(1):79-8
  77. ^ Hari M. Sharma, Jae Y. Lee, Ellen M. Kauffman, and Atef N. Hanna, “In Vivo Effect of Herbal Mixture MAK-4 on Antioxidant Capacity of Brain Microsomes,” Biochemical Archives, Vol. 12, pp. 181-186, 1996.
  78. ^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9395676?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=3 Lee JY, Hanna AN, Lott JA, Sharma HM, “The antioxidant and antiatherogenic effects of MAK-4 in WHHL rabbits,” J Altern Complement Med. 1996 Winter;2(4):463-78.
  79. ^ Dwivedi C, Agrawal P, Natarajan K, Sharma H, “Antioxidant and protective effects of Amrit Nectar tablets on adriamycin- and cisplatin-induced toxicities,” J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Feb;11(1):143-8
  80. ^ Inaba R, Mirbod SM, Sugiura H, “Effects of Maharishi Amrit Kalash 5 as an Ayurvedic herbal food supplement on immune functions in aged mice,” BMC Complement Altern Med. 2005 Mar 25;5:8.
  81. ^ Penza M, Montani C, Jeremic M, Mazzoleni G, Hsiao WL, Marra M, Sharma H, Di Lorenzo D, “MAK-4 and -5 supplemented diet inhibits liver carcinogenesis in mice,” BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007 Jun 8;7:19
  82. ^ a b c Saper et al. 2008
  83. ^ a b Ellin 2008
  84. ^ a b c Szabo 2008
  85. ^ a b Associated Press 2008
  86. ^ Whitley, David. "Maharishi Ayurveda Medicines and Heavy Elements". Maharishi Ayurveda Products. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
  87. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, pp. 145–146
  88. ^ Maharishi's Programs in India
  89. ^ Maharishi Sthapatya Veda Design
  90. ^ Vedic Knowledge Web Site
  91. ^ Maharishi's followers have integrated into small Iowa town Canon, Scott, Kansas City Star, Sep 28, 1999
  92. ^ Reclusive Guru's in Battle to Demolish Historic Dutch Monastery Associated Press, January 20, 1998
  93. ^ Wallace 1993, pp. 107–109
  94. ^ a b Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 144-145
  95. ^ O'Connell & Alexander 1995, p. 419
  96. ^ Bonshek, Bonshek & Fergusson 2007, p. 155
  97. ^ Enlightenment: Maharishi Vedic science and technology Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corp., 2001 p. 21
  98. ^ Bonshek, Bonshek & Fergusson 2007, p. 156
  99. ^ O'Connell & Alexander 1995, p. 419
  100. ^ Schneider, Robert and Fields, Jeremy, Total Heart Health; How to Prevent and Reverse Disease with the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health Basic Health Publications, Inc., 2006 ISBN 1591200873, 9781591200871 pp 208 ff
  101. ^ Bonshek, Bonshek & Fergusson 2007, p. 155
  102. ^ Global Good News web site
  103. ^ Wujastyk, p 304
  104. ^ a b "The Vedic Calendar for Maharishi Yagyas: Special Days and Highlights" MaharishiIndia.org website
  105. ^ Gilpin, Geoff, The Maharishi Effect: A Personal Journey Through the Movement that Transformed American Spirituality, J.P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2006 ISBN 1585425079, 9781585425075 p 21
  106. ^ Bonshek, Bonshek & Fergusson 2007, p. 236ff
  107. ^ Global Good News staff writer 2009
  108. ^ a b Wallace 1993, p. 99-102
  109. ^ Scheider & Fields 2006, pp. 214–216
  110. ^ maharishimedical 2009
  111. ^ vedicvibration 2009
  112. ^ Nader et al. 2001
  113. ^ Nidich et al. 2001
  114. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 142
  115. ^ Effect of Different Sounds on Growth of Human Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro, Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 25-32, 1996, Hari M. Sharma, MD, FRCPC, Ellen M. Kauffman, MT, HTL (ASCP), and Ralph E. Stephens, PhD, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University.
  116. ^ Sharma & Clark 1998, p. 143
  117. ^ Scheider & Fields 2006, p. 212
  118. ^ Schneider & Fields, p 213
  119. ^ A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 2, Surendranath Dasgupta, page 274
  120. ^ "Sacred sound: experiencing music in world religions", by Guy L. Beck, page 122-123
  121. ^ A Study of Dattilam (1978), Mukund lath
  122. ^ Wujastyk, p 328
  123. ^ Music 2009
  124. ^ Vedic 2009
  125. ^ MAAA 2009
  126. ^ Maharishi College of Vedic Medicine web site
  127. ^ http://www.mcvm.info/faculty.html
  128. ^ Maharishi's Vedic Approach to Health, Modern Science and Vedic Science, Vol. 7, No. 1
  129. ^ Maharihi's Vedic Approach to Health, Modern Science and Vedic Science, Vol. 7, No. 1
  130. ^ Yoga Journal,Jan-Feb 1992
  131. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 292
  132. ^ O'Connell & Alexander 1995, p. 345
  133. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. p 318
  134. ^ A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 2, Surendranath Dasgupta, Page 275
  135. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 309
  136. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 326
  137. ^ Zysk 1998, pp. 8–9
  138. ^ Integrative Health: A Holistic Approach for Health Professionals, Cyndie Koopsen, Caroline Young, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, p170 ISBN 0763757616
  139. ^ Leslie & Young 1992, p. 213
  140. ^ Pettus, p 30
  141. ^ "Ayurveda" Complementary and Alternative Medicine Index University of Maryland Medical Center
  142. ^ Baer 2004, pp. 124–125
  143. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 326
  144. ^ Nutritional Insights From Maharishi Ayurveda, Journal of Applied Nutrition, Vol. 48, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 34-41, 1996, Hari M. Sharma, MD, FRCPC, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University
  145. ^ "Cult doctors investigated over herbal anti-AIDS pills", The Independent (August 19, 1990)
  146. ^ Anonymous 1991
  147. ^ Press Release : The General Medical Council, London, England (October 25, 1991).
  148. ^ Emery 1991
  149. ^ Wujastyk & Smith 2008, p. 274
  150. ^ A 1992 lawsuit brought against the article's author and the editor of JAMA was dismissed in 1993.(Perry 1994)(Anonymous 1996) A Newsweek article published four years later stating that there had been a monetary settlement of the case was later withdrawn as untrue."Correction", Newsweek (November 17, 1997)
  151. ^ Skolnick 1992
  152. ^ Pettus, Elise, "The Mind-Body Problems", New York Magazine (August 14, 1995) p.28ff, p. 95
  153. ^ TM 2009

References

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