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== DVD consumer rights ==
== DVD consumer rights ==
DVDs that have commercial movies and television content recorded on them are subject to [[copyright]]. The rise of [[filesharing]] and "[[piracy]]" has prompted many copyright owners to display notices on DVD packaging or displayed on screen when the content is played that warn consumers of the illegality of certain uses of the DVD.
DVDs that have commercial movies and television content recorded on them are subject to [[copyright]]. The rise of [[filesharing]] and "[[piracy]]" has prompted many copyright owners to display notices on DVD packaging or displayed on screen when the content is played that warn consumers of the illegality of certain uses of the DVD. It is common place to include a 90 second advert warning that copying the contents is illegal. Many consumers find these messages irritating. Many DVD's prevent forwarding of the warning forcing the consumer to watch. Ironically, these irritations are typically absent on illegal copies.


Arrangements for renting and lending differ more by geography. In the U.S., the right to re-sell, rent, or lend out bought DVDs is protected by the [[first-sale doctrine]] under the [[Copyright Act of 1976]]. In Europe, rental and lending rights are more limited, under a 1992 European Directive that gives copyright holders broader powers to restrict the commercial renting and public lending of DVD copies of their work.
Arrangements for renting and lending differ more by geography. In the U.S., the right to re-sell, rent, or lend out bought DVDs is protected by the [[first-sale doctrine]] under the [[Copyright Act of 1976]]. In Europe, rental and lending rights are more limited, under a 1992 European Directive that gives copyright holders broader powers to restrict the commercial renting and public lending of DVD copies of their work.

Revision as of 12:14, 1 March 2010

For the binocular vision condition, see Dissociated Vertical Deviation.
DVD

DVD-R read/write side
DVD-R read/write side
Media typeOptical disc
Capacity4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer)
8.5 GB (single-sided, double-layer)
9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)
17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer – rare)
Read mechanism650 nm laser, 10.5 Mbit/s (1×)
Write mechanism10.5 Mbit/s (1×)
StandardDVD Forum's DVD Books[1][2][3] and DVD+RW Alliance specifications

DVD, also known as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, is an optical disc storage media format, and was developed and invented by Sony, and Philips in 1995. Its main uses are video and data storage. DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but store more than six times as much data.

Variations of the term DVD often indicate the way data is stored on the discs: DVD-ROM (read only memory) has data that can only be read and not written; DVD-R and DVD+R (recordable) can record data only once, and then function as a DVD-ROM; DVD-RW (re-writable), DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM (random access memory) can all record and erase data multiple times. The wavelength used by standard DVD lasers is 650 nm;[4] thus, the light has a red color.

DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs refer to properly formatted and structured video and audio content, respectively. Other types of DVDs, including those with video content, may be referred to as DVD Data discs.

History

In 1993 two optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the MultiMedia Compact Disc (MMCD) also called (CDi), backed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by Toshiba, Time Warner, Matsushita Electric, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, Pioneer, Thomson, and JVC.

Optical discs
General
Optical media types
Standards
See also

Representatives of the SD camp approached IBM, asking for advice on the file system to use for their disc as well as looking for support for their format for storing computer data. A researcher from IBM's Almaden Research Center received that request and also learned of the MMCD development project. Wary of being caught in a repeat of the costly videotape format war between VHS and Betamax in the 1980s, he convened a group of computer industry experts, including representatives from Apple, Microsoft, Sun, Dell, and many others. This group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG.

The TWG voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard.[5] Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, was recruited to apply pressure on the executives of the warring factions. Eventually, the computer companies won the day, and a single format, now called DVD, was agreed upon. The TWG also collaborated with the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as Universal Disc Format [UDF]) for use on the new DVDs.

Philips and Sony decided it was in their best interest to avoid another format war over their MultiMedia Compact Disc, and agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format with technologies from both. The specification was mostly similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option (MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was single-layer but optionally double-sided) and EFMPlus modulation.

EFMPlus was chosen because of its great resilience to disc damage, such as scratches and fingerprints. EFMPlus, created by Kees Immink (who also designed EFM), is 6% less efficient than the modulation technique originally used by Toshiba, which resulted in a capacity of 4.7 GB, as opposed to the original 5 GB. The result was the DVD specification, finalized for the DVD movie player and DVD-ROM computer applications in December 1995.

The DVD Video format was first introduced by Toshiba in Japan in November 1996, in the United States in March 1997 (test marketed),[6] in Europe in October 1998, and in Australia in February 1999.

In May 1997, the DVD Consortium was replaced by the DVD Forum, which is open to all other companies.[6] DVD specifications created and updated by the DVD Forum are published as so-called DVD Books (e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR Book, DVD-VR Book, etc).[1][2][3]

Some specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the ISO website.[7] Also, the DVD+RW Alliance publishes competing DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or DVD+RW DL. These DVD formats are also ISO standards.[8][9][10][11]

Some of DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation for a fee of $ 5000.[12][13] Every subscriber must sign a non-disclosure agreement as certain information in the DVD Book is proprietary and confidential.[12]

Etymology

The official DVD specification documents have never defined the initialism DVD. Usage in the present day varies, with Digital Versatile Disc,[14] Digital Video Disc, and DVD being the most common.

DVD was originally used as an initialism for the unofficial term digital videodisk.[15]

It was reported in 1995, at the time of the specification finalization, that the letters officially stood for Digital Versatile Disc (due to nonvideo applications).[16]

However, the text of the press release announcing the specification finalization only refers to the technology as "DVD", making no mention of what (if anything) the letters stood for.[6]

A newsgroup FAQ written by Jim Taylor (a prominent figure in the industry) claims that four years later, in 1999, the DVD Forum stated that the format name was simply the three letters "DVD" and did not stand for anything.[17]

The DVD Forum website has a section called "DVD Primer" in which the answer to the question, "What does DVD mean?" reads, "The keyword is 'versatile.' Digital Versatile Discs provide superb video, audio and data storage and access—all on one disc."[18]

DVD capacity

Capacity and nomenclature[19][20]
SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer
Designation Sides Layers
(total)		 Diameter Capacity
(cm) (GB) (GiB)
DVD-1[21] SS SL 1 1 8 1.46 1.36
DVD-2 SS DL 1 2 8 2.66 2.47
DVD-3 DS SL 2 2 8 2.92 2.72
DVD-4 DS DL 2 4 8 5.32 4.95
DVD-5 SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 4.38
DVD-9 SS DL 1 2 12 8.54 7.95
DVD-10 DS SL 2 2 12 9.40 8.75
DVD-14[22] DS DL/SL 2 3 12 13.24 12.33
DVD-18 DS DL 2 4 12 17.08 15.90
Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs
Designation Sides Layers
(total)		 Diameter Capacity
(cm) (GB) (GiB)
DVD-R SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 3.95 3.68
DVD-R SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70 4.37
DVD-RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 4.37
DVD+R SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 4.37
DVD+RW SS SL 1 1 12 4.70 4.37
DVD-R DS DL 2 2 12 9.40 8.75
DVD-RW DS DL 2 2 12 9.40 8.75
DVD+R DS DL 2 2 12 9.40 8.75
DVD+RW DS DL 2 2 12 9.40 8.75
DVD-RAM SS SL 1 1 8 1.46 1.36*
DVD-RAM DS DL 2 2 8 2.65 2.47*
DVD-RAM SS SL (1.0) 1 1 12 2.58 2.40
DVD-RAM SS SL (2.0) 1 1 12 4.70 4.37
DVD-RAM DS DL (1.0) 2 2 12 5.16 4.80
DVD-RAM DS DL (2.0) 2 2 12 9.40 8.75*

The basic types of DVD (12 cm diameter, single-sided or homogenous double-sided) are referred to by a rough approximation of their capacity in gigabytes. In draft versions of the specification, DVD-5 indeed held five gigabytes, but some parameters were changed later on as explained above, so the capacity decreased. Other formats, those with 8 cm diameter and hybrid variants, acquired similar numeric names with even larger deviation.

The 12 cm type is a standard DVD, and the 8 cm variety is known as a MiniDVD. These are the same sizes as a standard CD and a mini-CD, respectively. The capacity by surface (MiB/cm2) varies from 6.92 MiB/cm2 in the DVD-1 to 18.0 MiB/cm2 in the DVD-18.

As with hard disk drives, in the DVD realm, gigabyte and the symbol GB are usually used in the SI sense (i.e., 109, or 1,000,000,000 bytes). For distinction, gibibyte (with symbol GiB) is used (i.e., 230, or 1,073,741,824 bytes). Most computer operating systems display file sizes in gibibytes, mebibytes, and kibibytes, labeled as gigabyte, megabyte, and kilobyte, respectively.

Size comparison: a 12 cm DVD+RW and a 19 cm pencil.

Each DVD sector contains 2,418 bytes of data, 2,048 bytes of which are user data. There is a small difference in storage space between + and - (hyphen) formats:

Capacity differences of writable DVD formats
Type Sectors Bytes MB MiB GB GiB
DVD−R SL 2,298,496 4,707,319,808 4,707.320 4,489.250 4.707 4.384
DVD+R SL 2,295,104 4,700,372,992 4,700.373 4,482.625 4.700 4.378
DVD−R DL 4,171,712 8,543,666,176 8,543.666 8,147.875 8.544 7.957
DVD+R DL 4,173,824 8,547,991,552 8,547.992 8,152.000 8.548 7.961

Technology

Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive.
DVD-RW Drive operating with the protective cover removed.

DVD uses 650 nm wavelength laser diode light as opposed to 780 nm for CD. This permits a smaller pit to be etched on the media surface compared to CDs (0.74 µm for DVD versus 1.6 µm for CD), allowing for a DVD's increased storage capacity.

In comparison, Blu-ray, the successor to the DVD format, uses a wavelength of 405 nm, and one dual-layer disc has a 50 GB storage capacity.

Writing speeds for DVD were 1×, that is, 1350 kB/s (1,318 KiB/s), in the first drives and media models. More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. Note that for CD drives, 1× means 150 KiB/s (153.6 kB/s), approximately 9 times slower.[21]

DVD drive speeds
Drive speed Data rate ~Write time (min)[23]
(Mbit/s) (MB/s) (MiB/s) SL DL
1× 10.80 1.35 1.29 61 107
2× 21.60 2.70 2.57 31 54
2.4× 25.92 3.24 3.09 25 45
2.6× 28.08 3.51 3.35 23 41
4× 43.20 5.40 5.15 15 27
6× 64.80 8.10 7.72 10 18
8× 86.40 10.80 10.30 8 13
10× 108.00 13.50 12.87 6 11
12× 129.60 16.20 15.45 5 9
16× 172.80 21.60 20.60 4 7
18× 194.40 24.30 23.17 3 6
20× 216.00 27.00 25.75 3 5
22× 237.60 29.70 28.32 3 5
24× 259.20 32.40 30.90 3 4

DVD recordable and rewritable

Main article: DVD recordable

HP initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.

DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed: DVD-R/RW (hyphen), DVD+R/RW (plus), and DVD-RAM.

Dual-layer recording

Dual-layer recording (sometimes also known as double-layer recording) allows DVD-R and DVD+R discs to store significantly more data—up to 8.54 gigabytes per disc, compared with 4.7 gigabytes for single-layer discs. Along with this, DVD-DL's have slower write speeds as compared to ordinary DVD's and when played on a DVD player, a slight transition can be seen between the layers. DVD-R DL was developed for the DVD Forum by Pioneer Corporation; DVD+R DL was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by Philips and Mitsubishi Kagaku Media (MKM).[24]

A dual-layer disc differs from its usual DVD counterpart by employing a second physical layer within the disc itself. The drive with dual-layer capability accesses the second layer by shining the laser through the first semitransparent layer. In some DVD players, the layer change can exhibit a noticeable pause, up to several seconds.[25] This caused some viewers to worry that their dual-layer discs were damaged or defective, with the end result that studios began listing a standard message explaining the dual-layer pausing effect on all dual-layer disc packaging.

DVD recordable discs supporting this technology are backward-compatible with some existing DVD players and DVD-ROM drives.[24] Many current DVD recorders support dual-layer technology, and the price is now comparable to that of single-layer drives, although the blank media remain more expensive. The recording speeds reached by dual-layer media are still well below those of single-layer media.

There are two modes for dual-layer orientation. With Parallel Track Path (PTP), used on DVD-ROM, both layers start at the inside diameter (ID) and end at the outside diameter (OD) with the lead-out. With Opposite Track Path (OTP), used on many DVD Video discs, the lower layer starts at the ID and the upper layer starts at the OD, where the other layer ends; they share one lead-in and one lead-out. However, some DVD Video discs also use a parallel track, such as those authored episodically, as in a disc with several separate episodes of a TV series—where more often than not, the layer change is in-between titles and therefore would not need to be authored in the opposite track path fashion.[citation needed]

DVD Video

Main article: DVD Video

DVD Video is a standard for content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan in November 1996, in the United States in March 1997, in Europe in October 1998 and in Australia in February 1999.[26] By June 2003, weekly DVD Video rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals, reflecting the rapid adoption rate of the technology in the U.S. marketplace.[5][27] Currently, DVD Video is the dominant form of home video distribution worldwide.

Although many resolutions and formats are supported, most consumer DVD Video discs use either 4:3 or anamorphic 16:9 aspect ratio MPEG-2 video, stored at a resolution of 720/704×480 (NTSC) or 720/704×576 (PAL) at 29.97, 25, or 23.976 FPS. Audio is commonly stored using the Dolby Digital (AC-3) or Digital Theater System (DTS) formats, ranging from 16-bits/48 kHz to 24-bits/96 kHz format with monaural to 6.1-channel "Surround Sound" presentation, and/or MPEG-1 Layer 2 and/or LPCM Stereophonic. Although the specifications for video and audio requirements vary by global region and television system, many DVD players support all possible formats. DVD Video also supports features such as menus, selectable subtitles, multiple camera angles, and multiple audio tracks.

DVD Audio

Main article: DVD Audio

DVD Audio is a format for delivering high fidelity audio content on a DVD. It offers many channel configuration options (from mono to 5.1 surround sound) at various sampling frequencies (up to 24-bits/192 kHz versus CDDA's 16-bits/44.1 kHz). Compared with the CD format, the much higher-capacity DVD format enables the inclusion of considerably more music (with respect to total running time and quantity of songs) and/or far higher audio quality (reflected by higher sampling rates and greater sample resolution, and/or additional channels for spatial sound reproduction).

Despite DVD Audio's superior technical specifications, there is debate as to whether the resulting audio enhancements are distinguishable in typical listening environments. DVD Audio currently forms a niche market, probably due to the very sort of format war with rival standard SACD that DVD Video avoided.

Security

Main article: Content Protection for Recordable Media

DVD Audio discs employ a DRM mechanism, called Content Protection for Prerecorded Media (CPPM), developed by the 4C group (IBM, Intel, Matsushita, and Toshiba).

Although CPPM was supposed to be much harder to crack than DVD Video's CSS, it too was eventually cracked in 2007 with the release of the dvdcpxm tool. The subsequent release of the libdvdcpxm library (which is based on dvdcpxm) allowed for the development of open source DVD-Audio players and ripping software, such as DVD-Audio Explorer[28]. As a result, making 1:1 copies of DVD-Audio discs is now possible with relative ease, much like DVD-Video discs.

Improvements and succession

Blu-ray Disc

In 2006, a new format called Blu-ray Disc (BD), designed by Sony, Samsung, and Panasonic, was released as the successor to DVD. Another format, HD DVD, competed unsuccessfully with this format in the format war of 2006–08. A dual layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50 to 100 GB.[29][30]

However, unlike previous format changes (e.g., audio tape to compact disc, VHS videotape to DVD), there is no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD will gradually wind down, as they still dominate, with around 87% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide. In fact experts claim that the DVD will remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-Ray technology is still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor as well as the fact of necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.[5][31] Blu-ray players have struggled partly because the MPEG I-frames stored on DVD discs were based on JPEG, which carries DCT information that can be exploited to improve interpolation for higher resolutions[citation needed].

Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost[citation needed]. By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition TV and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggest that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD is due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers are satisfied with DVDs.[32] The DVD succeeded because it offered a compelling alternative to VHS. In addition, Blu-ray players are designed to be backward-compatible, allowing older DVDs to be played since the media are physically identical; this differed from the change from vinyl to CD and from tape to DVD, which involved a complete change in physical medium.

This situation can be best compared to the changeover from 78 rpm shellac recordings to 45 rpm and 33⅓ rpm vinyl recordings; because the medium used for the earlier format was virtually the same as the latter version (a disc on a turntable, played using a needle), phonographs continued to be built to play obsolete 78s for decades after the format was discontinued. Manufacturers have announced standard DVD releases well into 2009, and the format remains the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films, with some programs such as Star Trek: The Original Series requiring remastering and replacement of certain elements such as special effects in order to be better received in high-definition viewing.[33]

Holographic Versatile Disc

The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is an optical disc technology that may one day hold up to 3.9 terabytes (TB) of information, albeit the current maximum is 500GB. It employs a technique known as collinear holography.

5D DVD

The 5D DVD, being developed in the Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia, uses a multilaser system to encode and read data on multiple layers. Disc capacities are estimated at up to 10 terabytes, and the technology could be commercially ready within ten years.[34]

DVD as a backup medium

There are two considerations for a backup medium: obsolescence and durability. If there is no device that can read the medium, it is obsolete and the data is unavailable and thus lost.

Durability of DVDs is measured by how long the data may be read from the disc, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Five factors affect durability: sealing method, reflective layer, organic dye makeup, where it was manufactured, and storage practices.[35]

The longetivity of the ability to read from a DVD+R or DVD-R, is largely dependent on manufacturing quality [36] ranging from 2 to 15 years[37] [38] [39] , and is believed to be an unreliable medium for backup unless great care is taken for storage conditions and handling.

According to the Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA), "manufacturers claim life spans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM",[40] although a manufacturer of 24-karat gold-based DVDs claims lifespans of up to 300 years.[41] Of more conventional manufacturing processes, Taiyo Yuden is frequently recommended for longer durability.[35]

DVD consumer rights

DVDs that have commercial movies and television content recorded on them are subject to copyright. The rise of filesharing and "piracy" has prompted many copyright owners to display notices on DVD packaging or displayed on screen when the content is played that warn consumers of the illegality of certain uses of the DVD. It is common place to include a 90 second advert warning that copying the contents is illegal. Many consumers find these messages irritating. Many DVD's prevent forwarding of the warning forcing the consumer to watch. Ironically, these irritations are typically absent on illegal copies.

Arrangements for renting and lending differ more by geography. In the U.S., the right to re-sell, rent, or lend out bought DVDs is protected by the first-sale doctrine under the Copyright Act of 1976. In Europe, rental and lending rights are more limited, under a 1992 European Directive that gives copyright holders broader powers to restrict the commercial renting and public lending of DVD copies of their work.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b DVD FLLC (2009-02) DVD Book Construction - list of all available DVD Books, Retrieved on 2009-07-24
  2. ^ a b DVD FLLC DVD Format Book - History of Supplements for DVD Books, Retrieved on 2009-07-24
  3. ^ a b MPEG.org, DVD Books overview, Retrieved on 2009-07-24
  4. ^ "Build Your Skills: A comparison between DVD and CD-ROM".
  5. ^ a b c "E-commerce and Video Distribution: DVD and Blu-ray".
  6. ^ a b c Johnson, Lawrence B. (September 7, 1997). "For the DVD, Disney Magic May Be the Key". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-25. Cite error: The named reference "uni_PR" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ ISO ISO Freely Available Standards, Retrieved on 2009-07-24
  8. ^ ISO ISO/IEC 17344:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R format -- Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X), Retrieved on 2009-07-26
  9. ^ ISO ISO/IEC 25434:2008, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R DL format -- Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X), Retrieved on 2009-07-26
  10. ^ ISO ISO/IEC 17341:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW format -- Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X), Retrieved on 2009-07-26
  11. ^ ISO ISO/IEC 26925:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW HS format -- Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X), Retrieved on 2009-07-26
  12. ^ a b DVD FLLC (2009) DVD Format Book, Retrieved on 2009-08-14
  13. ^ DVD FLLC (2009) How To Obtain DVD Format/Logo License (2005-2009), Retrieved on 2009-08-14
  14. ^ DVD Primer at DVDForum.org
  15. ^ "A Battle for Influence Over Insatiable Disks". The New York Times. 1995-01-11. Retrieved 2007-04-09. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ "DVD designers go with AC-3 Final specs for 'digital versatile disc'..." 1995-12-11. Retrieved 2007-04-16.
  17. ^ "DVD FAQ". DVD Demystified. 2006-09-12.
  18. ^ "DVD Primer". DVD Forum. 2004-11-14. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
  19. ^ "DVD Book A: Physical parameters". Mpeg.org. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  20. ^ Cinram: DVD in Detail[dead link]
  21. ^ a b Jim Taylor. "DVD Demystifed FAQ". Dvddemystified.com. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  22. ^ "DVD-14". AfterDawn Ltd. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
  23. ^ The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)
  24. ^ a b Robert DeMoulin. "Understanding Dual Layer DVD Recording". BurnWorld.com. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
  25. ^ "DVD players benchmark". hometheaterhifi.com. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  26. ^ "Discount stores are a video lover's channel of choice". Discount Store News (via findarticles.com). 1998-08-10. Retrieved 2008-03-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Bakalis, Anna (2003-06-20). "It's unreel: DVD rentals overtake videocassettes". Washington Times. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ "DVD-Audio ripper". Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  29. ^ "What is Blu-ray Disc?". Sony. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  30. ^ "DVD FAQ: 3.13 - What about the new HD formats?". 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  31. ^ "High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years". Movieweb.com. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  32. ^ "Gates And Ballmer On "Making The Transition"". BusinessWeek. 2004-04-19. Retrieved 2009-08-22. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  33. ^ "Kirk/Spock STAR TREK To Get All-New HD Spaceships". Aintitcool.com. Retrieved 2009-08-22.[unreliable source?]
  34. ^ "'5D' storage could hold 2,000 times more than 1 DVD". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. CBC News. 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  35. ^ a b "How To Choose CD/DVD Archival Media". 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  36. ^ "Blank DVD Media Quality". Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  37. ^ "Optical Media Longetivity". Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  38. ^ "DVD Durability". Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  39. ^ "The Life-Span of DVDs". january 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "How long will data recorded on writable DVD discs remain readable?". Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  41. ^ "New Gold KODAK CD and DVD Promise a 80 to 300 Years of Lifetime". 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2009-03-14.

DVD Manufacturing

Further reading

  • Bennett, Hugh (April 2004). "Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD". Optical Storage Technology Association. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
  • Labarge, Ralph. DVD Authoring and Production. Gilroy, Calif.: CMP Books, 2001. ISBN 1-57820-082-2.
  • Taylor, Jim. DVD Demystified, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000. ISBN 0-07-135026-8.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: All About Converting From Several Video Formats To DVD
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