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{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox actor
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
| name = Sarah Jessica Parker

| image = Sarah Jessica Parker at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival 3.jpg
{{Taxobox
| imagesize =
| name = Domestic horse
| caption = Parker at the 2009 premiere of ''[[Wonderful World (film)|Wonderful World]]''
| status = DOM
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1965|3|25}}
| image = Nokota Horses cropped.jpg
| birthplace = {{city-state|Nelsonville|Ohio}}, U.S.
| image_width = 250px
| spouse = [[Matthew Broderick]] (1997–present)
| alt = Two horses standing in open grassland with rolling hills and trees visible in the background.
| yearsactive = 1974–present
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| occupation = Actress, producer
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]
| familia = [[Equidae]]
| genus = ''[[Equus (genus)|Equus]]''
| species = ''[[Wild horse|E. ferus]]''
| subspecies = '''''E. f. caballus'''''
| trinomial = ''Equus ferus caballus''
| trinomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758<ref name="Linn1758">
{{cite book
| last = Linnaeus
| first = Carolus
| authorlink = Carl Linnaeus
| title = Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis.
| publisher = Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii)
| year = 1758
| page = 73
| url = http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726976
| accessdate = 2008-09-08
| volume = 1
| edition = 10th
}}</ref>
| synonyms = 48<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14100016
| title = Mammal Species of the World - Browse: caballus
| work = bucknell.edu
| year = 2010 [last update]
| accessdate = 8 February 2010
}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''Sarah Jessica Parker''' (born March 25, 1965) is an American film, television, and [[theater]] actress and producer. She is best known for her leading role as [[Carrie Bradshaw]] in the [[HBO]] television series ''[[Sex and the City]]'', for which she won four [[Golden Globe Award]]s, three [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]], and two [[Emmy Award]]s. She played the same role in the 2008 feature film based on the show, ''[[Sex and the City: The Movie]]'', and its sequel, ''[[Sex and the City 2]]'', scheduled to open on May 28, 2010.
The '''horse''' (''Equus ferus caballus'')<ref>{{cite book|title=Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |editor=Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2005|edition=3rd|chapter=Equus caballus|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&dq=isbn+%22Mammal+Species+of+the+World%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=QbeW1To338&sig=0856kmiP-BOLdtccTOoQAaYH464&hl=en&ei=GJVIS-uRHsqLkAXjy437Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Equus%20caballus&f=false |isbn=0-8018-8221-4}} See also [http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14100015 Bucknell University web page]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|year=2003|title=Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010).|journal=Bull.Zool.Nomencl.|volume=60|issue=1|pages=81–84|url=http://www.iczn.org/BZNMar2003opinions.htm#opinion2027}}</ref> is a hooved ([[ungulate]]) [[mammal]], a subspecies of the family [[Equidae]]. The horse has [[evolution of the horse|evolved]] over the past 45 to 55&nbsp;million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, [[odd-toed ungulate|single-toed]] animal of today. Humans began to [[Domestication|domesticate]] horses around 4000&nbsp;BCE, and their [[domestication of the horse|domestication]] is believed to have been widespread by 3000&nbsp;BCE. Although most horses today are domesticated, there are still endangered populations of the [[Przewalski's Horse]], the only remaining true [[wild horse]], as well as more common populations of [[feral horse]]s which live in the wild but are descended from domesticated ancestors. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from [[anatomy]] to life stages, size, [[equine coat color|colors]], [[horse markings|markings]], [[List of horse breeds|breeds]], [[animal locomotion|locomotion]], and behavior.


Parker has also appeared in many other films, including ''[[Footloose (1984 film)|Footloose]]'' (1984), [[L.A. Story]]'' (1991), ''[[Honeymoon in Vegas]]'' (1992), ''[[Hocus Pocus (film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' (1993), ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' (1996), ''[[State and Main]]'' (2000), ''[[The Family Stone]]'' (2005), ''[[Smart People]]'' (2008), and ''[[Did You Hear About the Morgans?]]'' (2009).
Horses' anatomy enables them to make use of speed to escape predators and they have a well-developed [[Equilibrioception|sense of balance]] and a strong [[Fight-or-flight response|fight-or-flight]] instinct. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. Female horses, called [[mare]]s, carry their young for approximately 11&nbsp;months, and a young horse, called a [[foal]], can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under [[saddle]] or in [[Horse harness|harness]] between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30&nbsp;years.


==Early life==
Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as [[draft horse]]s and some [[Pony|ponies]], suitable for slow, heavy work; and "[[warmblood]]s", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are over 300&nbsp;breeds of horses in the world today, developed for many different uses.
Sarah Jessica Parker was born in [[Nelsonville, Ohio]], the daughter of Barbara (née Keck), a nursery school operator and [[teacher]], and Stephen Parker, an [[entrepreneur]] and [[journalist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/48/Sarah-Jessica-Parker.html |title=Sarah Jessica Parker Biography (1965-) |publisher=Filmreference.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref><ref name=refwho/> She was one of a total of eight children from her parents' marriage and her mother's second marriage (her full siblings include actors [[Timothy Britten Parker]] and [[Pippin Parker]]). After her parents' divorce, her mother married Paul Forste, a truck driver and account executive who was a part of Parker's life from an early age.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fabrikant |first=Geraldine |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/30/business/talking-money-with-sarah-jessica-parker-start-welfare-riches-city.html |title=Talking Money With - Sarah Jessica Parker - Talking Money With - Sarah Jessica Parker - From A Start On Welfare To Riches In The City |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=2000-07-30 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> Parker's mother was of English and German descent, while Parker's father, a native of [[Brooklyn]], was of [[Eastern Europe]]an [[Jew]]ish background; his family's original surname was "Bar-Kahn" ("son of [[Kohen]]").<ref name="ancestry"/><ref name=refwho>{{cite episode|title =1|episodelink = |series = Who Do You Think You Are?|serieslink = Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?|network = [[NBC]]|airdate = 2010-03-05|season = 1|number = 1}}</ref> Parker has identified culturally and ethnically with Judaism, although she had no religious training.<ref name="ancestry"/> She has said that even while her family lived in Cincinnati, her mother emulated a New York lifestyle.<ref name="ancestry">{{cite news|last=Pogrebin|first=Abigail|coauthors=|title=Excerpt: 'Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk About Being Jewish' by Abigail Pogrebin|pages=|publisher=ABC News|date=2005-12-26|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Books/story?id=1429337|accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref>


As a young girl, Parker trained in singing and ballet, and was soon cast in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[revival]] of William Archibald's ''The Innocents''.<ref name=actors1>Stated on ''[[Inside the Actors Studio]]'', 2008</ref> Her family moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] and then to [[Dobbs Ferry, New York]], near New York City, so that she could get specialized training. There her mother and stepfather helped Parker develop her career as a child actress. In 1977, the family moved to the newly opened [[planned community]] on [[Roosevelt Island]], in the [[East River]] between [[Manhattan]] and [[Queens]], and later to Manhattan. The family later moved to [[Englewood, New Jersey]], where Parker attended [[Dwight Morrow High School]].<ref>Klein, Alvin. [http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F40614F7385F0C738FDDA90994DB484D81 "ACTRESS, 18, HAS SOME REGRETS"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 30, 1983. Accessed December 27, 2007. "Before attending Hollywood High School, she was a student at Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood. After living for a while on Roosevelt Island, between Manhattan and Queens, Mr. and Mrs. Forste bought a house in Englewood."</ref>
Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits, as well as in working activities such as [[Mounted police|police work]], [[working animal|agriculture]], entertainment, and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of [[equestrianism|riding]] and [[driving (horse)|driving]] techniques developed, using many different styles of [[Horse tack|equipment]] and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as [[veterinarian]]s and [[farrier]]s.


Parker attended the [[School for Creative and Performing Arts]] in Cincinnati, the [[School of American Ballet]] in New York, [[Dwight Morrow High School]] in New Jersey, and the [[Professional Children's School]], [[Hollywood High School]] in Los Angeles, California.
==Biology==
{{Main|Equine anatomy}}
[[File:Dessin cheval grand.jpg|right|thumb|Parts of a horse|upright=1.5|alt=Diagram of a horse with some parts labeled.]]


==Acting career==
[[Horse anatomy]] is described by a large number of specific terms, as illustrated by the chart to the right. Specific terms also describe various ages, colors and [[list of horse breeds|breeds]].
Parker and four siblings appeared in a production of ''[[The Sound of Music]]'' at the outdoor Municipal Theatre (Muny) in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].<ref>[http://www.muny.org/content/view/52/42/ "History"], The Municipal Theatre</ref> She was selected for a role in the new 1977-81 Broadway musical ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'': first in the small role of "July" and then succeeding [[Andrea McArdle]] and [[Shelley Bruce]] in the lead role of the [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era orphan, beginning March 1979. Parker held the role for a year.


In 1982, Parker was cast as the co-lead of the [[Columbia Broadcasting System|CBS]] sitcom ''[[Square Pegs]]''. The show lasted just one season, but Parker's performance, as a shy teen who showed hidden depths, was critically well-received. In the three years that followed, she was cast in four films: the most significant being ''[[Footloose (1984 film)|Footloose]]'' in 1984 and 1984's ''[[Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)|Girls Just Wanna Have Fun]]'', co-starring [[Helen Hunt]]. In 1986, Parker appeared in the cult classic ''[[Flight of the Navigator]]'', a [[Disney]] [[science fiction]] film.
===Age===
Depending on breed, management and environment, the domestic horse today has a life expectancy of 25 to 30&nbsp;years.<ref name=Ensminger46/> It is uncommon, but a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/info_age.htm|title=The Age of a Horse|publisher=Government of Ontario|work=Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs|author=Wright, B.|date=March 29, 1999|accessdate=2009-10-21}}</ref> The oldest verifiable record was "[[Old Billy]]", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62.<ref name=Ensminger46/><ref name="horsefacts">{{cite web |url= http://www.fbresearch.org/HorseFacts/Facts/|title= The Mane Facts About Horse Health|accessdate=2007-01-22 |work= Horsefacts.org |publisher= Foundation for Biomedical Research}}</ref> In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007, aged 56.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9708|title= World's Oldest Living Pony Dies at 56|accessdate=2007-05-31 |author= Ryder, Erin |work= TheHorse.com |publisher= The Horse}}</ref>


By the early 1990s, Parker's career was gaining momentum. In 1991, she appeared in a supporting role in the romantic comedy, ''[[L.A. Story]]''; both the movie and her performance garnered positive reviews.<ref name=actors1/> The following year, she landed an important starring role in the well-received film ''[[Honeymoon in Vegas]]'', co-starring [[Nicolas Cage]]. Her 1993 role in the film ''[[Hocus Pocus (film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' was a higher grosser at the box office but received negative reviews. Also in 1993, she starred as a police diver opposite [[Bruce Willis]] in film ''[[Striking Distance]]''. The following year, she appeared opposite [[Johnny Depp]] in the critically acclaimed movie ''[[Ed Wood (film)|Ed Wood]]''<ref name=actors1/> as Wood's girlfriend [[Dolores Fuller]].
Regardless of a horse's actual birth date, for most competition purposes an animal is considered a year older on January&nbsp;1 of each year in the northern hemisphere<ref name=Ensminger46/><ref>British Horse Society ''The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society'' p. 255</ref> and August&nbsp;1 in the southern hemisphere.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES |format=PDF |title= Rules of the Australian Stud Book |accessdate=2008-07-09 |year= 2007 |publisher=Australian Jockey Club |page=7}}</ref> The exception is in [[endurance riding]], where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's calendar age.<ref name=Endurance>{{cite web |url= http://www.aerc.org/horseage.asp|title= Age Matters (Your Horse's Age, That Is!)|accessdate=2008-04-05|work= |publisher= American Endurance Riding Conference}}</ref> A very rough estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its [[Horse teeth|teeth]].<ref name=Ensminger46/>


The film ''[[Miami Rhapsody]]'', in 1995, was a romantic comedy in which she had a leading role. In 1996, she appeared in another [[Tim Burton]]-directed movie, ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'', as well as in ''[[The First Wives Club]]'' and ''[[The Substance of Fire]]'', in which she reprised her 1991 stage role. In 1997, she appeared as Francesca Lanfield, a washed-up former child actress, in the comedy ''[[Till There Was You]]''.
The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:
* [[Foal]]: a horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a ''suckling'' and a foal that has been weaned is called a ''weanling.''<ref name=Ensminger418>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 418</ref> Most domesticated foals are weaned at 5 to 7&nbsp;months of age, although foals can be weaned at 4 months with no adverse effects.<ref>Giffen, et al., ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'', p. 431</ref>
* [[Yearling (horse)|Yearling]]: a horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.<ref>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 430</ref>
* [[Colt (horse)|Colt]]: a male horse under the age of four.<ref>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 415</ref> A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt", when the term actually only refers to young male horses.<ref>Becker, et al., ''Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?'', p. 23</ref>
* [[Filly]]: a female horse under the age of four.<ref name=Ensminger418/>
* [[Mare]]: a female horse four years old and older.<ref>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 422</ref>
* [[Stallion]]: a non-castrated male horse four years old and older.<ref>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 427</ref> Some people, particularly in the UK, refer to a stallion as a "horse".<ref name=Ensminger420>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 420</ref>
* [[Gelding]]: a [[castration|castrated]] male horse of any age.<ref name=Ensminger418/>


==''Sex and the City'' (1998–2004, 2008–present)==
In [[horse racing]], these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, [[Thoroughbred]] horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm|title= Glossary of Horse Racing Terms|accessdate=2008-04-03 |work= Equibase.com|publisher= Equibase Company, LLC}}</ref> However, for Australian Thoroughbred racing, colts and fillies are<!--and American--> less than four years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES|title=Rules of the Australian Stud Book|accessdate=2010-02-05|page=9|date=July 2008|publisher=Australian Jockey Club Ltd and Victoria Racing Club Ltd}}</ref><!--the harness racing bit somehow was scrambled, so tossed as not really needed-->
[[File:Sarah Jessica Parker 2.jpg|thumb|175px|Parker in New York City, June 2003]]
The script for an [[HBO]] drama/comedy series titled ''[[Sex and the City]]'' was sent to Parker. The show's creator, [[Darren Star]], wanted her for his project. Despite some doubts about being cast in a long-term television series, Parker agreed to star.<ref name="city">{{cite web | title=365gay.com | work=Sarah Jessica Parker | url=http://www.365gay.com/entertainment/feature/022706feature.htm | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=March 13 2006}}</ref>


After five nominations, in 2004, Parker won an [[Emmy Award]] for her lead role. Parker said in 2006 that she "will never do a television show again".<ref name="tv">{{cite web | title=365gay.com | work=Sarah Jessica Parker | url=http://www.365gay.com/entertainment/feature/022706feature.htm | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=March 16 2006}} available at the [http://web.archive.org/web/20060323111952/http://www.365gay.com/entertainment/feature/022706feature.htm Internet Archive]</ref><ref name="newtv">{{cite web | title=United Press | work=Sarah Jessica Parker in new HBO project | url=http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20060315-085052-8876r | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=March 16 2006}}</ref>
===Size and measurement===
{{See also|Hand (length)}}
The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the [[withers]], where the neck meets the [[back (horse)|back]]. This point was chosen as it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down.


After ''Sex and the City'' ended in 2004, rumors of a film version circulated. It was revealed that a script had been completed for such a project. At the time, Parker said such a film would likely never be made.<ref name="movie">{{cite web | title=Winnipeg Sun | work=No Sex for Sarah | url=http://winnipegsun.com/SundayFocus/2006/02/26/1462865-sun.html | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=March 13 2006}}</ref> Two years later, preparations were resumed, and [[Sex and the City (film)|the film]] was released on May 30, 2008.
The English-speaking world measures the height of horses in [[Hand (length)|hands]] (abbreviated "h" or "hh", for "hands high") and [[inch]]es. One hand is equal to {{convert|101.6|mm|in|0}}. The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a decimal point, then the number of additional inches. Thus, a horse described as "15.2 h" is 15&nbsp;hands ({{convert|60|in|cm|1}}) plus {{convert|2|in|cm|1}}, for a total of {{convert|62|in|cm|1}} in height.<ref name=Ensminger51>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 51</ref>


==Later career==
[[File:Horse-and-pony.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and a miniature horse.|alt=A large brown horse is chasing a small horse in a pasture.]]
In addition to work in film and television, Parker has gained respect as a stage actor, having appeared in well-reviewed lead roles in the off-Broadway play ''[[Sylvia (play)|Sylvia]]'', alongside future husband [[Matthew Broderick]] in ''[[How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying]]'', and the [[Tony Award]]-nominated ''[[Once Upon a Mattress]]''.


In December 2005, Parker appeared in her first film in several years, ''[[The Family Stone]]''; she received a [[Golden Globe]] nomination as ''Best Actress&nbsp;— Comedy'' for the role. Her next film, the romantic comedy ''[[Failure to Launch]]'', co-starring [[Matthew McConaughey]], was released on March 10, 2006 and opened at #1 in the North American box office, grossing slightly over $24 million in its opening weekend,<ref name="failure">{{cite web | title=13Wham.com | work=McConaughey & Parker's Film Soars to the Top | url=http://www.13wham.com/entertainment/story.aspx?content_id=8669C83F-4E19-465F-8D14-7B88D1FA0D53 | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=March 13 2006}}</ref> despite mediocre reviews.<ref name="reviews">{{cite web | title=Rotten Tomatoes | work=Failure to Launch | url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/failure_to_launch/ | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=March 13 2006}}</ref> Parker's work as a producer continued with the [[independent film]] ''[[Spinning Into Butter]]'' (which she also starred in), based on the Rebecca Gilman play. Parker was initially set to star in ''[[Vacancy (film)|Vacancy]]'', along with her co-star from ''[[The Family Stone]]'', [[Luke Wilson]], but she dropped out in favor of other projects. [[Kate Beckinsale]] later won the role.
The size of horses varies by [[list of horse breeds|breed]], but also is influenced by [[equine nutrition|nutrition]]. Light riding horses usually range in height from {{hands|14|to|16}} and can weigh from {{convert|380|to|550|kg}}.<ref>Bongianni ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses & Ponies of the World'' entry 1,68,69</ref> Larger riding horses usually start at about {{hands|15.2}} and often are as tall as {{hands|17}}, weighing from {{convert|500|to|600|kg}}.<ref>Bongianni ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses & Ponies of the World'' entry 12,30,31,32,75</ref> Heavy or [[draft horse]]s are usually at least {{hands|16|to|18}} high and can weigh from about {{convert|700|to|1000|kg}}.<ref>Bongianni ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses & Ponies of the World'' entry 86, 96, 97</ref><!--tossed the breed examples here, just leaving, "light" "draft" etc., which we explain later anyway, this was also a magnet for laundry-listing -->


On July 20, US cable network [[Bravo (US TV network)|Bravo]] announced it had picked up a reality show produced by Parker under the working title ''American Artist''.<ref>{{cite web |url=
The largest horse in recorded history was probably a [[Shire horse]] named [[Sampson (horse)|Mammoth]], who was born in 1848. He stood 21.2½ hands high ({{convert|86.5|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=/}}), and his peak weight was estimated at {{convert|1500|kg}}.<ref name=Whitaker60>Whitaker ''The Horse'' p. 60</ref> The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is [[Thumbelina (horse)|Thumbelina]], a fully mature [[miniature horse]] affected by [[dwarfism]]. She is {{convert|17|in|cm}} tall and weighs {{convert|57|lb|kg}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=409317&in_page_id=1770|title=Meet Thumbelina, the World's Smallest Horse |accessdate=2006-10-08 |author= Martin, Arthur |work= Daily Mail}}</ref>
http://www.thrfeed.com/2008/07/sarah-jessica-p.html |title=Sarah Jessica Parker lands show at Bravo|work= The Live Feed}}</ref> As a self-described "art enthusiast", Parker will feature artists of any age over 17, with each show having 13 finalists. Parker's inspiration comes from her mother-in-law, whose artwork became noticed only after she died.<ref>Douglas, Sarah. "[http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/31909/sarah-jessica-parker-on-bringing-art-to-reality/ "Sarah Jessica Parker on Bringing Art to Reality"], ''[[ARTINFO]]'', July 2, 2009.</ref>


Parker is producing a new comedy series for HBO called ''Washingtonienne''. The pilot is currently in production and will air in 2009. The show revolves around the lives of three smart and sophisticated friends, all working for powerful men on [[Capitol Hill]].
====Ponies====
{{Main|Pony}}
The general rule for height between a horse and a [[pony]] at maturity is {{hands|14.2}}. An animal 14.2&nbsp;h or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2&nbsp;h a pony.<ref name=EnsmingerHT11>Ensminger ''Horses and Tack'' pp. 11–12</ref> However, there are many exceptions to the general rule. In Australia, ponies measure under {{hands|14}}.<ref>Howlett, ''Ponies in Australia'', p. 14</ref> The [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]], which uses [[metric system|metric]] measurements, defines the cutoff between horses and ponies at {{convert|148|cm|in|2}} (just over 14.2 h) without shoes and {{convert|149|cm|in|2}} (just over 14.2-1/2 h) with shoes.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf | title=Annex XVII: Extracts from Rules for Pony Riders and Children, 9th edition |publisher=Fédération Equestre Internationale | year =2009| accessdate= 2010-03-07}}</ref> Some breeds which typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2&nbsp;h considered all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height.<ref>For example, the [[Missouri Fox Trotter]] or the [[Arabian horse]]. See McBane ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds'' pp. 192, 218</ref> Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2&nbsp;h, but are still considered to be ponies.<ref>For example, the [[Welsh Pony]]. ''See'' McBane ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds'' pp. 52–63</ref>


Parker is participating in the United States version of the hit UK television series ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' for NBC. Celebrities are helped to trace their family trees. The executive producer is [[Lisa Kudrow]]. The series will feature Parker, husband [[Matthew Broderick]], Kudrow and others.<ref>{{cite web|author=Permalink |url=http://www.nbc.com/news/2009/01/28/lisa-kudrow-sarah-jessica-parker-and-susan-sarandon-star-in-nbcs-who-do-you-think-you-are-premiering |title=LISA KUDROW, SARAH JESSICA PARKER AND SUSAN SARANDON STAR IN NBC'S 'WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE?' PREMIERING APRIL 20 |publisher=NBC.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref>
The distinction between a horse and pony is not simply a difference in height, but other aspects of ''[[phenotype]]'' or appearance, such as [[Equine conformation|conformation]] and temperament. Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of equine intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers.<ref name=EnsmingerHT11/> In fact, small size, by itself, is sometimes not a factor at all. While the [[Shetland pony]] stands on average {{hands|10}},<ref name=HorseTack12>Ensminger ''Horses and Tack'' p. 12</ref> the [[Falabella]] and other [[miniature horse]]s, which can be no taller than {{convert|30|in|cm}}, the size of a medium-sized dog, are classified by their respective [[breed registry|registries]] as very small horses rather than as ponies.<ref>McBane ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds'' p. 200</ref>


==Fashion industry==
===Colors and markings===
A fashion icon, Parker has become very influential in the world of fashion. In 2000, she hosted the [[MTV Movie Awards]], appearing in 15 different outfits during the show. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Main|Equine coat color|Equine coat color genetics|Horse markings}}
[[File:Horsescd1l-095.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|[[Bay (horse)|Bay]] (left) and [[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]] (sometimes called "sorrel") are two of the most common coat colors, seen in almost all breeds.|alt=Two horses in a field. The one on the left is a dark brown with black mane and tail. The one on the right is a light red all over.]]


She has also become the face of many of the world's biggest fashion brands through her work in a variety of advertising campaigns. In August 2003, Parker signed a lucrative deal with [[Garnier]] to appear in TV and print advertising promoting their Nutrisse hair products. In 2004, she fronted an international campaign by [[Gap (clothing retailer)|Gap]], but her contract was terminated in spring 2005 in favor of British soul singer [[Joss Stone]]. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
Horses exhibit a diverse array of [[Equine coat color|coat colors]] and distinctive [[horse markings|markings]], described with a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex.<ref>Vogel, ''The Complete Horse Care Manual'', p. 14</ref> Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white [[horse markings|markings]],<ref>Mills, et al., ''A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management'', pp. 72–73</ref> which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4354|title=A Horse of a Different Color|journal=The Horse|format=Registration required|accessdate=2010-02-11|author=Corum, Stephanie J.|date=May 1, 2003}}</ref>


Parker released her own perfume in 2005, called "Lovely".<ref name=actors1/> In March 2007, Parker announced the launch of her own fashion line, "Bitten",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bittensjp.com/ |title=bittensjp.com |publisher=bittensjp.com |date= |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> in partnership with discount clothing chain [[Steve & Barry's]].<ref>[http://www.enjoyfashion.com/celebrities/celebrity-fashion/parker-is-launching-fashion-line-20070314-79.html Actress Sarah Jessica Parker is launching her own fashion line] EnjoyFashion, March 14, 2007</ref> The line, featuring clothing items and accessories under $20, launched on June 7, 2007, exclusively at Steve and Barry's.<ref>[http://www.fashionweekdaily.com/news/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=410739&itype=8486 "Bitten Revealed!"], ''Fashion Week Daily'', March 13, 2007</ref>
Many [[Equine coat color genetics|genes]] that create horse coat colors have been identified, although research continues to further identify factors that result in specific traits. One of the first genetic relationships to be understood was that between recessive "red" ([[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]]) and dominant "black", which is controlled by the "red factor" or [[Melanocortin 1 receptor|extension gene]]. Additional [[allele]]s control spotting, graying, suppression or [[dilution gene|dilution]] of color, and other effects that create the dozens of possible coat colors found in horses.<ref name=UCVGL>{{cite web |url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php|title= Horse Coat Color Tests|accessdate=2008-05-01 |work= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory |publisher= University of California}}</ref>


In July 2007, following the success of "Lovely," Parker released her second fragrance "Covet." In 2007, Parker was a guest on ''[[Project Runway]]'' for the second challenge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caseofthecovetedbottle.com/ |title=caseofthecovetedbottle.com |publisher=caseofthecovetedbottle.com |date=2010-02-18 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> In 2008, Covet Pure Bloom was released as continuous series of Covet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.feelingsexy.com.au/description.aspx?brandid=14480&designer=SARAH%20JESSICA%20PARKER&gen=F |title=Feeling Sexy - Pure Bloom Perfume by Sarah Jessica Parker |publisher=feelingsexy.com.au |accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref> In February 2009, as part of the "Lovely" collection, Parker launched a series of three new fragrances called "Dawn", "Endless" and "Twilight". {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
[[Chestnut (coat)|Chestnut]], [[bay (horse)|bay, brown]], and [[Black (horse)|black]] are the basic equine coat colors. These colors are modified by at least ten other genes to create all other colors, including dilutions such as [[palomino]] and spotting patterns such as [[pinto horse|pinto]].<ref name=UCVGL/> Horses which are white in coat color are often mislabeled as "white" horses. However, a horse that looks white is usually a middle-aged or older [[gray (horse)|gray]]. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, and usually have black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of pink skin under white [[horse markings|markings]]). The only horses properly called [[white (horse)|white]] are born with a white hair coat and have predominantly pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolor.php|title= Introduction to Coat Color Genetics|accessdate=2008-05-01|work= Veterinary Genetics Laboratory |publisher= University of California}}</ref> There are no truly "[[Albinism|albino]]" horses having both pink skin and red eyes.<ref name=Duplicatetest>{{cite journal |url= http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00481.x?journalCode=jbg |title= Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal condition in the horse (Equus caballus) (2004)|accessdate=9 January 2009 |author= Mau, C., Poncet, P. A., Bucher, B., Stranzinger, G. & Rieder, S. |journal= Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics|volume= 121 (6)|doi= 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00481.x |pages= 374–383}}</ref>


==Personal life==
===Reproduction and development===
Parker was romantically involved with actor [[Robert Downey, Jr.]] from 1984 until 1991. They met on the set of ''[[Firstborn (film)|Firstborn]]''. Downey had a drug problem, which affected their relationship. Parker has said, "I believed I was the person holding him together.".<ref name="addiction">{{cite web | title=Entertainment Wise | work=Sarah Jessica Parker Knows All About Addiction | url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news?id=14640 | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=March 15 2006}}</ref>
{{Main|Horse breeding}}
[[File:Matthew Broderick Sarah Jessica Parker Shankbone 2009 Tribeca.jpg|left|thumb|[[Matthew Broderick]] and Parker in 2009.]]
[[Gestation]] lasts for approximately 335–340&nbsp;days<ref name=HorseTack129>Ensminger ''Horses and Tack'' p. 129</ref> and usually results in one [[foal]]. Twins are rare.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www2.okstate.edu/pio/twinfoals.html|accessdate=2008-09-23|title=Rare Twin Foals Born at Vet Hospital: Twin Birth Occurrences Number One in Ten Thousand| author=Johnson, Tom|work= Communications Services, Oklahoma State University|publisher= Oklahoma State University}}</ref> Horses are a [[precocial]] species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth.<ref>Miller, ''Revolution,'' pp. 102–103</ref>
On May 19, 1997, she married actor [[Matthew Broderick]], to whom she was introduced to by one of her brothers at the [[Naked Angels theater company]], where they both performed.<ref name="partyover">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/theater/14hoba.html "For Naked Angels, the Party's Over. Time to Get Serious Again"], "The New York Times", May 14, 2006</ref> The couple married in a [[civil marriage|civil ceremony]] in an historic [[synagogue]] on the [[Lower East Side, Manhattan|Lower East Side]] of [[Manhattan]]. (Though no longer used as a house of worship, it can be reserved for events.) The couple's son James Wilke Broderick was born on October 28, 2002. He was named after Broderick's father, the actor [[James Broderick|James Joseph Broderick]] and writer [[Wilkie Collins]]. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}


Parker and Broderick's surrogate mother delivered their twin daughters, Marion Loretta Elwell and Tabitha Hodge, on June 22, 2009. Their middle names of "Elwell" and "Hodge" are from Parker's mother's family. <ref name="twins2">{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20286959,00.html|title=Sarah Jessica Parker and Matthew Broderick Reveal Twins' Names|work=people.com|accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref>.
Horses, particularly colts, sometimes are physically capable of reproduction at about 18&nbsp;months, but domesticated horses are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females.<ref name=HorseTack129/> Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; maturation also depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, and quality of care. Also, if the horse is larger, its bones are larger; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to actually form [[Osseous tissue|bone tissue]], but the [[epiphyseal plate]]s are also larger and take longer to convert from [[cartilage]] to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equineortho.colostate.edu/questions/dod.htm |title=Developmental Orthopaedic Disease: Problems of Limbs in young Horses|accessdate=2008-04-20|author= McIlwraith, C.W.|publisher=Colorado State University|work=Orthopaedic Research Center}}</ref>


As of 2009, she lives in New York City with her husband, son, and daughters. The couple frequently attend arts performances. They also spend considerable time at their holiday home near [[Kilcar]], a village in [[County Donegal]], [[Ireland]], where Broderick spent summers as a child. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and [[horse training|trained]] to be ridden between the ages of two and four.<ref name=Train163>Thomas ''Storey's Guide to Training Horses'' p. 163</ref> Although [[Thoroughbred]] [[Horse racing|race horses]] are put on the track at as young as two years old in some countries,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jockeyclub.com/factbook.asp?section=11|title= 2-Year-Old Racing (US and Canada)|accessdate=2008-04-28 |work= Online Fact Book|publisher= Jockey Club}}</ref> horses specifically bred for sports such as [[dressage]] are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed.<ref>Bryant, ''The USDF Guide to Dressage'', pp. 271-272</ref> For [[endurance riding]] competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60&nbsp;calendar months (5 years) old.<ref name=Endurance/>


Parker is a prominent member of the Hollywood's Women's Political Committee. She is [[United Nations Children's Fund|UNICEF]]'s Representative for the Performing Arts; in 2006, she traveled to [[Liberia]] as a UNICEF celebrity ambassador. She said, "It's a place that gets little or no attention, so we're going to try and bring some attention to it".<ref name="Liberia">{{cite web|title=Star Pulse|work=Sarah Jessica Parker Joins UNICEF, Will Travel to Liberia|url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2006/03/13/sarah_jessica_parker_joins_unicef_will_t|dateformat=mdy|accessdate=2006-03-16}}</ref> She is a [[UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador]] for the United States. Parker has defended [[Israel]]'s actions in trying to protect its people.<ref name="ancestry">{{cite news|last=Pogrebin|first=Abigail|coauthors=|title=Excerpt: 'Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk About Being Jewish' by Abigail Pogrebin|pages=|publisher=ABC News|date=2005-12-26|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Books/story?id=1429337|accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref>
===Anatomy===
Parker appeared on the premiere episode of ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' on March 5, 2010, where she discovered she had ancestors in the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1849-50 and in the [[Salem witch trials|Salem Witch Trials]] of 1692. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Main|Equine anatomy}}
{{See also|Muscular system of the horse|Respiratory system of the horse|Circulatory system of the horse}}
====Skeletal system====
{{Main|Skeletal system of the horse}}
[[File:Horseanatomy.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The skeletal system of a modern horse|alt=Diagram of a horse skeleton with major parts labeled.]]


==Awards==
Horses have a skeleton that averages 205 bones.<ref name=Evans90>Evans ''The Horse'' p. 90</ref> A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human, is the lack of a [[Clavicle|collarbone]]—the horse's [[Equine forelimb anatomy|forelimbs]] are attached to the [[Vertebral column|spinal column]] by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the [[Scapula|shoulder blade]] to the torso. The horse's legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the [[Carpus|carpal]] bones that correspond to the human [[wrist]]. Similarly, the [[hock (zoology)|hock]] contains bones equivalent to those in the human [[ankle]] and [[heel]]. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the [[Equine anatomy|fetlock]] (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal [[sesamoid bone]]s between the [[Equine anatomy|cannon]] bones (a single equivalent to the human [[Metacarpus|metacarpal]] or [[Metatarsus|metatarsal]] bones) and the [[proximal phalanges]], located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, [[tendon]]s, [[ligament]]s, [[cartilage]], and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the [[horse hoof|hoof]].<ref name=Ensminger21>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' pp. 21–25</ref>


[[Golden Globe]]s
====Hooves====
* 1999: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - ''Sex and the City''
{{Main|Horse hoof}}
* 2000: '''Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy''' - ''Sex and the City''
{{See also|Horseshoe|Farrier}}
* 2001: '''Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy''' - ''Sex and the City''
The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse".<ref name=Ensminger367>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 367</ref> The [[horse hoof]] begins with the [[distal phalanges]], the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by [[cartilage]] and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the [[Horse hoof#Internal structures|laminae]]. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of essentially the same material as a human [[Nail (anatomy)|fingernail]].<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' p. 304</ref> The end result is that a horse, weighing on average {{convert|500|kg}},<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' p. 457</ref> travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle_pf.cfm?id=118|title= Yes, The Shin Bone Is Connected to the Ankle Bone|accessdate=2008-04-05 |author= Fuess, Ph.D., Theresa A.|work= Pet Column|publisher= University of Illinois}}</ref> For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have [[horseshoe]]s placed on their feet by a professional [[farrier]]. The hoof continually grows, and needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks.<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' pp. 310–312</ref>
* 2002: '''Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy''' - ''Sex and the City''
* 2003: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - ''Sex and the City''
* 2004: '''Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy''' - ''Sex and the City''
* 2005: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - ''Sex and the City''
* 2005: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture: Musical or Comedy - ''The Family Stone''


[[Emmy Award]]s
====Teeth====
* 1999: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
{{Main|Horse teeth}}
* 2000: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12&nbsp;[[incisor]]s, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation, at the front of the mouth. There are 24&nbsp;teeth adapted for chewing, the [[premolar]]s and [[Molar (tooth)|molars]], at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]] that are called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the [[bit (horse)|bit]]. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the bars (gums) of the horse's mouth when the horse is [[bridle]]d.<ref>Kreling ''Horses' Teeth and Their Problems'' pp. 12–13</ref>
* 2001: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2001: '''Winner: Outstanding Comedy Series''' - ''Sex and the City''
* 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2004:''' Winner: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City'''''
* 2004: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''


[[Screen Actors Guild]] Awards
The incisors show a distinct wear and growth pattern as the horse ages, as well as change in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. The [[horse teeth|teeth]] continue to erupt throughout life as they are worn down by grazing, so a very rough estimate of a horse's age can be made by an examination of its teeth, although diet and veterinary care can affect the rate of tooth wear.<ref name=Ensminger46>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' pp. 46–50</ref>
* 2000: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2001: '''Winner: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series''' - ''Sex and the City''
* 2001: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2002: '''Winner: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series''' - ''Sex and the City''
* 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2004: '''Winner: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series''' - ''Sex and the City''
* 2005: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''
* 2005: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - ''Sex and the City''


[[Razzie]] Award
====Digestion====
* 2009: Nominee: Worst Actress - "Did You Hear About the Morgans?"
{{Main|Equine anatomy#Digestive system|Equine nutrition}}
Horses are [[herbivore]]s with a digestive system adapted to a [[forage]] diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A {{convert|450|kg|adj=on}} horse will eat {{convert|7|to|11|kg}} of food per day and, under normal use, drink {{convert|38|L}} to {{convert|45|L}} of [[water]]. Horses are not [[ruminant]]s, so they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can also digest [[cellulose]] from grasses due to the presence of a "hind gut" called the [[cecum]], or "water gut", which food goes through before reaching the [[large intestine]]. Unlike humans, horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly cause [[horse colic|colic]], a leading cause of death.<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' p. 175</ref>


[[Maxim Magazine]]
====Senses====
* 2007: Number 1 Unsexiest Woman Alive<ref>{{cite web|author=5:54 p.m. ET |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21494412/ |title=Maxim Names Sara Jessica Parker Unsexiest |publisher=MSNBC |date=2007-10-26 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref>
{{See also|Equine vision}}
[[File:Pferdeauge.jpg|thumb|A horse's eye|alt=Close up of a horse eye, with is dark brown with lashes on the top eyelid]]
The horse's senses are generally superior to those of a human. As [[predation|prey animals]], they must be aware of their surroundings at all times.<ref name=Ensminger309>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' pp. 309–310</ref> They have the largest eyes of any land mammal,<ref name=Sellnow>Sellnow, ''Happy Trails'', p. 46</ref> and are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15938 | title=Eye Position and Animal Agility Study Published|journal = The Horse | date =March 7, 2010 |note=Press Release, citing February 2010 Journal of Anatomy, Dr. Nathan Jeffery, co-author, University of Liverpool|accessdate=2010-03-11}}</ref> This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350°, with approximately 65° of this being [[binocular vision]] and the remaining 285° [[monocular vision]].<ref name=Sellnow/> Horses have excellent day and [[night vision]], but they have two-color, or [[Dichromacy|dichromatic vision]]; their [[color vision]] is somewhat like [[Color blindness#Red-green color blindness|red-green color blindness]] in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear more green.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9670|title= In Living Color |format=registration required|accessdate=2007-07-27 |author= McDonnell, Sue |work= The Horse |date= June 1, 2007|publisher= The Horse, Inc.}}</ref>


== Filmography ==
Their hearing is good,<ref name=Ensminger309/> and the [[Pinna (anatomy)|pinna]] of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head.<ref>Myers ''Horse Safe'' p.7</ref> Their [[Olfaction|sense of smell]], while much better than that of humans, is not their strongest asset; they rely to a greater extent on vision.<ref name=Ensminger309/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1974 || ''[[The Little Match Girl]]'' || The Little Match Girl || Cameo; Uncredited
|-
| 1983 || ''Somewhere Tomorrow'' || Lori Anderson ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1984 || ''[[Footloose (1984 film)|Footloose]]'' || Rusty ||
|-
| ''[[Firstborn (film)|Firstborn]]'' || Lisa ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Girls Just Want to Have Fun (film)|Girls Just Want to Have Fun]]'' || Janey Glenn ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Flight of the Navigator]] '' || Carolyn McAdams||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[L.A. Story]]'' || SanDeE* ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[In the Best Interest of the Children]]'' || Callie Cain ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Honeymoon in Vegas]]'' || Betsy/Donna ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Striking Distance]]'' || Jo Christman/Det. Emily Harper ||
|-
| ''[[Hocus Pocus (film)|Hocus Pocus]]'' || Sarah Sanderson ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Ed Wood (film)|Ed Wood]]'' || [[Dolores Fuller]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Miami Rhapsody]]'' || Gwyn Marcus ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1996 || ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' || Nathalie Lake ||
|-
| ''[[If Lucy Fell]]'' || Lucy Ackerman ||
|-
| ''[[The First Wives Club]]''|| Shelly Stewart||
|-
| ''[[Extreme Measures]]''|| Jodie Trammel||
|-
| 1997 || ''[['Til There Was You]]''|| Francesca Lanfield ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Dudley Do-Right (film)|Dudley Do-Right]]'' || Nell Fenwick ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[State and Main]]'' || Claire Wellesley ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Life Without Dick]]'' || Colleen Gibson || direct-to-video
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Family Stone]]'' || Meredith Morton ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Strangers with Candy (film)|Strangers with Candy]]'' || Peggy Callas ||
|-
| ''[[Failure to Launch]]'' || Paula ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Spinning Into Butter (film)|Spinning Into Butter]]'' || Sarah Daniels ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Smart People]]'' || Janet Hartigan ||
|-
| ''[[Sex and the City: The Movie]]'' || [[Carrie Bradshaw]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Did You Hear About the Morgans?]]'' || Meryl Morgan ||
|-
|}


Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed [[Proprioception|proprioceptive]] abilities <!--do we need all these parenthetical explanations when they are wikilinked?--> (the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/1998/October/17/True-horse-sense.aspx|title= True Horse Sense|accessdate=2008-07-08 |author= Thomas, Heather Smith |work= Thoroughbred Times |publisher= Thoroughbred Times Company}}</ref> A horse's [[Somatosensory system|sense of touch]] is well developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/other/fs9829.pdf|format=PDF|title= Horse Handling and Riding Guidelines Part 1: Equine Senses|accessdate=2008-07-09 |author= Cirelli, Al Jr. and Brenda Cloud |work= Cooperative Extension |pages=4 |publisher= University of Nevada}}</ref> Horses sense contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.<ref>Hairston, et al., ''The Essentials of Horsekeeping'', p. 77</ref>


Horses have an advanced sense of taste that allows them to sort through [[fodder]] to choose what they would most like to eat,<ref>Miller, ''Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind'', p. 28</ref> and their [[Prehensility|prehensile]] lips can easily sort even the smallest grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants. However, there are exceptions and horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=16|title= Horse Pasture is No Place for Poisonous Plants|accessdate=2008-07-09 |author= Gustavson, Carrie |work= Pet Column July 24, 2000 |publisher= University of Illinois}}</ref>


===Movement===
=== TV shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
{{Main|Horse gait|Trot (horse gait)|Canter|Ambling}}
|-
[[File:Muybridge race horse animated.gif|thumb|left|The gallop|upright=1.4|alt=Film showing a horse running.]]
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
All horses move naturally with four basic [[horse gait|gaits]]: the four-beat [[Horse gait#Walk|walk]], which averages {{convert|6.4|km/h}}; the two-beat [[Trot (horse gait)|trot or jog]] at {{convert|13|to|19|km/h}} (faster for [[harness racing]] horses); the [[Canter|canter or lope]], a three-beat gait that is {{convert|19|to|24|km/h}}; and the [[Horse gait#Gallop|gallop]].<ref name=HorseGaits32>Harris ''Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement'' p. 32</ref> The gallop averages {{convert|40|to|48|km/h}},<ref name=Harris47>Harris, ''Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement'' p. 47–49</ref> but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, [[Sprint (race)|sprint]] distance is {{convert|88|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.aqha.com/racing/dyn_content.aspx?FQD=http://www.aqha.com/aqharacing.com/gettingstarted/firsttimersguide/thehorse.html|title=About the Horse|work=First Timers Guide|accessdate=2008-09-16|publisher=American Quarter Horse Association}}</ref> Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat [[Horse gait#Pace|pace]], instead of the trot.<ref name=HorseGaits50>Harris ''Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement'' p. 50</ref> There also are several four-beat "[[ambling]]" gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral [[Ambling#Rack|rack]], [[Ambling|running walk]], and [[Ambling#Tölt|tölt]] as well as the diagonal [[Ambling#Fox trot|fox trot]].<ref name="Lieberman">{{cite journal |author=Lieberman, Bobbie |month=August | year=2007 |title=Easy Gaited Horses|journal=Equus |url= |accessdate=|issue= 359|pages=47–51}}</ref> Ambling gaits are often genetic in some breeds, known collectively as [[gaited horse]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Equus Staff |month=August | year=2007 |title=Breeds that Gait|journal=Equus |url= |accessdate=|issue= 359|pages=52–54}}</ref> Often, gaited horses replace the trot with one of the ambling gaits.<ref name=HorseGaits51>Harris ''Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement'' pp. 50–55</ref>
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 1982–1983 || ''[[Square Pegs]]'' || Patty Greene ||| season 1
|-
| 1987–1988 || ''[[A Year in the Life]]'' || Kay Erickson || A miniseries in 1986 Aired for one season.
|-
| 1990–1991 || ''Equal Justice'' || Jo Ann Harris || two seasons
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]'' || Herself || TV series, one episode
|-
| 1998–2004 || ''[[Sex and the City]]'' || [[Carrie Bradshaw]] || 6 seasons
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'' || Herself || TV series
|-
|}


===Behavior===
=== Producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
{{Main|Horse behavior|Stable vices}}
|-
Horses are prey animals with a strong [[Fight-or-flight response|fight-or-flight]] instinct. Their first response to threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is not possible, or if their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses..<ref name=Natural226>McBane ''A Natural Approach to Horse Management'' pp. 226–228</ref> Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant animal (usually a mare). They are also social creatures who are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual [[Social grooming|grooming]], and [[body language]]. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses.<ref name=Ensminger305>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' pp. 305–309</ref> However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop [[stable vices]], an assortment of bad habits, mostly [[psychology|psychological]] in origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth), and other problems.<ref name=Prince214>Prince ''Basic Horsemanship'' pp. 214–223</ref>
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year

! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Title
====Intelligence and learning====
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
In the past, horses were considered unintelligent, with no [[concept|abstract thinking]] ability, unable to generalize, and driven primarily by a [[herd mentality]]. However, modern studies show that they perform a number of [[Cognition|cognitive]] tasks on a daily basis, with mental challenges that include [[foraging|food procurement]] and [[Social structure|social system]] identification. They also have good [[Spatial visualization ability|spatial discrimination]] abilities.<ref name=Hanggi>{{cite web|url=http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/features/horseintelligence-119.shtml|title=Understanding horse intelligence|author=Hanggi, Evelyn B.|date=2007-04-16|accessdate=2008-09-16|work=Horsetalk 2007|publisher=Horsetalk}}</ref> Studies have assessed equine intelligence in the realms of [[problem solving]], learning speed, and knowledge retention. Results show that horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to solve advanced cognitive challenges that involve [[categorization]] and [[concept learning]]. They learn from [[habituation]], [[Desensitization (psychology)|desensitization]], [[Classical conditioning|Pavlovian conditioning]], and [[operant conditioning]]. They respond to and learn from both positive and negative [[reinforcement]].<ref name=Hanggi/> Recent studies even suggest horses are able to count if the quantity involved is less than four.<ref name="count">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15396 | title=Horses Demonstrate Ability to Count in New Study |author=Lesté-Lasserre, Christa |accessdate=2009-12-06|work=The Horse, Online Edition|publisher=Blood-Horse Publications}}</ref>
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes

|-
Domesticated horses tend to face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that stifle [[instinct]]ual behavior while learning tasks that are not natural.<ref name=Hanggi/> Horses are creatures of [[Habit (psychology)|habit]] that respond and adapt well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. Some trainers believe that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that fits best with an individual animal's natural inclinations. Others who handle horses regularly note that personality also may play a role separate from intelligence in determining how a given animal responds to various experiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/nicanor/archive/2008/06/17/equine-iq-what-big-brown-couldn-t-tell-you-and-mr-ed-kept-to-himself.aspx|title=What Big Brown Couldn't Tell You and Mr. Ed Kept to Himself (part 1)|author=Coarse, Jim|date=2008-06-17|accessdate=2008-09-16|work=The BloodHorse|publisher=Blood-Horse Publications}}</ref>
| 2002–2004 || ''[[Sex and the City]]'' || Producer|| 28 episodes

|-
====Temperament====
| 2008 || ''[[Sex and the City: The Movie]]'' || Co-producer ||
{{Main|Draft horse|Warmblood|Oriental horse}}
|-

|}
Horses are [[mammal]]s, and as such are "[[warm-blooded]]" creatures, as opposed to [[Poikilotherm|cold-blooded]] [[reptile]]s. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not [[Thermoregulation|body temperature]]. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as many [[horse racing|race horses]], exhibit more sensitivity and energy,<ref name=Belknap255>Belknap ''Horsewords'' p. 255</ref> while the "cold-bloods", such as most [[draft horse|draft breeds]], are quieter and calmer.<ref name=Belknap112>Belknap ''Horsewords'' p. 112</ref> Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses",<ref name=Ensminger71>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' pp. 71–73</ref> with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses".<ref name=Ensminger84>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 84</ref>

[[File:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b35 043-0.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Illustration of hotbloods, warmbloods and coldblood breeds|alt=a sepia-toned engraving from an old book, showing 11 horses of different breeds and sizes in nine different illustrations]]
"Hot blooded" breeds include "[[oriental horse]]s" such as the [[Akhal-Teke]], [[Barb (horse)|Barb]], [[Arabian horse]] and now-extinct [[Turkoman horse]], as well as the [[Thoroughbred]], a breed developed in England from the older oriental breeds.<ref name=Belknap255/> Hot bloods tend to be spirited, bold, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed.<ref name=Catalog18/> They tend to be physically refined—thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged.<ref>DeFilippis ''The Everything Horse Care Book'' p. 4</ref> The original oriental breeds were brought to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa when European breeders wished to infuse these traits into racing and light [[cavalry]] horses.<ref name=Whitaker43>Whitaker ''The Horse'' p. 43</ref><ref name=Whitaker194>Whitaker ''The Horse'' pp. 194–197</ref>

Muscular, heavy [[draft horse]]s are known as "cold bloods", as they are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people.<ref name=Belknap112/> They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants".<ref name=Catalog15>Price ''Whole Horse Catalog'' p. 15</ref> Well-known draft breeds include the [[Belgian (horse)|Belgian]] and the [[Clydesdale (horse)|Clydesdale]].<ref name=Catalog15/> Some, like the [[Percheron]] are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates.<ref name=Guide87>Bongianni ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses & Ponies of the World'' entry 87</ref> Others, such as the [[Shire horse|Shire]], are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils.<ref name=Ens124>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' pp. 124–125</ref> The cold-blooded group also includes some pony breeds.<ref>Bennett, ''Conquerors,'' p. 7</ref>

"[[Warmblood]]" breeds, such as the [[Trakehner]] or [[Hanoverian (horse)|Hanoverian]], developed when European carriage and [[horses in warfare|war horses]] were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and milder temperament than a lighter breed.<ref>Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', pp. 122–123</ref> Certain [[pony]] breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders.<ref>Examples are the [[Australian Riding Pony]] and the [[Connemara pony|Connemara]], see Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', pp. 178–179, 208–209</ref> Warmbloods are considered a "light horse" or "riding horse".<ref name=Ensminger71/>

Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of [[sport horse]] breeds that are used for competition in [[dressage]] and [[show jumping]].<ref name=Lyons231>Price et al. ''Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary'' p. 231</ref> Strictly speaking, the term "[[Warmblood|warm blood]]" refers to any [[crossbreeding|cross]] between cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds.<ref name=Belknap523>Belknap ''Horsewords'' p. 523</ref> Examples include breeds such as the [[Irish Draught]] or the [[Cleveland Bay]]. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the [[Morgan horse]].<ref name=Catalog18>Price, et al. ''Whole Horse Catalog'' p. 18</ref>

====Sleep patterns====
{{See also|Horse behavior#Sleep patterns|l1=Horse sleep patterns|Sleep (non-human)|l2=Sleep in non-humans}}
[[File:Biandintz eta zaldiak - modified2.jpg|thumb|left|When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake or in a light doze, keeping watch.|alt=Two horses in a pasture, one is standing beside the other that is laying down.]]
Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqzzz629/|title= How Horses Sleep |accessdate=2007-03-23 |author= Pascoe, Elaine |work= Equisearch.com |publisher= EquiSearch}}</ref> Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its [[instinct]]s are to keep a constant eye out for danger.<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2"/>

Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours,<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2">{{cite web |url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqpowernap1771/|title= How Horses Sleep, Pt. 2&nbsp;– Power Naps|accessdate=2007-03-23 |author= Pascoe, Elaine|work= Equisearch.com |publisher= EquiSearch}}</ref> mostly in short intervals of about 15&nbsp;minutes each.<ref name=Ensminger310>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 310.</ref>

Horses must lie down to reach [[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM sleep]]. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements.<ref name="Horse sleep pt. 2"/> However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/sleepdisorder_121506/|title= Equine Sleep Disorder Videos|accessdate=2007-03-23 |author=EQUUS Magazine Editors |work= Equisearch.com |publisher= EquiSearch}}</ref> This condition differs from [[narcolepsy]], although horses may also suffer from that disorder.<ref name="Smith">Smith ''Large Animal Internal Medicine'' pp. 1086–1087</ref>

==Taxonomy and evolution==
[[File:Mesohippus.jpg|thumb|''Mesohippus'', an ancestor of the modern horse|upright=1.4|alt=Painting of a group of small animals running through grass. The animals are tan colored and have spots on their upper body.]]<!--I say we need to keep one prehistoric ancestor image, and this is one of the better ones, IMHO-->
{{Main|Evolution of the horse|Equus (genus)|Equidae}}

The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an [[ecosystem]] where other large grazing animals, especially [[ruminant]]s, could not.<ref name="Budiansky">Budiansky ''The Nature of Horses'' p. 31</ref> Horses and other equids are [[odd-toed ungulate]]s of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]], a group of mammals that was dominant during the [[Tertiary]] period. In the past, this order contained 14&nbsp;[[Family (biology)|families]], but only three—[[Equidae]] (the horse and related species), the [[tapir]], and the [[rhinoceros]]—have survived to the present day.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Perissodactyla.html|title= Order Perissodactyla|accessdate=2008-07-09 |author= Myers, Phil|work= Animal Diversity Web |publisher= University of Michigan}}</ref>
<!--new para, new idea, also refined structure a bit, some rephasing and rearranging-->
The earliest known member of the Equidae family was the ''[[Hyracotherium]]'', which lived between 45 and 55&nbsp;million years ago, during the [[Eocene]] period. It had 4&nbsp;toes on each front foot, and 3&nbsp;toes on each back foot.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fhc/hyraco1.htm|title= Hyracotherium|accessdate=2008-07-09 |work= Fossil Horses in Cyberspace |publisher= Florida Museum of Natural History}}</ref> The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the ''[[Mesohippus]]'', which lived 32 to 37&nbsp;million years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fhc/mesoh1.htm|title= Mesohippus|accessdate=2008-07-09|work= Fossil Horses in Cyberspace |publisher= Florida Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small [[Vestigiality|vestigial]] bones on the leg below the knee,<ref name=Natural>{{cite web |url= http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/horse/?section=evolution&page=evolution_b|title= The Evolution of Horses|accessdate=2008-07-09 |work= The Horse |publisher= American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> known informally as splint bones.<ref>Miller, ''Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind'', p. 20</ref> Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed.<ref name=Natural/> By about 5&nbsp;million years ago, the modern ''Equus'' had evolved.<ref name=Florida>{{cite web |url= http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fhc/equus1.htm|title= Equus|accessdate=2008-07-09work= Fossil Horses in Cyberspace |publisher= Florida Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the [[steppe]]s of Eurasia and the [[Great Plains]] of North America.

By about 15,000 years ago, ''Equus ferus'' was a widespread [[holarctic]] species. Horse bones from this time period, the late [[Pleistocene]], are found in Europe, Eurasia, [[Beringia]], and North America.<ref name = Weinstock>{{cite journal|last=Weinstock|first=J.|coauthors=''et al.''|year=2005|title=Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective|journal=[[PLoS Biology]]|volume=3|issue=8|pages=e241| doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241|url=http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030241&ct=1|accessdate=2008-12-19 }}</ref> Yet by 10,000 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America and rare elsewhere.<ref name = VilaWidespreadOrigins>{{cite journal |last=Vila|first=C.|coauthors= et al.|year=2001|title=Widespread Origins of Domestic Horse Lineages|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=291|doi=10.1126/science.291.5503.474|url=http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Horsemap/Maps/VILA.PDF|format=PDF|pages=474|pmid=11161199 |issue=5503}}</ref><ref name = IberianOrigins>{{cite journal|last=Luís|first= Cristina|coauthors= et al.|year=2006|title=Iberian Origins of New World Horse Breeds|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=97|issue=2|url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/97/2/107|pages=107–113|doi=10.1093/jhered/esj020|pmid=16489143 }}</ref> The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival.<ref name = Buck>{{cite journal|last=Buck|first=Caitlin E.|coauthors= Bard, Edouard|year=2007|title=A calendar chronology for Pleistocene mammoth and horse extinction in North America based on Bayesian radiocarbon calibration|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=26|issue=17–18|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.013|pages=2031}}</ref> Another theory points to climate change, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub [[tundra]], which was covered with unpalatable plants.<ref name="LeQuire">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4849 |author=LeQuire, Elise| title="No Grass, No Horse" |publisher = The Horse, online edition|format=registration required| date= 2004-01-04 |accessdate= 2009-06-08}}</ref>

===Wild species surviving into modern times===
{{Main|Wild horse}}
[[File:France Lozère Causse Méjean Chevaux de Przewalski 20.jpg|right|thumb|A small herd of Przewalski's Horses|alt=Three tan colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.]]
A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually [[feral horse]]s, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals.<ref name=Olsen46>Olsen, "Horse Hunters of the Ice Age", ''Horses Through Time'', p. 46</ref> Only one truly wild horse species (''Equus ferus'') with two subspecies, the [[Tarpan]] and the [[Przewalski's Horse]], survived into recorded history.

The only true wild horse alive today is the [[Przewalski's Horse]] (''Equus ferus przewalskii''), named after the Russian explorer [[Nikolai Przhevalsky]]. It is a rare Asian animal, also known as the Mongolian Wild Horse; [[Mongolia]]n people know it as the ''taki'', and the [[Kyrgyz]] people call it a ''kirtag''. The species was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild due to the conservation efforts of numerous zoos.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.zsl.org/info/media/press-releases/null,1790,PR.html|title= An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for worlds last wild horse|date=2005-12-19|accessdate=2008-04-29|work= ZSL Press Releases|publisher= Zoological Society of London}}</ref> Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.treemail.nl/takh/|title= Home|accessdate=2008-04-03 |publisher= The Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse}}</ref><ref name=Dohner298>Dohner "Equines: Natural History" ''Encyclopedia of Historic Livestock and Poultry Breeds'' pp. 298–299</ref> There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world.

The [[Tarpan]] or European Wild Horse (''Equus ferus ferus'') was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became [[Extinction|extinct]] in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo.<ref name=Dohner300>Dohner "Equines: Natural History" ''Encyclopedia of Historic Livestock and Poultry Breeds'' p. 300</ref> Thus, the genetic line was lost. There have been attempts have been made to recreate the Tarpan,<ref name=Dohner300/><ref name=OSU>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/tarpan/|title=Tarpan|publisher=Oklahoma State University|work=Breeds of Livestock|accessdate=January 13, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=894&dat=20020621&id=YiALAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yFIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6481,3069519|journal=The Daily Courier|date=June 21, 2002|accessdate=2009-10-21|title=Ponies from the past?: Oregon couple revives prehistoric Tarpan horses}}</ref> which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.

Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relic populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the [[Riwoche horse]] of Tibet was proposed as such,<ref name=Dohner298/> but testing did not reveal genetic differences with domesticated horses,<ref name=Tibet>Peissel, ''Tibet'', p. 36</ref> Similarly, the [[Sorraia]] of Spain was proposed as a direct descendant of the [[Tarpan]] based on shared characteristics<ref name=Royo>{{cite journal| url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/663#TBL2 |title=The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Journal of Heredity|author=Royo, L.J., I. Álvarez, A. Beja-Pereira, A. Molina, I. Fernández, J. Jordana, E. Gómez, J. P. Gutiérrez, and F. Goyache|year=2005 |volume=96|issue=6|pages=663–669|doi=10.1093/jhered/esi116|accessdate=2008-12-15| pmid=16251517}}</ref><ref name=Edwards>{{cite book |author= Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title= The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher= Dorling Kindersley |edition=1st American|location=New York, NY |year=1994|isbn=1564586146|pages=104–105}}</ref>, but genetic studies have shown that the Sorraia is more closely related to other horse breeds and that the outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness.<ref name=Royo>{{cite journal| url=http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/96/6/663 |title=The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Journal of Heredity|author=Royo, L.J., I. Álvarez, A. Beja-Pereira, A. Molina, I. Fernández, J. Jordana, E. Gómez, J. P. Gutiérrez, and F. Goyache|year=2005 |volume=96|issue=6|pages=663–669|doi=10.1093/jhered/esi116|accessdate=2008-12-15| pmid=16251517}}</ref><ref name=Lira/>

===Other modern equids===
{{Main|Equus (genus)}}
Besides the horse, there are seven other species of [[genus]] ''Equus'' in the Equidae [[family]]. These are the ass or [[donkey]], ''Equus asinus''; the [[mountain zebra]], ''Equus zebra''; [[plains zebra]], ''Equus burchelli''; [[Grévy's Zebra|Grévy's zebra]], ''Equus grevyi''; the [[kiang]], ''Equus kiang''; and the [[onager]], ''Equus hemionus''.<ref>http://www.bucknell.edu/MSW3/browse.asp?id=14100020</ref>

Horses can [[crossbreed]] with other members of their genus. The most common [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] is the [[mule]], a cross between a "jack" (male donkey) and a [[mare]]. A related hybrid, a [[hinny]], is a cross between a stallion and a [[jenny (donkey)|jenny]] (female donkey).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishmulesociety.org.uk/|title= Mule Information|accessdate=2008-07-10 |work= BMS Website|publisher= British Mule Society}}</ref> Other hybrids include the [[zorse]], a cross between a zebra and a horse.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1408717.stm|title=Zebra hybrid is cute surprise|date=June 26, 2001|accessdate=2010-02-06|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> With rare exceptions, most hybrids are [[infertility|sterile]] and cannot reproduce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12260255 |title=Befuddling Birth: The Case of the Mule's Foal|accessdate=2008-08-16|author= |work=All Things Considered|publisher=National Public Radio}}</ref>

==Domestication==
{{Main|Domestication of the horse}}
Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500&nbsp;BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on [[Paleontology|palaeological]] and [[archaeological]] discoveries, the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the [[domestication of the horse]] comes from sites in [[Ukraine]] and [[Kazakhstan]], dating to approximately 3,500–4,000&nbsp;BCE.<ref>Outram, A.K., Stear, N.A., Bendrey, R., Olsen, S., Kasparov, A., Zaibert, V., Thorpe, N. and Evershed, R.P. 2009 The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking Science. 323(5919): 1332-1335</ref><ref>Matossian ''Shaping World History'' p. 43 See also: {{cite web |title=Podcast |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/archives/08-09/qq-2009-03-07.html|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=2009-03-07|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> By 3000&nbsp;BCE, the horse was completely domesticated and by 2000&nbsp;BCE there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent.<ref>Evans ''Horse Breeding and Management'' p. 56</ref> The most recent, but most irrefutable evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were interred with chariots in graves of the [[Sintashta]] and [[Petrovka settlement|Petrovka]] cultures circa 2100 BCE.<ref name="Kuznetsov2006">{{ cite journal | last = Kuznetsov | first = P. F. | year = 2006 | title = The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe | journal = [[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] | volume = 80 | issue = | pages = 638&ndash;645 | doi = | url = http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/080/ant0800638.htm | accessdate = | quote = }}</ref>

Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse,<ref name=Lau>{{cite journal|author=Lau, A. N., Peng, L., Goto, H., Chemnick, L., Ryder, O. A. & Makova, K. D.|year= 2009|title= Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences| journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=26 |issue=1|pages= 199–208|pmid=18931383}}</ref><ref name="Lindgren2004">{{ cite journal | last = Lindgren | first = Gabriella | coauthors = Niclas Backström, June Swinburne, Linda Hellborg, Annika Einarsson, Kaj Sandberg, Gus Cothran, Carles Vilà, Matthew Binns & Hans Ellegren | year =2004 | title = Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication | journal = [[Nature Genetics]] | volume = 36 | pages = 335&ndash;336 | doi = 10.1038/ng1326 }}</ref> while many mares were part of early domesticated herds.<ref name=Lira>{{cite journal| title=Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses|author=Lira, Jaime, et.al. |journal= Molecular Ecology| volume=19 |issue= 1 | pages =64–78|year=2010 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/123191525/PDFSTART| doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04430.x}}</ref><ref name="Vila2001">{{ cite journal | last = Vilà | first = C. | coauthors = ''et al.'' | year = 2001 | title = Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 291 | issue = 5503 | pages = 474&ndash;477 | doi = 10.1126/science.291.5503.474 | pmid = 11161199 }}</ref><ref name=Cai>Cai, D. W., Tang, Z. W., Han, L., Speller, C. F., Yang, D. Y. Y., Ma, X. L., Cao, J. E., Zhu, H. & Zhou, H. (2009). Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 835-842.</ref> This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line ([[Y-chromosome]]) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line ([[mitochondrial DNA]]). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability,<ref name=Lau/><ref name="Lindgren2004" /> but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA.<ref name=Lira/><ref name="Vila2001"/><ref name=Cai/> There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds.<ref name=Lira/><ref name="Vila2001"/><ref name=Cai/><ref name=Olsen>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Olsen, Sandra L.|title=Early Horse Domestication: Weighing the Evidence| encyclopedia=Horses & Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships |editor=Olsen, Sandra L; Grant, Susan; Choyke, Alice M.; Bartosiewicz, Laszlo|publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford, UK |year=2006 |pages=81–113|isbn=1-84171-990-0}}</ref> Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation.<ref>Epstein, H. 1955 Domestication Features in Animals as Functions of Human Society Agricultural History Society. 29(4): 137-146</ref> In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name=coatColor>Ludwig, A., Pruvost, M., Reissmann, M., Benecke, N., Brockmann, G.A., Castanos, P., Cieslak, M., Lippold, S., Llorente, L., Malaspinas, A.S., Slatkin, M. and Hofreiter, M. 2009 Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication. Science. 324(5926): 485-485</ref>

Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypothesis were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication.<ref name="Bennett7">Bennett, ''Conquerors'', p.7</ref> Another hypothesis held that the four prototypes originated from a single wild species and that all different body types were entirely a result of [[selective breeding]] after domestication.<ref>Edwards, G. ''The Arabian,'' pp 1, 3</ref> However, the lack of a detectable substructure <!--huh? what's that? Can we explain in everyday language?--> in the horse has resulted in a rejection of both hypotheses.<!--I will add the ref for it once I find the book back--><!--OK-->

===Feral populations===
{{Main|Feral horse}}
[[Feral]] horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals.<ref name=Olsen46/> Many populations of [[feral horse]]s exist throughout the world.<ref>Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', p. 291</ref><ref>Anthony, "Bridling Horse Power: The Domestication of the Horse", ''Horses Through Time'', pp. 66–67</ref> Studies of feral herds have provided useful insights into the behavior of prehistoric horses,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegiemnh.org/anthro/olsen_horse.html | author=Olsen, Sandra L.|title= Horses in Prehistory|work=Anthropology Research | publisher=Carnegie Museum of Natural History|accessdate=2008-08-16}}</ref> as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviors that drive horses that live in domesticated conditions.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15037&src=RA|title=Mares' Social Bonds Might Enhance Reproductive Success|date=October 7, 2009|accessdate=2009-10-21|journal=The Horse|format=Registration required|author=Lesté-Lasserre, Christa}}</ref>

===Breeds===
{{Main|Horse breed||List of horse breeds|Horse breeding}}
Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics that are transmitted consistently to their offspring, such as [[equine conformation|conformation]], color, performance ability, or disposition. These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and [[artificial selection]] methods. Horses have been [[Selective breeding|selectively bred]] since their [[domestication of the horse|domestication]]. Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work.<ref name=Sponenberg155>Sponenberg, "The Proliferation of Horse Breeds", ''Horses Through Time'', p. 155</ref> Thus, powerful but refined breeds such as the [[Andalusian horse|Andalusian]] developed as riding horses that also had a great aptitude for [[dressage]],<ref name=Sponenberg155/> while heavy draft horses such as the [[Clydesdale (horse)|Clydesdale]] developed out of a need to perform demanding [[farm]] work and pull heavy wagons.<ref>Sponenberg, "The Proliferation of Horse Breeds", ''Horses Through Time'', pp. 156–57</ref> Other horse breeds developed specifically for light agricultural work, carriage and road work, various sport disciplines, or simply as pets.<ref name=Spon162>Sponenberg, "The Proliferation of Horse Breeds", ''Horses Through Time'', p. 162</ref> Some breeds developed through centuries of crossings with other breeds, while others, such as [[Tennessee Walking Horse]]s and [[Morgan horse|Morgans]], descended from a single [[foundation bloodstock|foundation sire]]. There are more than 300&nbsp;horse breeds in the world today.<ref>Hedge ''Horse Conformation'' pp. 307–308</ref>

However, the concept of [[purebred]] bloodstock and a controlled, written [[breed registry]] only became of significant importance in modern times. Sometimes purebred horses are called [[Thoroughbred]]s, which is incorrect; "Thoroughbred" is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined [[Pedigree chart|pedigree]] recognized by a breed registry.<ref name=Ensminger424>Ensminger ''Horses and Horsemanship'' p. 424</ref> An early example of people who practiced selective [[horse breeding]] were the [[Bedouin]], who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their [[Arabian horse]]s and placing great value upon pure bloodlines.<ref>Edwards ''The Arabian'', pp. 22–23</ref> These pedigrees were originally transmitted via an [[oral tradition]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.waho.org/History.html|title= Is Purity the Issue? |accessdate=2008-04-29 |work= WAHO Publication Number 21 January 1998|publisher= World Arabian Horse Organization}}</ref> In the 14th century, [[Carthusian]] monks of southern Spain kept meticulous pedigrees of bloodstock lineages still found today in the [[Andalusian horse]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/andalusian/index.htm|title= Andalusian |accessdate=2008-04-29|work= Breeds of Livestock|publisher= Oklahoma State University}}</ref> One of the earliest formal registries was [[General Stud Book]] for Thoroughbreds, which began in 1791 and traced back to the [[foundation bloodstock]] for the breed.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.britishhorseracing.com/goracing/racing/racehorses/history.asp|title= History of Thoroughbreds |accessdate=2008-04-03|work= Britishhorseracing.com|publisher= British Horseracing Authority}}</ref>

==Interaction with humans==
Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) estimates that in 2008, there were almost 59,000,000 horses in the world, with around 33,500,000 in the Americas, 13,800,000 in Asia and 6,300,000 in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania. There are estimated to be 9,500,000 horses in the United States alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=573#ancor|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|date=December 16, 2009|accessdate=2010-02-05|title=FAO Stat&nbsp;— Live Animals}}</ref> The [[American Horse Council]] estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cthorsecouncil.org/AHC2005JuneEconStudy.pdf|format=PDF|title= Most Comprehensive Horse Study Ever Reveals A Nearly $40 Billion Impact On The U.S. Economy|accessdate=2005-06-20|work= American Horse Council Press Release|publisher= American Horse Council}}</ref> In a 2004 "poll" conducted by [[Animal Planet]], more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted for the horse as the world's 4th favorite animal.<ref name=IOL>{{cite web |url= http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?newslett=1&em=28164a99a20041206ah&click_id=29&art_id=qw1102325040750B216&set_id=1|title=Tiger tops dog as world's favourite animal |accessdate=2008-04-03 |work= Independent Online|publisher= Independent}}</ref>

Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity;<ref name="Olsen"/> to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a [[saddle]] on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a [[bridle]] or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control.<ref>Edwards, ''Horses'', pp. 32–34</ref> Sometimes horses are ridden without a saddle,<ref>Self, ''Riding Simplified'', p. 55</ref> and occasionally, horses are trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear.<ref>Thorson "Rugged Lark" ''Legends 7'' p. 218</ref> Many horses are also [[Driving (horse)|driven]], which requires a [[horse harness|harness]], bridle, and some type of [[horse-drawn vehicle|vehicle]].<ref>Mettler, ''Horse Sense'', pp. 47–54</ref>

===Sport===
<!-- There is a whole article about Equestrianism for all details about every possible sport. This article should only give the bare summary. So, please do not add elaborate sections of your own favorite horse sport here. -->
[[File:Beijing2008 HOKETSU Hiroshi.JPG|thumb|upright 1.2|A horse and rider in [[dressage]] competition at the [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]]|alt=A chestnut (reddish-brown) horse being ridden by a rider in a black coat and top hat. They are stopped in a riding arena with the rider tipping his hat.]]
{{Main|Equestrianism|Horse racing|Horse training|Horse tack}}
Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle. Many sports, such as [[dressage]], [[eventing]] and [[show jumping]], have origins in [[horses in warfare|military training]], which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as [[rodeo]], developed from practical skills such as those needed on working [[ranch]]es and [[Station (Australian agriculture)|stations]]. Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques.<ref name="Olsen">Olsen, "In the Winner's Circle", ''Horses Through Time'', pp. 105, 111–113, 121</ref> [[Horse racing]] of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.<ref>Olsen, "In the Winner's Circle", ''Horses Through Time'', p. 105</ref>

Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include [[show jumping]], [[dressage]], three-day [[eventing]], [[combined driving|competitive driving]], [[endurance riding]], [[Gymkhana (equestrian)|gymkhana]], [[rodeo]]s, and [[fox hunting]].<ref>Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', pp. 346–356, 366–371</ref> [[Horse show]]s, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as [[halter (horse show)|"In-hand"]] classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider.<ref>Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', pp. 376–377</ref>
Sports such as [[polo]] do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task.<ref name=Edwards360>Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', p. 360</ref> Examples of these sports of partnership between human and horse include [[jousting]], in which the main goal is for one rider to unseat the other,<ref>Collins, ''Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports'', pp. 173–174</ref> and [[buzkashi]], a team game played throughout [[Central Asia]], the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback.<ref name=Edwards360/>

[[Horse racing]] is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: "flat" racing; [[Steeplechase|steeplechasing]], i.e. racing over jumps; and [[harness racing]], where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a [[sulky]].<ref>Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', pp. 332–337</ref> A major part of horse racing's economic importance lies in the [[Gambling#Gambling on horse races|gambling]] associated with it.<ref>Campbell, ''National Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report'', p. 111</ref>

===Work===
[[File:Policja konna Poznań.jpg|thumb|A mounted police officer in Poland|upright=1.2|alt=A mounted man in a blue uniform on a dark brown horse]]
There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For example, [[mounted police]] horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/uspp/fhorsepage.htm |title= Horse Mounted Unit|accessdate=2008-04-07|work= United States Park Police|publisher= National Park Service}}</ref> Cattle [[ranch]]es still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain.<ref>Edwards, ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse'', pp. 226–227</ref> [[Search and rescue]] organizations in some countries depend upon [[mounted search and rescue|mounted]] teams to locate people, particularly hikers and children, and to provide disaster relief assistance.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sbcsheriff.org/msru_job.html|title= Volunteer Mounted Search and Rescue Unit|accessdate=2008-07-08|work= Employment|publisher= San Benito County Sheriff's Office}}</ref> Horses can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in [[wilderness area]]s. Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. [[Law enforcement officer]]s such as [[park ranger]]s or [[game warden]]s may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/publications/success_story_updates/2003-05.pdf |format=PDF|title=Success Stories |accessdate=2008-04-20 |author=US Forest Service |year=2003 |month=May |chapter=Mules Key in Accomplishing Trail Work |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |pages=4 }}</ref>

Although machinery has replaced horses in many parts of the world, an estimated 100&nbsp;million horses, donkeys and mules are still used for agriculture and transportation in less developed areas. This number includes around 27&nbsp;million working in Africa alone.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=7001|title=At Work in Morocco|format=Registration required|author=Brown, Kimberly S.|journal=The Horse|date=June 1, 2006|accessdate=2009-10-21}}</ref> Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of [[working animal|draft animals]] such as horses.<ref>Gifford, "Working Draught Horses as Singles and Pairs", ''The Working Horse Manual'', p. 85</ref><ref>Miller, ''Work Horse Handbook'', p. 13</ref> Logging with horses and can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging.<ref>Gifford, "Working Horses in Forestry", ''The Working Horse Manual'', p. 145</ref>

===Entertainment and culture===
{{See also|Horses in art|Horse worship}}
Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes. Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action [[historical reenactment]]s of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.blackhorsetroop.org/activities/|title= Unit Activities|accessdate=2008-04-29|author= Stoddard, Samuel |work= Co H, 4th Virginia Cavalry|publisher= Washington Webworks, LLC}}</ref> Horses are also used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/Transport/Transport.aspx|title= Transport|accessdate=2009-08-30|publisher= British Monarchy}}</ref> Public exhibitions are another example, such as the [[Budweiser Clydesdales]], seen in parades and other public settings, a team of [[draft horse]]s that pull a beer wagon similar to that used before the invention of the modern motorized truck.<ref>{{cite news|title=Budweiser Clydesdales to Visit St. Charles Main Street|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|author=Bock, Jessica|accessdate=2010-02-05|date=July 14, 2009|url=http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/chas-beat/uncategorized/2009/07/budweiser-clydesdales-to-visit-st-charles-main-street/}}</ref>

Horses are frequently seen in television and films. They are used both as main characters, in films such as ''[[Seabiscuit (film)|Seabiscuit]]'', and ''[[Dreamer (2005 film)|Dreamer]]'', and as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=6630|title=Hollywood Horses|author=Sellnow, Les|date=March 1, 2006|accessdate=2009-10-21|format=Registration required|journal=The Horse}}</ref> Both live horses and [[Secular icon|iconic]] images of horses are used in [[advertising]] to promote a variety of products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hippomaxx-muenster.de/english/sonderausstellung.php?navid=7|title=Trademark Horse&nbsp;– Horses as advertising mediums|publisher=Westfälische Pferdemuseum (Westphalian Horse Museum)|accessdate=2008-08-16}}</ref> The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in [[heraldry]]. The horse can be represented as standing, walking ([[Attitude (heraldry)#Passant|passant]]), trotting, running ([[Attitude (heraldry)#Courant|courant]]), [[rear (horse)|rearing]] ([[rampant]] or forcine) or springing ([[Attitude (heraldry)#Salient|salient]]). The horse may be saddled and bridled, harnessed, or without any apparel whatsoever.<ref>Fox-Davies, ''A Complete Guide to Heraldry'', p. 201</ref> The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the [[Chinese astrology|Chinese zodiac]] related to the [[Chinese calendar]]. According to [[Chinese folklore]], each animal is associated with certain personality traits, and those born in the [[Horse (zodiac)|year of the horse]] are intelligent, independent, and free-spirited.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.c-c-c.org/chineseculture/zodiac/Horse.html|title= Year of the Horse|accessdate=2007-07-22|publisher= Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco}}</ref>

===Therapeutic use===
{{See also|Hippotherapy|Therapeutic horseback riding}}
People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from association with horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence.<ref>Bush, et al., ''The Principles of Teaching Riding'', p. 58</ref> The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the [[Paralympic Games]] and recognition of para-equestrian events by the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]] (FEI).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fei.org/disciplines/dressage/about-para-equestrian-dressage|title= About Para Equestrian Dressage|accessdate=2010-03-07 |publisher= Federation Equestre Internationale}}</ref> [[Hippotherapy]] and [[therapeutic horseback riding]] are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that utilize equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.narha.org/PDFFiles/FAQ_Hippotherapy.pdf|format=PDF|title= Frequently Asked Questions About Hippotherapy|accessdate=2008-07-08 |work= FAQ&nbsp;– AHA, April 2005|publisher= American Hippotherapy Association}}</ref>

Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" therapy is a form of experiential [[psychotherapy]] that uses horses as companion animals to assist people with mental illness, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, and those who are going through major life changes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narha.org/SecEFMHA/FactSheet.asp|title=Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP) Fact Sheet|accessdate=2008-07-08 |publisher= Equine Facilitated Mental Health Association}}</ref> There are also experimental programs using horses in [[prison]] settings. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce [[recidivism]] when they leave.<ref>{{cite newspaper |author= Wise, Mike |date=2003-08-10|title= Partners, Horse and Man, in Prison Pasture |work= New York Times |url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E6D91331F933A2575BC0A9659C8B63 |accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref>

===Warfare===
{{Main|Horses in warfare}}
[[File:Battle of moscow12.jpg|thumb|left|upright 1.2|Horses being deployed to the front, Soviet Union, 1941|alt=A line of horses hitched to small carriages mounted with guns. Each carriage holds three men, one facing forward and driving the horses and two facing towards the back near the gun. In the gun are several other people, some mounted on horses.]]
[[Horses in warfare]] have been seen for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 to 3000&nbsp;BCE,<ref name="Science Show">{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s70986.htm|title= The Horse in History|accessdate=2008-07-17 |author= Newby, Jonica, Jared Diamond and David Anthony|work= The Science Show|date=1999-11-13|publisher= Radio National}}</ref> and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the [[Bronze Age]].<ref name="Hartwick">{{cite web|url=http://users.hartwick.edu/anthonyd/harnessing%20horsepower.html|title=The Earliest Horseback Riding and its Relation to Chariotry and Warfare|author=Anthony, David W. and Dorcas R. Brown|work= Harnessing Horsepower|publisher=Institute for Ancient Equestrian Studies|accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref><ref name=Whitaker30>Whitaker ''The Horse'' pp. 30–31</ref> Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the [[Janjaweed]] militias in the [[War in Darfur]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/04/international/africa/04DARF.html?ex=1399003200&en=b72ea0a4b892076d&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND|title=In Sudan, Militiamen on Horses Uproot a Million |accessdate=2008-04-03 |author= Lacey, Marc |work= The New York Times | date=2004-05-04}}</ref>

===Products===
Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the [[Mongols]], who let it ferment to produce [[kumis]].<ref name=NewYorker>{{cite journal |url= http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/04/25/050425fa_fact4|title= Invaders: Destroying Baghdad|accessdate=2008-04-03 |author= Frazier, Ian |journal= The New Yorker|publisher= CondeNet}}</ref> Horse blood was once used as food by the Mongols and other [[nomad]]ic tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat.<ref name=NewYorker/> Today, the drug [[Premarin]] is a mixture of [[estrogen]]s extracted from the urine of pregnant mares ('''pre'''gnant '''mar'''es' ur'''in'''e). It is a widely used drug for [[Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|hormone replacement therapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/horses_equines/issues/the_facts_about_premarin.html|title= The Facts About Premarin|accessdate=2008-04-03 |work= Issues Facing Equines|publisher= The Humane Society of the United States}}</ref> The tail hair of horses can be used for making [[bow (music)|bows]] for [[string instrument]]s such as the [[violin]], [[viola]], [[cello]], and [[double bass]].<ref>{{cite book |url=|title= Descriptionary: A Thematic Dictionary |author= McCutcheon, Marc |publisher= Checkmark Books (Facts On File imprint) |location=New York |edition=Second |isbn=0-8160-4105-9 |page=285 |year=2000}}</ref>

[[Horse meat]] has been used as food for humans and [[carnivore|carnivorous animals]] throughout the ages. It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is [[taboo]] in some cultures.<ref name=USDA>{{cite web |url= http://www.igha.org/USDA.html|title= U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat|accessdate=2008-04-03 |work= I.G.H.A./HorseAid's U.S.D.A. Report|publisher= U.S. Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Horsemeat has been an export industry in the United States and other countries,<ref name=USDA/> though legislation has periodically been introduced in the United States Congress which would end export from the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/09/08/MNGI9L1RMK1.DTL|title= House votes to outlaw slaughter of horses for human consumption|accessdate=2008-04-03 |author= Coile, Zachary |work= SF Gate |publisher= San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, [[A-2 jacket|jackets]],<ref name="by-product">Ockerman ''Animal By-product Processing & Utilization'' p. 129</ref> [[Baseball (ball)|baseballs]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.baseball-fever.com/showthread.php?p=309566|title= Inside a Modern Baseball |accessdate=2008-04-03 |work= Baseball Fever|publisher= Baseball Almanac}}</ref> and baseball gloves. Horse hooves can also be used to produce [[animal glue]].<ref>Bartlett, ''Keeping House'', pp. 34–35</ref> Horse bones can be used to make implements.<ref>MacGregor ''Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn'' p. 31</ref> Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse [[tibia]] is sharpened into a probe called a ''spinto'', which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures.<ref>Fort ''Eating Up Italy'' p. 171</ref> In Asia, the saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of kumis.<ref>Hurd, ''Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines'', p. 29</ref>

===Care===
{{Main|Horse care}}
{{See also|Equine nutrition|Horse grooming|Veterinary medicine|Farrier}}
[[File:Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg|thumb|left|Checking teeth and other physical examinations are an important part of horse care|alt=A young man in US military clothing examines the teeth of a bay (dark brown) horse, while another person in military work clothing, partially obscured, holds the horse. Several other people are partially visible in the background.]]
Horses are [[grazing]] animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality [[forage]] from [[hay]] or pasture.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kellon, Eleanor|title=Focus on Feed Costs|journal=Horse Journal|volume= 16| issue = 6|month=June | year=2008|pages=11–12}}</ref> They can consume approximately 2% to 2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a {{convert|450|kg|adj=on}} adult horse could eat up to {{convert|11|kg}} of food.<ref name="Penn">{{cite web|author=Hall, Marvin H. and Patricia M. Comerford|url=http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uc099.pdf|format=PDF|title=Pasture and Hay for Horses&nbsp;– Agronomy Facts 32|year=1992|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|work=Cooperative Extension Service|accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref> Sometimes, concentrated feed such as [[Cereal|grain]] is fed in addition to pasture or hay, especially when the animal is very active.<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' pp. 476–477</ref> When grain is fed, equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of the animal's diet by weight should still be forage.<ref name="Feeding factors">{{cite web|url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/b762/b762_12.html|title=Feeding Factors|publisher=Ohio State University|work=Horse Nutrition|accessdate=2007-02-09}}</ref>

Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of {{convert|10|USgal|L}} to {{convert|12|USgal|L}} per day.<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' p. 455</ref> Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate [[stable]].<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' p. 482</ref>

Horses require routine [[horse hoof|hoof]] care from a [[farrier]], as well as [[vaccination]]s to protect against various diseases, and [[horse teeth|dental]] examinations from a [[veterinarian]] or a specialized equine dentist.<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' p. 62,168,310</ref> If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsus.org/horses_equines/companions/general_horse_care_guidelines.html|title= General Horse Care Guidelines|accessdate=2008-04-22|work= Horses: Companions for Life |publisher= Humane Society of the United States}}</ref> When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy [[agricultural fencing|fences]] to be safely contained.<ref>Wheeler ''Horse Stable and Riding Arena Design'' p. 215</ref> Regular [[horse grooming|grooming]] is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin.<ref>Giffin ''Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook'' p. 90</ref>

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[List of horse breeds]]
* [[Glossary of equestrian terms]]
* [[List of horse accidents]]


==References==
==References==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{imdb|0000572}}
* {{cite book |author= Anthony, David W.|chapter=Bridling Horse Power: The Domestication of the Horse|title= Horses Through Time|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location=Boulder, CO |year= 1996 |isbn=1570980608 |oclc= 36179575}}
* [http://www.hbo.com/city/cast/actor/sarah_jessica_parker.shtml Biography at ''Sex and the City'''s website]
* {{cite book |author= Apperson, George Latimer and Martin Manser|title= Dictionary of Proverbs|edition= |publisher= Wordsworth Editions|year= 2006|isbn=1840223111}}
* {{iobdb|Parker|Sarah|Jessica}}
* {{cite book| author=Bartlett, Virginia K.|title=Keeping House: Women's Lives in Western Pennsylvania, 1790–1850|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L2KtMgwNL3cC&pg=PA35&dq=horse+hoof+glue&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U17MT7i8EvojToOdkN41EugnrjPDA#PPA34,M1|year=1994|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]]|isbn=0822955385| oclc=30978921}}
* [http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/sarah-jessica-parker.htm Harper's BAZAAR interview]
* {{cite book|author=Becker, Marty, Audrey Pavia, Gina Spadafori, Teresa Becker|title=Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors|publisher=HCI|year=2007|isbn=075730608X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Qvz62nMkQLYC&pg=PA23&dq=colt+horse+foal&cd=2#v=onepage&q=colt%20horse%20foal&f=false}}
* [http://www.sarahjessicaparkerperfumes.com Sarah Jessica Parker's Perfumes]
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* {{cite book |author= Bush, Karen and Julian Marczak|title= The Principles of Teaching Riding: The Official Manual of the Association of British Riding Schools|edition= |publisher= David & Charles|year= 2005|isbn=0715319027|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uCQYEduHy8cC&pg=PA58&dq=people+with+disabilities+riding+horses+benefits&sig=ACfU3U3imVgBPPwy0P7q8PKIb-UzhQlciA |oclc= 224946044}}
* {{cite book |author=Campbell, B.N. |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=-p7ZF9KW8-MC&printsec=frontcover#PPA111,M1 National Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report (1999)]|publisher=DIANE Publishing |location=Darby, PA|year=2001 |edition=|isbn=0756707013}}
* {{cite book |author= Chamberlin, J. Edward|title= Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations|edition= |publisher= Bluebridge|location= New York, NY|year= 2006|isbn=0-9742405-9-1 |oclc= 61704732}}
* {{cite book|author=Collins, Tony, John Martin, Wray Vamplew|title=Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC&pg=PA174&dq=jousting+today+date:1990-2008&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U1Qh1ZBQGD-V1hpd5Jq1QbwcLuyyg#PPA174,M1|publisher=Routledge |year=2005|location=London, UK|isbn=041535224X|oclc=57005595}}
* {{cite book |author=DeFilippis, Chris |title=The Everything Horse Care Book |publisher=Adams Media |location= Avon, MA|year=2006 |edition=|isbn=1593375301 |oclc=223814651}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Dohner, Janet Vorwald |editor= Dohner, Janet Vorwald |title=Equines: Natural History |encyclopedia=Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Topeka, KS |pages=400–401 | isbn = 978-0300088809 }}
* {{cite book |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=Horses|edition=Second American |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= New York, NY|year=2002 |isbn=0789489821 |oclc=50798049}}
* {{cite book |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= London, UK|year=1994 |isbn=1564586146 |oclc=29670649}}
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* {{cite book |author= Ensminger, M. E.|title= Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agricultural Series|edition= Sixth|publisher= Interstate Publishers|location= Danville, IN|year= 1990|isbn=0-8134-2883-1 |oclc= 21977751}}
* {{cite book |author= Ensminger, M.E.|title= Horses and Tack|edition= Revised|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= Boston, MA|year= 1991|isbn= 0-395-54413-0 |oclc= 21561287}}
* {{cite book |author= Evans, J. et al.|title= The Horse|edition= Second|publisher= Freeman|location= New York, NY|year= 1990|isbn=0-7167-1811-1 |oclc= 20132967}}
* {{cite book |author= Evans, James Warren|title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=QofYEVPeIBUC&pg=PA56&dq=horse+breeds+date:1950-2008&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=0YpXH2g02DjUurVPtTaZt_YsIRA#PPA53,M1 Horse Breeding and Management]|edition= |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences|location= Amsterdam|year= 1992 |isbn=0444882820 |oclc= 243738023}}
* {{cite book |author= Fort, Matthew|title= Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa|edition= |publisher= Centro Books|location= London, UK|year= 2005|isbn=0-00-721481-2 |oclc= 60419304}}
* {{cite book|author=Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xSeEWjQCTIAC&pg=PA202&dq=horse+in+heraldry&cd=5#v=onepage&q=horse&f=false|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc|year=2007|isbn=1602390010}}
* {{cite book |author=Giffin, M.D., James M. and Tom Gore, D.V.M.|title= Horse Owner’s Veterinary Handbook |edition= Second|publisher= Howell Book House |location= New York|year=1998|isbn=0-87605-606-0 |oclc=37245445}}
* {{cite book|author=Gifford, Angela|chapter=Working Draught Horses as Singles and Pairs|title=The Working Horse Manual|publisher=Farming Press|location=Tonbridge, UK|isbn=0852364016|year=1998, reprinted 2000|oclc=40464050}}
* {{cite book|author=Gifford, Angela|chapter=Working Horses in Forestry|title=The Working Horse Manual|publisher=Farming Press|location=Tonbridge, UK|isbn=0852364016|year=1998, reprinted 2000|oclc=40464050}}
* {{cite book |author= Hairston, Rachel and Madelyn Larsen|title= The Essentials of Horsekeeping|publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|year= 2004 |isbn=0806988177|location=New York, NY|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSBwbz7FozYC&pg=PA77&dq=horse+touch+fly&lr=&sig=ACfU3U08pjL8o0-BgZaX3EO4rPLQa4iQiQ |oclc= 53186526}}
* {{cite book |last=Hammond |first=Gerald |title=The Language of Horse Racing |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CJ4zH2P_6mMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=colt&ei=P3QLSNqAAZy4iQGi7Z2iAQ&sig=y022yqRPEjMDxz2qZBmIIGfPSFU#PPA49,M1|year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |isbn=1579582761 |oclc=44923115}}
* {{cite book |author= Harris, Susan E.|title= Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement|edition= |publisher= Howell Book House|location= New York|year= 1993|isbn= 0-87605-955-8 |oclc= 25873158}}
* {{cite book |author= Hedge, Juliet and Don M. Wagoner|title= Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance|edition= |publisher= Globe Pequot|location=Guilford, CT|year= 2004|isbn= 1592284876 |oclc= 56012597}}
* {{cite book|author=Howlett, Lorna and Philip Mathews|title=Ponies in Australia|publisher=Philip Mathews Publishers|location=Milson's Point, NSW|isbn=0908001124|year=1979}}<!--isbn=0908001124 is invalid; Amazon offered this ASIN:-->{{ASIN|B001V8M9PE}}
* {{cite book|author=Hurd, Edward Payson (translator)|title=Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines|year=1886|location=New York, NY|publisher=W. Wood & Company|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3LerRZoRT68C&printsec=frontcover&dq=diseases+of+the+stomach+and+intestines#PPR1,M1}}
* {{cite book |last=Kreling |first=Kai |title=Horses' Teeth and Their Problems: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3q1LINmOkOIC&pg=PA117-IA1&dq=interdental+space++bit&lr=&ei=1YkLSOOzJorGjgH_8ZiiAQ&sig=R_CJvltPi3zE7kmjJoB2wTo3Ekw#PPA12,M1 |year=2005 |publisher=Globe Pequot |location=Guilford, CT |isbn=1592286968 |chapter=The Horse's Teeth |oclc=59163221}}
* {{cite book |author= MacGregor, Arthur|title= Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn: Technology of Skeletal Materials Since the Roman Period|edition= |publisher= Barnes & Noble|location= Totowa, NJ|year= 1985 |isbn=0389205311 |oclc= 11090630}}
* {{cite book |author= Matossian, Mary Kilbourne|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LkRATLisN0sC&pg=PA43&dq=horse+domestication&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=bV3A1JmL3racD9ZwC0U4pS3x3LQ#PPA43,M1|title= Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology, Science, and Politics|edition=|publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= Armonk, NY|year= 1997 |isbn=0585023972 |oclc= 156944228}}
* {{cite book |author= McBane, Susan|title= A Natural Approach to Horse Management|edition= |publisher= Methuen|location= London|year= 1992|isbn= 0-413-62370-X |oclc= 26359746}}
* {{cite book |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds |last=McBane |first=Susan |year=1997 |publisher=Wellfleet Press |location=Edison, NJ |isbn=0-7858-0604-0 |oclc=244110821}}
* {{cite book |author= Mettler, John J. Jr.|title= Horse Sense: A Complete Guide to Horse Selection and Care|edition= |publisher= Storey Communications, Inc.|location= Pownal, VT|year= 1989 |isbn=0882665499 |oclc= 19324181}}
* {{cite book|author=Miller, Lynn R.|title=Work Horse Handbook|publisher=Small Farmer's Journal Inc.|location=Sisters, OR|year=1981, reprinted 2000|edition=First Edition, Fifteenth Impression|isbn=0960726802|oclc=234277549}}
* {{cite book |author=Miller, Robert M.|title= Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind |publisher= Russell Meerdink Company Ltd|location=Neenah, WI|year=1999|isbn=0929346653|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=horse+sense+of+taste&source=web&ots=QSx1OAw_cU&sig=1JVoIpjEf_76dUISNGtzV5ol1HM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result |oclc=42389612}}
* {{cite book |author=Miller, Robert M. and Rick Lamb|title=Revolution in Horsemanship and What it Means to Mankind |publisher= Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Connecticut|year=2005|isbn=159228387x |oclc=57005594}}
* {{cite book |title=A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management|author=Mills, Bruce and Barbara Carne |year=1988 |publisher=Howell Book House |location=New York, NY|isbn=0876058713 |oclc=17507227}}
* {{cite book |author=Myers, Jane |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-gAgchKMXdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=horse+subject:%22Sports+%26+Recreation+/+Equestrian%22&sig=iZlW5ZvqPuIER4KhukTy5veK4ug#PPA7,M1|title= Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location= Collingwood, UK|year=2005 |edition=|isbn=0643092455 |oclc=65466652}}
* {{cite book |last=Ockerman |first=Herbert W. |authorlink= |coauthors=Hansen, Conly L. |title=Animal By-product Processing & Utilization |url= |accessdate=2008-04-20 |year=2000|publisher=CRC Press |location= Lancaster, PA|isbn=1566767776 |oclc=43685745}}
* {{cite book |author= Olsen, Sandra L.|chapter=Horse Hunters of the Ice Age|title= Horses Through Time|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO |year= 1996 |isbn=1570980608 |oclc= 36179575}}
* {{cite book |author= Olsen, Sandra L.|chapter=In the Winner's Circle: The History of Equestrian Sports|title= Horses Through Time|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO |year= 1996 |isbn=1570980608 |oclc= 36179575}}
* {{cite book|title=Tibet: the secret continent|author=Peissel, Michel|year=2002|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0312309538, 9780312309534|page=36|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6sFWvuBug8IC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=riwoche+horse&source=bl&ots=nZu3B3ma-4&sig=0XueNyuhggPusJxgJ3fP37ZkSRQ&hl=en&ei=hompSpL4GZOesgOspN2UBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#v=onepage&q=riwoche%20horse&f=false}}
* {{cite book |author=Price, Steven D. |otherauthor=Shiers, Jessie |title=The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary |publisher=Lyons Press |location=Guilford, CT |year=2007 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-59921-036-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Price, Steven D.; Spector, David L..; Gail Rentsch; Burn, Barbara B. (editors) |title= The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated|edition=Revised |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83995-4 }}
* {{cite book |author= Prince, Eleanor F. and Gaydell M. Collier|title= Basic Horsemanship: English and Western|edition= |publisher= Doubleday|location= New York, NY|year= 1974|isbn=0-385-06587-6 |oclc= 873660}}
* {{cite book |author=Self, Margaret Cabell|title=Riding Simplified|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iUTm7aD1Mf8C&pg=PA55&dq=bareback+riding&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0XRcCSCMfrdYVrKwUFNYDxXXdDcA |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |location= |year=2005 |isbn=1419100874}}
* {{cite book|author=Sellnow, Les|title=Happy Trails: Your Complete Guide to Fun and Safe Trail Riding|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bOUTZgrGD6QC&pg=PA46&dq=horse+vision+350&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U2ibeMdtl0xmFO5VFc-DniPa7M0Ig|year=2004|publisher=Eclipse Press|isbn=1581501145|oclc=56493380}}
* {{cite book |author=Smith, BP |title=Large Animal Internal Medicine|publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|year=1996 |edition=Second |isbn=0-8151-7724-0 |oclc=33439780}}
* {{cite book |author= Sponenberg, D. Phillip|chapter=The Proliferation of Horse Breeds|title= Horses Through Time|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO |year= 1996 |isbn=1570980608 |oclc= 36179575}}
* {{cite book |author=Thomas, Heather Smith |title=Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding |publisher=Storey Publishing |location=North Adams, MA |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58017-467-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author=Thorson, Juli S. |title=Rugged Lark |editor= Martindale, Cathy and Kathy Swan (editors) |encyclopedia= Legends 7: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares |publisher=Western Horseman |location= Colorado Springs, CO |year=2006 |isbn=0-911647-79-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Vogel, Colin B.V.M|title=The Complete Horse Care Manual|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.|location=New York, NY|year=1995 |isbn=0789401703 |oclc=32168476}}
* {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Eileen|title=Horse Stable And Riding Arena Design |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c3dGxSY6E54C&pg=PA215&dq=horse+%22sturdy+fencing%22&lr=&ei=1I4LSJ6RIJTyiwHlqJirAQ&sig=byyUlPxTzXwpIWNz6Cr4Lp7V7rg |year=2006 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location= Armes, IA|isbn=0813828597|chapter=Fence Planning |oclc=224324847 }}
* {{cite book | author=Whitaker, Julie |otherauthor=Whitelaw, Ian |title=The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=0-312-37108-x}}
{{Refend}}


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{{Persondata
{{Commons category|Equus caballus}}
|NAME = Parker, Sarah Jessica
{{wikispecies|Equus caballus}}
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
{{wikiquote|Horses}}
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actress

|DATE OF BIRTH = March 25, 1965
{{Perissodactyla}}
|PLACE OF BIRTH = {{city-state|Nelsonville|Ohio}}
{{Equine|state=collapsed}}
|DATE OF DEATH =

|PLACE OF DEATH =
[[Category:Horses]]
}}
[[Category:Livestock]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parker, Sarah Jessica}}
[[Category:Equidae]]
[[Category:Animal-powered transport]]
[[Category:Actors from New York]]
[[Category:National symbols of Burkina Faso]]
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[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners]]
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[[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners]]
[[Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners]]
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[[Category:American actors of German descent]]
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[[Category:People from Englewood, New Jersey]]
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Revision as of 11:45, 17 May 2010

Sarah Jessica Parker
Parker at the 2009 premiere of Wonderful World
Occupation(s)Actress, producer
Years active1974–present
SpouseMatthew Broderick (1997–present)

Sarah Jessica Parker (born March 25, 1965) is an American film, television, and theater actress and producer. She is best known for her leading role as Carrie Bradshaw in the HBO television series Sex and the City, for which she won four Golden Globe Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and two Emmy Awards. She played the same role in the 2008 feature film based on the show, Sex and the City: The Movie, and its sequel, Sex and the City 2, scheduled to open on May 28, 2010.

Parker has also appeared in many other films, including Footloose (1984), L.A. Story (1991), Honeymoon in Vegas (1992), Hocus Pocus (1993), Mars Attacks! (1996), State and Main (2000), The Family Stone (2005), Smart People (2008), and Did You Hear About the Morgans? (2009).

Early life

Sarah Jessica Parker was born in Nelsonville, Ohio, the daughter of Barbara (née Keck), a nursery school operator and teacher, and Stephen Parker, an entrepreneur and journalist.[1][2] She was one of a total of eight children from her parents' marriage and her mother's second marriage (her full siblings include actors Timothy Britten Parker and Pippin Parker). After her parents' divorce, her mother married Paul Forste, a truck driver and account executive who was a part of Parker's life from an early age.[3] Parker's mother was of English and German descent, while Parker's father, a native of Brooklyn, was of Eastern European Jewish background; his family's original surname was "Bar-Kahn" ("son of Kohen").[4][2] Parker has identified culturally and ethnically with Judaism, although she had no religious training.[4] She has said that even while her family lived in Cincinnati, her mother emulated a New York lifestyle.[4]

As a young girl, Parker trained in singing and ballet, and was soon cast in the Broadway revival of William Archibald's The Innocents.[5] Her family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and then to Dobbs Ferry, New York, near New York City, so that she could get specialized training. There her mother and stepfather helped Parker develop her career as a child actress. In 1977, the family moved to the newly opened planned community on Roosevelt Island, in the East River between Manhattan and Queens, and later to Manhattan. The family later moved to Englewood, New Jersey, where Parker attended Dwight Morrow High School.[6]

Parker attended the School for Creative and Performing Arts in Cincinnati, the School of American Ballet in New York, Dwight Morrow High School in New Jersey, and the Professional Children's School, Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, California.

Acting career

Parker and four siblings appeared in a production of The Sound of Music at the outdoor Municipal Theatre (Muny) in St. Louis, Missouri.[7] She was selected for a role in the new 1977-81 Broadway musical Annie: first in the small role of "July" and then succeeding Andrea McArdle and Shelley Bruce in the lead role of the Depression-era orphan, beginning March 1979. Parker held the role for a year.

In 1982, Parker was cast as the co-lead of the CBS sitcom Square Pegs. The show lasted just one season, but Parker's performance, as a shy teen who showed hidden depths, was critically well-received. In the three years that followed, she was cast in four films: the most significant being Footloose in 1984 and 1984's Girls Just Wanna Have Fun, co-starring Helen Hunt. In 1986, Parker appeared in the cult classic Flight of the Navigator, a Disney science fiction film.

By the early 1990s, Parker's career was gaining momentum. In 1991, she appeared in a supporting role in the romantic comedy, L.A. Story; both the movie and her performance garnered positive reviews.[5] The following year, she landed an important starring role in the well-received film Honeymoon in Vegas, co-starring Nicolas Cage. Her 1993 role in the film Hocus Pocus was a higher grosser at the box office but received negative reviews. Also in 1993, she starred as a police diver opposite Bruce Willis in film Striking Distance. The following year, she appeared opposite Johnny Depp in the critically acclaimed movie Ed Wood[5] as Wood's girlfriend Dolores Fuller.

The film Miami Rhapsody, in 1995, was a romantic comedy in which she had a leading role. In 1996, she appeared in another Tim Burton-directed movie, Mars Attacks!, as well as in The First Wives Club and The Substance of Fire, in which she reprised her 1991 stage role. In 1997, she appeared as Francesca Lanfield, a washed-up former child actress, in the comedy Till There Was You.

Sex and the City (1998–2004, 2008–present)

Parker in New York City, June 2003

The script for an HBO drama/comedy series titled Sex and the City was sent to Parker. The show's creator, Darren Star, wanted her for his project. Despite some doubts about being cast in a long-term television series, Parker agreed to star.[8]

After five nominations, in 2004, Parker won an Emmy Award for her lead role. Parker said in 2006 that she "will never do a television show again".[9][10]

After Sex and the City ended in 2004, rumors of a film version circulated. It was revealed that a script had been completed for such a project. At the time, Parker said such a film would likely never be made.[11] Two years later, preparations were resumed, and the film was released on May 30, 2008.

Later career

In addition to work in film and television, Parker has gained respect as a stage actor, having appeared in well-reviewed lead roles in the off-Broadway play Sylvia, alongside future husband Matthew Broderick in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, and the Tony Award-nominated Once Upon a Mattress.

In December 2005, Parker appeared in her first film in several years, The Family Stone; she received a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress — Comedy for the role. Her next film, the romantic comedy Failure to Launch, co-starring Matthew McConaughey, was released on March 10, 2006 and opened at #1 in the North American box office, grossing slightly over $24 million in its opening weekend,[12] despite mediocre reviews.[13] Parker's work as a producer continued with the independent film Spinning Into Butter (which she also starred in), based on the Rebecca Gilman play. Parker was initially set to star in Vacancy, along with her co-star from The Family Stone, Luke Wilson, but she dropped out in favor of other projects. Kate Beckinsale later won the role.

On July 20, US cable network Bravo announced it had picked up a reality show produced by Parker under the working title American Artist.[14] As a self-described "art enthusiast", Parker will feature artists of any age over 17, with each show having 13 finalists. Parker's inspiration comes from her mother-in-law, whose artwork became noticed only after she died.[15]

Parker is producing a new comedy series for HBO called Washingtonienne. The pilot is currently in production and will air in 2009. The show revolves around the lives of three smart and sophisticated friends, all working for powerful men on Capitol Hill.

Parker is participating in the United States version of the hit UK television series Who Do You Think You Are? for NBC. Celebrities are helped to trace their family trees. The executive producer is Lisa Kudrow. The series will feature Parker, husband Matthew Broderick, Kudrow and others.[16]

Fashion industry

A fashion icon, Parker has become very influential in the world of fashion. In 2000, she hosted the MTV Movie Awards, appearing in 15 different outfits during the show. [citation needed]

She has also become the face of many of the world's biggest fashion brands through her work in a variety of advertising campaigns. In August 2003, Parker signed a lucrative deal with Garnier to appear in TV and print advertising promoting their Nutrisse hair products. In 2004, she fronted an international campaign by Gap, but her contract was terminated in spring 2005 in favor of British soul singer Joss Stone. [citation needed]

Parker released her own perfume in 2005, called "Lovely".[5] In March 2007, Parker announced the launch of her own fashion line, "Bitten",[17] in partnership with discount clothing chain Steve & Barry's.[18] The line, featuring clothing items and accessories under $20, launched on June 7, 2007, exclusively at Steve and Barry's.[19]

In July 2007, following the success of "Lovely," Parker released her second fragrance "Covet." In 2007, Parker was a guest on Project Runway for the second challenge.[20] In 2008, Covet Pure Bloom was released as continuous series of Covet.[21] In February 2009, as part of the "Lovely" collection, Parker launched a series of three new fragrances called "Dawn", "Endless" and "Twilight". [citation needed]

Personal life

Parker was romantically involved with actor Robert Downey, Jr. from 1984 until 1991. They met on the set of Firstborn. Downey had a drug problem, which affected their relationship. Parker has said, "I believed I was the person holding him together.".[22]

Matthew Broderick and Parker in 2009.

On May 19, 1997, she married actor Matthew Broderick, to whom she was introduced to by one of her brothers at the Naked Angels theater company, where they both performed.[23] The couple married in a civil ceremony in an historic synagogue on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. (Though no longer used as a house of worship, it can be reserved for events.) The couple's son James Wilke Broderick was born on October 28, 2002. He was named after Broderick's father, the actor James Joseph Broderick and writer Wilkie Collins. [citation needed]

Parker and Broderick's surrogate mother delivered their twin daughters, Marion Loretta Elwell and Tabitha Hodge, on June 22, 2009. Their middle names of "Elwell" and "Hodge" are from Parker's mother's family. [24].

As of 2009, she lives in New York City with her husband, son, and daughters. The couple frequently attend arts performances. They also spend considerable time at their holiday home near Kilcar, a village in County Donegal, Ireland, where Broderick spent summers as a child. [citation needed]

Parker is a prominent member of the Hollywood's Women's Political Committee. She is UNICEF's Representative for the Performing Arts; in 2006, she traveled to Liberia as a UNICEF celebrity ambassador. She said, "It's a place that gets little or no attention, so we're going to try and bring some attention to it".[25] She is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for the United States. Parker has defended Israel's actions in trying to protect its people.[4] Parker appeared on the premiere episode of Who Do You Think You Are? on March 5, 2010, where she discovered she had ancestors in the California Gold Rush of 1849-50 and in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. [citation needed]

Awards

Golden Globes

  • 1999: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - Sex and the City
  • 2000: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - Sex and the City
  • 2001: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - Sex and the City
  • 2002: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - Sex and the City
  • 2003: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - Sex and the City
  • 2004: Winner: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - Sex and the City
  • 2005: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series: Musical or Comedy - Sex and the City
  • 2005: Nominee: Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture: Musical or Comedy - The Family Stone

Emmy Awards

  • 1999: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2000: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2001: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2001: Winner: Outstanding Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2004: Winner: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2004: Nominee: Outstanding Comedy Series - Sex and the City

Screen Actors Guild Awards

  • 2000: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2001: Winner: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2001: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2002: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2002: Winner: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2003: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2004: Winner: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2005: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City
  • 2005: Nominee: Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series - Sex and the City

Razzie Award

  • 2009: Nominee: Worst Actress - "Did You Hear About the Morgans?"

Maxim Magazine

  • 2007: Number 1 Unsexiest Woman Alive[26]

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
1974 The Little Match Girl The Little Match Girl Cameo; Uncredited
1983 Somewhere Tomorrow Lori Anderson
1984 Footloose Rusty
Firstborn Lisa
1985 Girls Just Want to Have Fun Janey Glenn
1986 Flight of the Navigator Carolyn McAdams
1991 L.A. Story SanDeE*
1992 In the Best Interest of the Children Callie Cain
1992 Honeymoon in Vegas Betsy/Donna
1993 Striking Distance Jo Christman/Det. Emily Harper
Hocus Pocus Sarah Sanderson
1994 Ed Wood Dolores Fuller
1995 Miami Rhapsody Gwyn Marcus
1996 Mars Attacks! Nathalie Lake
If Lucy Fell Lucy Ackerman
The First Wives Club Shelly Stewart
Extreme Measures Jodie Trammel
1997 'Til There Was You Francesca Lanfield
1999 Dudley Do-Right Nell Fenwick
2000 State and Main Claire Wellesley
2001 Life Without Dick Colleen Gibson direct-to-video
2005 The Family Stone Meredith Morton
2006 Strangers with Candy Peggy Callas
Failure to Launch Paula
2007 Spinning Into Butter Sarah Daniels
2008 Smart People Janet Hartigan
Sex and the City: The Movie Carrie Bradshaw
2009 Did You Hear About the Morgans? Meryl Morgan


TV shows

Year Title Role Notes
1982–1983 Square Pegs Patty Greene season 1
1987–1988 A Year in the Life Kay Erickson A miniseries in 1986 Aired for one season.
1990–1991 Equal Justice Jo Ann Harris two seasons
1999 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Herself TV series, one episode
1998–2004 Sex and the City Carrie Bradshaw 6 seasons
2010 Who Do You Think You Are? Herself TV series

Producer

Year Title Role Notes
2002–2004 Sex and the City Producer 28 episodes
2008 Sex and the City: The Movie Co-producer

References

Wikiquote has quotations related to Sarah Jessica Parker.
  1. ^ "Sarah Jessica Parker Biography (1965-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  2. ^ a b "1". Who Do You Think You Are?. Season 1. Episode 1. 2010-03-05. NBC. {{cite episode}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |episodelink= (help); Text "Who Do You Think You Are?" ignored (help)
  3. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (2000-07-30). "Talking Money With - Sarah Jessica Parker - Talking Money With - Sarah Jessica Parker - From A Start On Welfare To Riches In The City". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  4. ^ a b c d Pogrebin, Abigail (2005-12-26). "Excerpt: 'Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk About Being Jewish' by Abigail Pogrebin". ABC News. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2008
  6. ^ Klein, Alvin. "ACTRESS, 18, HAS SOME REGRETS", The New York Times, October 30, 1983. Accessed December 27, 2007. "Before attending Hollywood High School, she was a student at Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood. After living for a while on Roosevelt Island, between Manhattan and Queens, Mr. and Mrs. Forste bought a house in Englewood."
  7. ^ "History", The Municipal Theatre
  8. ^ "365gay.com". Sarah Jessica Parker. Retrieved March 13 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "365gay.com". Sarah Jessica Parker. Retrieved March 16 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help) available at the Internet Archive
  10. ^ "United Press". Sarah Jessica Parker in new HBO project. Retrieved March 16 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Winnipeg Sun". No Sex for Sarah. Retrieved March 13 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "13Wham.com". McConaughey & Parker's Film Soars to the Top. Retrieved March 13 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Rotten Tomatoes". Failure to Launch. Retrieved March 13 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Sarah Jessica Parker lands show at Bravo". The Live Feed.
  15. ^ Douglas, Sarah. ""Sarah Jessica Parker on Bringing Art to Reality", ARTINFO, July 2, 2009.
  16. ^ Permalink. "LISA KUDROW, SARAH JESSICA PARKER AND SUSAN SARANDON STAR IN NBC'S 'WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE?' PREMIERING APRIL 20". NBC.com. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  17. ^ "bittensjp.com". bittensjp.com. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  18. ^ Actress Sarah Jessica Parker is launching her own fashion line EnjoyFashion, March 14, 2007
  19. ^ "Bitten Revealed!", Fashion Week Daily, March 13, 2007
  20. ^ "caseofthecovetedbottle.com". caseofthecovetedbottle.com. 2010-02-18. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  21. ^ "Feeling Sexy - Pure Bloom Perfume by Sarah Jessica Parker". feelingsexy.com.au. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
  22. ^ "Entertainment Wise". Sarah Jessica Parker Knows All About Addiction. Retrieved March 15 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "For Naked Angels, the Party's Over. Time to Get Serious Again", "The New York Times", May 14, 2006
  24. ^ "Sarah Jessica Parker and Matthew Broderick Reveal Twins' Names". people.com. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  25. ^ "Star Pulse". Sarah Jessica Parker Joins UNICEF, Will Travel to Liberia. Retrieved 2006-03-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  26. ^ 5:54 p.m. ET (2007-10-26). "Maxim Names Sara Jessica Parker Unsexiest". MSNBC. Retrieved 2010-03-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarah Jessica Parker.

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