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<!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.-->
<!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.-->
A violent [[tornado outbreak]] from April 25&nbsp;– 28, 2011, affected the [[Southern United States|Southern]] and [[Eastern United States|Eastern]] [[United States]] leaving catastrophic destruction in its wake, especially across the state of [[Alabama]]. The outbreak produced destructive tornadoes in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia and affected several other areas throughout the Southern and Eastern United States. Widespread and destructive tornadoes occurred on each day of the outbreak so far.<ref name="StormReportsSPC">{{cite web|work=Storm Prediction Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=April 29, 2011|accessdate=April 29, 2011|title=Severe Weather Event Summaries|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/online/}}</ref>
A violent [[tornado outbreak]] from April 25&nbsp;– 28, 2011, affected the [[Southern United States|Southern]] and [[Eastern United States|Eastern]] [[United States]] leaving catastrophic destruction in its wake, especially across the state of [[Alabama]] (yay). The outbreak produced destructive tornadoes in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia and affected several other areas throughout the Southern and Eastern United States. Widespread and destructive tornadoes occurred on each day of the outbreak so far.<ref name="StormReportsSPC">{{cite web|work=Storm Prediction Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=April 29, 2011|accessdate=April 29, 2011|title=Severe Weather Event Summaries|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/online/}}</ref>


As of 8:05 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] on April 29, 2011, over 300 people had been reported to have been killed as a result of the outbreak (the exact number is unknown, and various sources differ on the exact count); all except five of the deaths (it is not stated whether these are included in the total) occurred on April 27.<ref name="abc"/><ref name="Vilonia"/> 210 of the deaths occurred in the state of Alabama alone.<ref name="abc"/> April 27 was the deadliest tornado day in the United States since the [[Super Outbreak]] of April 3–4, 1974, and the second deadliest tornado day since modern tornado forecasting began in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web| last =Pydynowski| first =Kristina| title =Violent Tornadoes Devastate the South; At Least 272 Dead| publisher =[[AccuWeather]]| date =2011-04-28| url =http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/48909/todays-tornado-onslaught-cente.asp| accessdate =2011-04-28 }}</ref> More than 300 tornadoes have been reported over four days, including 211 in 16 states on April 27.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/110427_rpts.html |title=Storm Prediction Center 110427's Storm Reports |publisher=Spc.noaa.gov |date=2002-03-25 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>
As of 8:05 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] on April 29, 2011, over 300 people had been reported to have been killed as a result of the outbreak (the exact number is unknown, and various sources differ on the exact count); all except five of the deaths (it is not stated whether these are included in the total) occurred on April 27.<ref name="abc"/><ref name="Vilonia"/> 210 of the deaths occurred in the state of Alabama alone.<ref name="abc"/> April 27 was the deadliest tornado day in the United States since the [[Super Outbreak]] of April 3–4, 1974, and the second deadliest tornado day since modern tornado forecasting began in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web| last =Pydynowski| first =Kristina| title =Violent Tornadoes Devastate the South; At Least 272 Dead| publisher =[[AccuWeather]]| date =2011-04-28| url =http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/48909/todays-tornado-onslaught-cente.asp| accessdate =2011-04-28 }}</ref> More than 300 tornadoes have been reported over four days, including 211 in 16 states on April 27.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/110427_rpts.html |title=Storm Prediction Center 110427's Storm Reports |publisher=Spc.noaa.gov |date=2002-03-25 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:10, 29 April 2011

April 25–28, 2011, tornado outbreak
Storm system on April 27
Duration4 days
Tornadoes
confirmed		70 confirmed, 346 reported
Max. rating1EF5 tornado
FatalitiesAt least 300[1][2]
Areas affectedMidwest, Southern U.S., Eastern U.S. and Southern Ontario
1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale

A violent tornado outbreak from April 25 – 28, 2011, affected the Southern and Eastern United States leaving catastrophic destruction in its wake, especially across the state of Alabama (yay). The outbreak produced destructive tornadoes in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia and affected several other areas throughout the Southern and Eastern United States. Widespread and destructive tornadoes occurred on each day of the outbreak so far.[3]

As of 8:05 a.m. EDT on April 29, 2011, over 300 people had been reported to have been killed as a result of the outbreak (the exact number is unknown, and various sources differ on the exact count); all except five of the deaths (it is not stated whether these are included in the total) occurred on April 27.[1][2] 210 of the deaths occurred in the state of Alabama alone.[1] April 27 was the deadliest tornado day in the United States since the Super Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974, and the second deadliest tornado day since modern tornado forecasting began in the 1950s.[4] More than 300 tornadoes have been reported over four days, including 211 in 16 states on April 27.[5]

Meteorological synopsis

This animation of satellite images from April 26 through the morning of April 28 shows the development of the weather system which spawned the tornadoes.

April 25

A large area of possible severe storms for April 25–27 was forecast as the NOAA-NWS-NCEP Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a moderate risk of severe weather for three consecutive days, centered over Arkansas through Tennessee. By the late-afternoon hours of April 25, several tornadoes had been reported across a few states, including two which caused significant damage in Oklahoma and Texas. At 3:25 pm CDT (2025 UTC), the SPC issued a Particularly dangerous situation (PDS) tornado watch for much of Arkansas and parts of Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas and Louisiana.[6] Tornadoes were scattered that day until early evening, when an intense tornadic cell tracked near the Little Rock metropolitan area and a tornado emergency was declared for Vilonia, Arkansas. Initial reports indicate that a tornado either 3 miles (4.8 km)[7] or 0.5 miles (0.80 km)[8] wide caused significant damage in the town.[7][9] Reports indicate four people were killed.[9]

In addition to the tornadoes, severe flooding is ongoing across a large area from the Red River valley to the Great Lakes.

April 26

A high risk of severe weather was issued for April 26 for portions of Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas along and near the Interstate 30 corridor as conditions became even more favorable for extreme weather.[10] A large PDS tornado watch with very high tornado probabilities was issued that afternoon for that same area.[11] Widespread tornado warnings were issued in this area later that evening, and tornadoes caused damage.[12]

Tornado watches were also issued for the Lower Great Lakes in the afternoon hours, and supercells began to track across southern Michigan in the early evening.[12] Several counties in Michigan were placed under tornado warnings, including Kent, Montcalm, Ionia, Kalamazoo, Calhoun, Barry, Eaton, Midland, and Bay counties. A tornado was later confirmed in Allegan County. A possible funnel had been spotted in Kalamazoo County, and seven people were injured by a lightning strike in Kalamazoo.[13] Further east, severe thunderstorms caused scattered wind damage and large hail across Pennsylvania and New York.[14] 2 Inch diameter hail was reported in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.[14] An isolated supercell moved across Central New York much of the afternoon, producing golf ball sized hail in Syracuse and spawned a very brief EF1 tornado in Verona Mills, causing primarily tree damage.

April 27

These houses in Ringgold, Georgia were completely destroyed by an EF4 tornado.

For the second day in a row, the SPC issued a high risk of severe weather for the Southern United States. Conditions for tornadoes became increasingly favorable for a major outbreak. During the afternoon, a tornado emergency was declared for Neshoba County, Mississippi as a large tornado was reported on the ground by storm spotters.

At around 5:10 p.m. CDT, a very large and exceptionally destructive tornado struck Tuscaloosa, Alabama.[15] About 40 minutes later, a tornado from the same parent supercell, possibly the same tornado, struck the northern suburbs of Birmingham, Alabama. A tornado emergency was issued for both cities. A debris ball was observed by the Birmingham NEXRAD[2], indicating that the tornado was causing extreme damage. Photos from the damage path showed total devastation. According to the Alabama Emergency Management Agency at about 11:00 p.m. CDT on April 28, at least 36 people have been killed in Tuscaloosa. Search and rescue still continues in the city, so this death toll may rise further.[16]

A statewide review by emergency management officials has recorded 210 fatalities in Alabama.[16] Damage and power outages in the Huntsville area are so widespread that little information from the area has yet been reported. Severe tornado damage, including at least seven deaths, has also been reported in Ringgold, Georgia. Tornado alerts were issued for Southern Ontario as far north as Ottawa, and three tornadoes may have touched down at Fergus, Ayr, and southwest of Kitchener, Ontario.[17][18][19]

The Storm Prediction Center shows 180 tornadoes were reported in the preceding 24 hours.[20]

April 28

File:Tuscaloosatornadodamage1.jpg
The aftermath in Tuscaloosa, AL

Tornado watches were issued for the Atlantic Seaboard from Pennsylvania to Florida, but tornadoes were predicted to weaken and become more isolated.[21] Even so, several people were killed across the region and tornadoes were reported in Pennsylvania,[22] New York, Virginia,[23] North Carolina,[24] South Carolina,[25] Georgia, and Florida.[26] A tornado is suspected in Maryland.[27] Although tornado watches were issued, no tornadoes were spotted in New Jersey[28] or Washington, D.C.[23] In the wake of the tornadoes and severe thunderstorms, widespread flooding hit the Midwest, South, and Eastern Seaboard, with extensive flood and flash flood warnings issued.[29]

Southern Ontario did not see any additional tornadoes. However, heavy winds with gusts of over 80 mph in the aftermath of the storm caused one death and several injuries from falling trees and flying debris.[30] The storm surge along the Great Lakes was among the highest ever seen, causing severe damage to several boats.[30] Environment Canada issued wind warnings for most of Southwestern Ontario, with snow expected in the wake of the storm.[18]

Confirmed tornadoes

See also: List of tornadoes in the April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 11 24 16 13 5 1 70

Most significant tornadoes

Vilonia tornado

The first killer tornado of the outbreak was a large EF2 that struck the small town of Vilonia, Arkansas (Faulkner County) around 7:30 pm CDT on April 25. A tornado warning was issued for the town roughly 30 minutes prior to the tornado's arrival and the relatively low loss of life is attributed to this lead time.[31] A tornado emergency was declared at 7:24 pm CDT for Vilonia shortly before the tornado struck.[32] Four people are known to have been killed in the town and many more injured. Numerous structures were also damaged or destroyed.[33] One mobile home was completely destroyed and debris from the home was scattered a significant distance from where it stood. Several other homes were reportedly leveled by the tornado. Within five minutes of the storm, local fire fighters arrived in the town and began search and rescue efforts.[31] Following the tornado, 85 members of the National Guard were deployed to assist in search and rescue, debris clearing, security and traffic control.[34]

Smithville tornado

A violent tornado struck Smithville, Mississippi, at 2:44 p.m. CDT on April 27. The damage path was less than three miles long, but was half a mile wide, and did extreme damage in Smithville. While initial reports indicated more widespread damage, the NWS damage survey reported EF5 damage, with 18 homes, a post office, a police station, and what was listed as the "water system" completely destroyed, with 52 homes and 7 businesses damaged to varying degrees. Dozens of newly constructed two-story, brick homes were leveled and trees were debarked. Five people are reported as missing. Damage assessments have determined that 150 homes, 14 businesses and 2 churches were destroyed by the tornado in Smithville. The homes were well-built, of recent construction, but the storm was violent enough that all appliances and plumbing fixtures in the damage path were "shredded or missing." 14 people were killed, and 40 injured. The tornado has been officially rated as an EF5 tornado with estimated winds of 205 mph; information is still preliminary.[35]

This was the first confirmed EF5 tornado anywhere in the world since the Parkersburg, Iowa, tornado on May 25, 2008.

Rainsville tornado

This storm, preliminarily rated EF4, is likely to have begun in the Lakeview community northeast of Geraldine, Alabama. The tornado then tracked northeastward generally parallel and just east of State Route 75 through Fyffe, Rainsville, and Sylvania killing 30 people. Damage has also been reported farther to the northeast through the Henagar and Ider areas, although these locations have not been surveyed yet.

The tornado touched town in the Lakeview community initially causing structural damage to small buildings and snapping trees. The tornado grew in intensity and the path width increased from around 50 yards to a half a mile as it entered the the Rainsville and Sylvania communities Damage included houses that were completely removed from foundations and debris scattered for about one mile, trees were debarked, and a few mobile homes were completely destroyed with debris strewn for about a mile downstream. In Sylvania, some of these houses completely removed from foundations contained anchor bolts and foundation straps. Further surveys will be conducted along points between Fyffe and Lakeview and eventually beyond Sylvania, where additional damage occurred.[36]

Tuscaloosa/Birmingham tornado

File:Tuscaloosatornadodamage2.jpg
Some of the damaged sustained in Tuscaloosa, AL.

A large wedge tornado tracked across Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, including the southern and eastern portions of Tuscaloosa around 5:10 p.m. CDT and continued northeast.[15] Debris from the tornado was reported to be falling from the sky across Birmingham over 20 miles away in Jefferson County. Skycams operated by local Fox affiliate WBRC (channel 6) and ABC affiliate WBMA-LP/WCFT/WJSU (channels 58, 33 and 40; branded as "ABC 33/40") captured video of the tornado as it struck Tuscaloosa.[37] Several stores and restaurants in a business district at the intersection of McFarland Boulevard and 15th Street, near the DCH Regional Medical Center, were destroyed by the tornado; buildings were also reported destroyed on 35th Street, between Interstate 359 and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. As the tornado traveled east to 35th Street and Kauloosa Avenue, the Tuscaloosa Environmental Services and Cintas facilities suffered severe damage. Numerous homes in the Rosedale and Forest Lake neighborhoods, as well as a P&P Grocery store in Rosedale, were devastated.[38] The University of Alabama suspended its operations, cancelled its softball and rowing competitions, cancelled its final exams period, and postponed its commencement until August 6.[39]

File:Tuscaloosatornadodamageneighborhood.jpg
The remains of an apartment complex in Tuscaloosa, AL.

Television cameras, including another skycam operated by WBMA-LP/WCFT/WJSU, captured the mile-wide tornado as it moved east-northeast across the western and northern suburbs of Birmingham around 6:00 p.m. CDT.[40] Initial reports indicate significant structural damage and a mile to 1½ mile wide damage path.

The supercell that produced the Tuscaloosa/Birmingham tornado may have had potentially record-breaking longevity as that particular storm traveled more than 280 miles across five states from Mississippi to North Carolina, with damage reported from multiple tornadoes spawned by the storm.[citation needed] Unofficial surveys have categorized the damage from the tornado that hit Tuscaloosa and the northwestern suburbs of Birmingham as EF4 and possibly EF5.[citation needed] The overall death toll is uncertain but initial reports from Tuscaloosa and Birmingham indicate at least 36 people were dead and over 600 injured in the Tuscaloosa area and at least 10 people confirmed dead from Concord and Pleasant Grove.[41] The number of fatalities is highly uncertain due to ongoing search and rescue efforts and is subject to revision following surveys on the track of the tornado from the National Weather Service.

Non-tornadic events

Minor thunderstorms were reported as far north as Northern Ontario on the evening of April 26. Heavy rains and minor flooding were also reported in Northern Ontario from April 26-28.[42][43][44][45] Windstorms were also reported in Southern Ontario which resulted in some injuries, including one death.[46][47][48]

Aftermath

Alabama Governor Robert J. Bentley declared a state of emergency in the state of Alabama, due to storm damage from severe thunderstorms earlier on April 27, as well as the forthcoming severe weather later that day.[49] In addition, state of emergency declarations were also placed in Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee and Oklahoma, because of the flooding and tornadoes.[50] Following the tornado outbreak on the evening of April 27, President Barack Obama granted a federal emergency declaration for the state of Alabama, giving federal assistance, including search and rescue assets to the affected region.[51] More than 2,000 National Guard troops have been deployed to Alabama, assisting local and state first responders in search and rescue efforts.[52] It was announced on April 28, 2011 that Obama would be visiting the affected areas of Alabama on the 29th.[53]

Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant in Alabama was adversely affected by the outbreak forcing the plant to shut down.[54]

Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant

The Chattanooga Times Free Press reported that the Tennessee Valley Authority had lost the ability to transmit power from its Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant. The loss of ability to transmit power from the plant had forced it to perform a cold shutdown while being run with diesel generators. Chief Operating Officer Bill McCollum of TVA stated that it could be weeks before the plant is up and running again.[54] The Nuclear Regulatory Commission stated at a press conference "The plants' conditions are stable and are being placed in a cooled-down condition."[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Tornado Aftermath: Southern Storms Leave More Than 300 Dead". ABC. 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  2. ^ a b "Heavy Rain/Severe Weather on April 23–27, 2011". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  3. ^ "Severe Weather Event Summaries". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  4. ^ Pydynowski, Kristina (2011-04-28). "Violent Tornadoes Devastate the South; At Least 272 Dead". AccuWeather. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  5. ^ "Storm Prediction Center 110427's Storm Reports". Spc.noaa.gov. 2002-03-25. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  6. ^ "Storm Reports for April 25, 2011". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 25, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  7. ^ a b msnbc.com staff and news service reports (2011-04-26). "'The town's gone': Seven dead as storm slams Ark". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
  8. ^ Olson, Bruce (2011-04-26). "Five dead in Arkansas as floods, tornadoes hit again". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
  9. ^ a b Williams, Timothy (2011-04-26). "Deadly Storm Hits Arkansas Town". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
  10. ^ "Apr 26, 2011 1300 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  11. ^ Hart, John (2011-04-26). "PDS Tornado Watch 215". National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  12. ^ a b "Local Storm Reports 1500-2000CDT". IEM Local Storm Report App. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  13. ^ "Local Storm Reports 1500-2000CDT". IEM Local Storm Report App. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  14. ^ a b "NWS Storm Reports April 27, 2011". Storm Predition Center.
  15. ^ a b Francis, Enjoli; Hubbard, Jeremy; Tanglao, Leezel (April 27, 2011). "Storms, Tornadoes Leave Dozens Dead in Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and Tennessee". ABC News. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
  16. ^ a b "Number of weather related fatalities climb to 210" (PDF). AEMA. 2011-04-28. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  17. ^ "When the wind blows | London | News | London Free Press". Lfpress.com. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  18. ^ a b "Ontario – Special Weather Statements – Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  19. ^ [1] The Record, April 28, 2011.
  20. ^ "NWS Storm Reports April 27, 2011". Spc.noaa.gov. 2002-03-25. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  21. ^ "Storm Prediction Center Apr 28, 2011 0600 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". Spc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  22. ^ POSTED: 4:26 pm EDT April 28, 2011. "NEW: NWS Confirms Tornado Touched Down In York County – Pennsylvania Weather News Story – WGAL The Susquehanna Valley". Wgal.com. Retrieved 2011-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ a b Jouvenal, Justin. "Funnel clouds reported across area; 5 killed in southwest Va". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  24. ^ "Storms leave isolated damage". WRAL.com. 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  25. ^ "NWS confirms tornado touchdowns in Calhoun, Sumter counties – WIS News 10 – Columbia, South Carolina |". Wistv.com. 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  26. ^ "Midlands Wakes Up to Rain, Lightning, Hail". wltx.com. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  27. ^ "Coastal Flood Advisory In Effect – News – WAMU 88.5 FM – American University Radio". Wamu.org. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  28. ^ AccuWeather. "Storms bring heavy downpour to N.J. but no damage". NJ.com. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  29. ^ "Watches & Warnings in United States". Intellicast. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  30. ^ a b Posted: Apr 28, 2011 11:31 AM ET. "Winds kill man, create havoc across Ont. – Toronto – CBC News". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 2011-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b Linda Hicks (April 26, 2011). "Vilonia firefighter keep busy in cleanup efforts after storm". The Cabin. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  32. ^ "Tornado Emergency for Vilonia, Arkansas". National Weather Service. April 25, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  33. ^ Rob Moritz (April 26, 2011). "Officials take stock of damage during brief storm lull". Arkansas News. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  34. ^ Lindsey Tugman (April 26, 2011). "120 Guardsmen called to assist in Vilonia, Hot Springs Village". THV. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  35. ^ "MONROE COUNTY TORNADO UPGRADED TO EF-5 WITH 205 MPH WINDS". Srh.noaa.gov. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  36. ^ "PUBLIC INFORMATION STATEMENT". National Weather Service. 1100 PM CDT THU APR 28 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved April 29, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ VIDEO: Alabama tornado, WOFL, April 28, 2011.
  38. ^ THE AFTERMATH: Staff accounts of the Tuscaloosa tornado, Daily Comet, April 28, 2011.
  39. ^ "Weather Advisory". University of Alabama. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
  40. ^ Ballisty, Tim; Dolce, Chris; Erdman, Jonathan (April 27, 2011). "Severe Weather: Track the Storms". Retrieved April 27, 2011. {{cite web}}: Text "Weather.com" ignored (help)
  41. ^ "Alabama cities hit by twisters as death toll rises". April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Text "MSNBC" ignored (help)
  42. ^ Old hospital site floods Sault Star, April 27, 2011
  43. ^ Rain soaks Sudbury Sudbury Star, April 27, 2011
  44. ^ Keep eye out for possible flooding, city advises Sudbury Star, April 27, 2011
  45. ^ Ice is off, and a flood warning issued North Bay Nugget, April 28, 2011
  46. ^ Three women seriously hurt as spring wind storm whips through Ottawa Ottawa Citizen, April 28, 2011
  47. ^ Wednesday's damage in Ontario being investigated The Weather Network (Canada), April 28, 2011.
  48. ^ Fierce winds whip through Ontario The Weather Network (Canada), April 28, 2011
  49. ^ State of Emergency Declared in Alabama, WPMI, April 27, 2011.
  50. ^ State of emergency declared in seven US states, Travel Weekly, April 28, 2011.
  51. ^ State of emergency declared in Ala., WALA-TV, April 28, 2011.
  52. ^ White House mobilizes response in wake of deadly storms, CNN, April 28, 2011.
  53. ^ "Barack Obama pledges to help US tornadoes recovery". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  54. ^ a b Sohn, Pam (28 April 2011). "TVA loses all power transmission lines in Alabama and Mississippi, Browns Ferry Nuclear plant forced into emergency shutdown". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
  55. ^ UPI (28 April 2011). "NRC: 'Bama nuke plant shut down safely". UPI. Retrieved 28 April 2011.

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