Jump to content

Rohingya people: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Kungfu2187 (talk | contribs)
1,366 edits
Reverted 6 edits by 218.186.19.227 (talk): Noob test edit. (TW)
Line 7: Line 7:
|rels= [[Islam]]
|rels= [[Islam]]
}}
}}
The '''Rohingya''' ({{lang-my|ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ}}) is a predominantly [[Muslim]] [[ethnic group]] of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] in western [[Burma]]. The Rohingya population is mostly concentrated to the cities of [[Maungdaw]], [[Buthidaung]], [[Akyab]], [[Rathedaung]] and [[Kyauktaw]].
The '''Rohingya''' which is known as Bengali in Burma and they are from Bangladesh Country.


==Language==
==Language==
Line 17: Line 17:


==History==
==History==
===Resistance Against Burmese Kingdom===
There was no Muslim community in Arakan before the
===British Rule===
state was absorbed into British India. Some Bengali retinues of King Saw Mun (r.1430-
===World War 2 Japanese Occupation===
1433) who regained the throne with the military aid from Sultanate of Bengal were
{{main|Rohingya massacre}}
allowed to settled down in the suburban area of Mrauk-U, the new royal capital. They
On 28 March 1942, some thousands of Muslims (not more than 5,000) in Min Pya and Myoe Haung Townships were killed by Rakhine nationalists and Kareni. On the other side, the Muslims from Northern Rakhine state killed few thousands of Rakhine. British and Japanese forces never tortured the Muslims in Rakhine state. In fact, British and Japanese did not kill the Muslims.
were the earliest Muslim settlers who do not seem to count many. There had been a

minor Muslim presence mostly made up of Muslim mercenaries, itinerant merchants
During [[World War II]], [[Japan]]ese forces invaded [[Burma]], then under [[British rule in Burma|British colonial rule]]. The British forces retreated and in the power vacuum left behind, considerable violence erupted. This included communal violence between [[Buddhist]] Rakhine and Muslim Rohingya villagers. The period also witnessed violence between groups loyal to the British and Burmese [[nationalist]]s. The Rohingya supported the Allies during the war and oppose the Japanese forces, assisting the Allies in reconnaissance.
from Persia and Golkonda and some Bengali captives of the Arakanese and Portuguese

pirates sold into slavery. The descendants of those people can be found in the vicinity of
The Japanese committed atrocities toward thousands of Rohingya, the Japanese engaged in an orgy of rape, murder and torture.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA263&dq=rohingya+japanese&hl=en&ei=kASlTamKAdGi0gHRyaHlCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=rohingya%20japanese&f=false|title=Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective|author=Kurt Jonassohn|year=1999|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=|page=263|isbn=0765804174|pages=|accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref> In this period, some 22,000 Rohingya are believed to have crossed the border into [[Bengal]], then part of British India, to escape the violence.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Mu2dslx8QoC&pg=PA180&dq=rohingya+japanese&hl=en&ei=kASlTamKAdGi0gHRyaHlCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=rohingya%20japanese&f=false|title=Human rights in South Asia|author=Pramod Mishra|year=2000|publisher=Gyan Books|location=|page=180|isbn=8178350084|pages=|accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oyzfkz1gcVsC&pg=PA86&dq=rohingya+japanese&hl=en&ei=kASlTamKAdGi0gHRyaHlCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=rohingya%20japanese&f=false|title=Protracted displacement in Asia: no place to call home|author=Howard Adelman|year=2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|location=|page=86|isbn=0754672387|pages=|accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gIOFAAAAMAAJ&q=Independence,+and+Rohingya+Flight+In+1942,+Japanese+forces+invaded+Burma+and+during+the+British+retreat+communal++22000+refugees&dq=Independence,+and+Rohingya+Flight+In+1942,+Japanese+forces+invaded+Burma+and+during+the+British+retreat+communal++22000+refugees&hl=en&ei=XCClTZbrE4TUgQfZqoSdCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|title=Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese refugees in Bangladesh: still no durable solution|author=Human Rights Watch (Organization)|year=2000|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=|page=6|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
Royal capital Mrauk-U and Kyauktaw Township. [R.B. Smart: 1957: 87] Professing the

Islamic faith, they have lived in Arakan since the early seventeenth century, where their
40,000 Rohingya eventually fled to Chittagong after repeated massacres by the Burmese and Japanese forces.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tdMtAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Burmans,+in+collaboration+with+the+Japanese,+massacred+many+Rohingyas+and+kicked+out+40000+refugees+to+Chittagong.11+In+the+post-colonial+period,+in+between+l959+and+l978,+there+were+multiple+major+Burmese+military+operations&dq=The+Burmans,+in+collaboration+with+the+Japanese,+massacred+many+Rohingyas+and+kicked+out+40000+refugees+to+Chittagong.11+In+the+post-colonial+period,+in+between+l959+and+l978,+there+were+multiple+major+Burmese+military+operations&hl=en&ei=wASlTYSFE4630QG25PWGCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA|title=Asian profile, Volume 21|author=|year=1993|publisher=Asian Research Service|location=|page=312|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
way of life pertains to their lands of origin. Speaking Arkanese dialect, they never claim
themselves being Rohingyas. They want to be called themselves Arakanese Muslims.
It is obvious that the term “Rohingya” was created in 1950s by the educated
Chittagonian descendants from Mayu Frontier area (present day Buthidaung and
Maungdaw Districts) and that it cannot be found in any historical source materials in any
language till then. The creators of that term might be of the second or third generations of
the Bengali immigrants from the Chittagong District in modern Bangladesh. R.B. Smart
wrote:
“Since 1879, immigration has taken place on a much larger scale and the
descendants of the slaves are resident, for the most part in the Kyauktaw and
Myohaung [Mrauk-U] townships. Maungdaw township has been overrun by
Chittagonian immigrants. Buthidaung is not far behind and new arrivals will be
found in almost every part of the district [R.B. Smart: 1957: 87].


===Burmese Junta===
===Burmese Junta===
Line 49: Line 37:
Religion is particularly important to the Rohingya people, who are predominantly [[Muslim]]s. [[Mosque]]s and [[Madrasah|religious schools]] occupy most villages. Traditionally, men pray in congregation and women pray at home.
Religion is particularly important to the Rohingya people, who are predominantly [[Muslim]]s. [[Mosque]]s and [[Madrasah|religious schools]] occupy most villages. Traditionally, men pray in congregation and women pray at home.


⚫
==Human rights violations & refugees==
Thousands of Bengali-Rohingya fought with Talibans against US and their grand plan to make Burma an Islamic state has been exposed publicly from the records seized by international forces. They are stopped now for a while but if we are naive and ignorant about their ongoing threat, Burma will be just another Afghanistan.
According to [[Amnesty International]], the Muslim Rohingya people have continued to suffer from [[human rights]] violations under the Burmese [[Military dictatorship|junta]] since 1978, and many have fled to neighboring [[Bangladesh]] as a result:.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA160052004?open&of=ENG-MMR Myanmar - The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied], [[Amnesty International]], 2004.</ref>

{{quote|"The Rohingyas’ freedom of movement is severely restricted and the vast majority of them have effectively been denied Burma citizenship. They are also subjected to various forms of extortion and arbitrary taxation; land confiscation; forced eviction and house destruction; and financial restrictions on marriage. Rohingyas continue to be used as forced labourers on roads and at military camps, although the amount of forced labour in northern Rakhine State has decreased over the last decade."}}

{{quote|"In 1978 over 200,000 Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh, following the ‘Nagamin’ (‘Dragon King’) operation of the Myanmar army. Officially this campaign aimed at "scrutinising each individual living in the state, designating citizens and foreigners in accordance with the law and taking actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally." This military campaign directly targeted civilians, and resulted in widespread killings, rape and destruction of mosques and further religious persecution."}}

{{quote|"During 1991-92 a new wave of over a quarter of a million Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh. They reported widespread forced labour, as well as summary executions, torture, and rape. Rohingyas were forced to work without pay by the Burmese army on infrastructure and economic projects, often under harsh conditions. Many other human rights violations occurred in the context of forced labour of Rohingya civilians by the security forces."}}

As of 2005, the [[UNHCR]] had been assisting with the repatriation of Rohingya from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps have threatened this effort.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.newagebd.com/2005/may/21/front.html#9
| title = UNHCR threatens to wind up Bangladesh operations
| publisher = New Age BDNEWS, Dhaka
| date = 2005-05-21
| accessdate = 2007-04-25
}}</ref>

Despite earlier efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya refugees have remained in Bangladesh, unable to return because of the negative attitude of the ruling regime in Myanmar. Now they are facing problems in Bangladesh as well where they do not receive support from the government any longer.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7019882.stm Burmese exiles in desperate conditions]</ref> In February 2009, many Rohingya refugees were rescued by [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] [[sailor]]s in the [[Strait of Malacca]], after 21 days at sea.<ref>[http://epaper.kompas.com/ Kompas].</ref>

Over the years thousands of Rohingya also have fled to Thailand. There are roughly 111,000 refugees housed in 9 camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. There have been charges that groups of them have been shipped and towed out to open sea from Thailand, and left there. In February 2009 there was evidence of the Thai army towing a boatload of 190 Rohingya refugees out to sea. A group of refugees rescued by Indonesian authorities also in February 2009 told harrowing stories of being captured and beaten by the Thai military, and then abandoned at open sea. By the end of February there were reports that of a group of 5 boats were towed out to open sea, of which 4 boats sank in a storm, and 1 boat washed up on the shore. February 12, 2009 Thailand's prime minister [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]] said there were "some instances" in which Rohingya people were pushed out to sea.
<blockquote>"There are attempts, I think, to let these people drift to other shores. [...] when these practices do occur, it is done on the understanding that there is enough food and water supplied. [...] It's not clear whose work it is [...] but if I have the evidence who exactly did this I will bring them to account." <ref>Rivers, Dan (February 12, 2009). [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/thailand.refugees.admission/index.html Thai PM admits boat people pushed out to sea]. [[CNN]].</ref></blockquote>


The prime minister said he regretted "any losses", and was working on rectifying the problem.
⚫
==Human rights violations ==
The term Rohingya was coined by Islamic extremists during 1950s to islamize Burma during its turmoil after independence. Since the colonial time of Burma, there were many attempts by Islamists to secede Burma especially in the western part which had been flooded with illegal immigration of Muslims. There were numerous incidents in which native Buddhists Rakhine villages and people were destroyed.


[[Bangladesh]] has since announced it will repatriate around 9,000 Rohingya living in refugee camps in the country back to Burma, after a meeting with Burmese diplomats.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news591146.html|title=Myanmar to repatriate 9,000 Muslim refugees from B'desh |last=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=December 29, 2009|publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119694|title=Myanmar to take back 9,000 Rohingyas soon|last=Staff Correspondent|date=December 30, 2009|publisher=''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]''}}</ref> Steps to repatriate Rohingya began in 2005.
During 1980s and 90s, Rohingya organizations became powerful with the aids from the Arab Islamists and Bengali Islamists' man-power. At the same time, Burma has been facing great difficulty and it is the right moment for the Rohingya invaders to jihad Burma and finish its existing cultures especially the Buddhism. That is the reason why they are propagating Rohingya in full force to be an ethnicity of Burma so that it can become a Trojan Horse and terminate its native people and their cultures.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 07:22, 29 October 2011

Rohingya people
Flag of the Rohingya Nation
Regions with significant populations
Burma (Arakan), Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,Thailand, Malaysia
,
Languages
Rohingya language
Religion
Islam

The Rohingya (Burmese: ရိုဟင္ဂ်ာ) is a predominantly Muslim ethnic group of Arakan in western Burma. The Rohingya population is mostly concentrated to the cities of Maungdaw, Buthidaung, Akyab, Rathedaung and Kyauktaw.

Language

Main article: Rohingya language
A coin from Arakan used in Great Bengal minted 1554/5

The Rohingya language is the modern written language of the Rohingya people of Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar). It is linguistically similar to the Chittagonian language spoken in the southernmost part of Bangladesh bordering Burma. Rohingya scholars have successfully written the Rohingya language in different scripts such as Arabic, Hanafi, Urdu, Roman and Burmese, where Hanifi is a newly developed alphabet derived from Arabic with the addition of four characters from Latin and Burmese.

More recently, a Roman script orthography has been developed, using all 26 English letters A to Z and two additional Latin letters Ç (for retroflex R) and Ñ (for nasal sound). To accurately represent Rohingya phonology, it also uses five accented vowels (áéíóú). It has been recognized by ISO with ISO 639-3 "rhg" code.[1]

History

Resistance Against Burmese Kingdom

British Rule

World War 2 Japanese Occupation

Main article: Rohingya massacre

On 28 March 1942, some thousands of Muslims (not more than 5,000) in Min Pya and Myoe Haung Townships were killed by Rakhine nationalists and Kareni. On the other side, the Muslims from Northern Rakhine state killed few thousands of Rakhine. British and Japanese forces never tortured the Muslims in Rakhine state. In fact, British and Japanese did not kill the Muslims.

During World War II, Japanese forces invaded Burma, then under British colonial rule. The British forces retreated and in the power vacuum left behind, considerable violence erupted. This included communal violence between Buddhist Rakhine and Muslim Rohingya villagers. The period also witnessed violence between groups loyal to the British and Burmese nationalists. The Rohingya supported the Allies during the war and oppose the Japanese forces, assisting the Allies in reconnaissance.

The Japanese committed atrocities toward thousands of Rohingya, the Japanese engaged in an orgy of rape, murder and torture.[2] In this period, some 22,000 Rohingya are believed to have crossed the border into Bengal, then part of British India, to escape the violence.[3][4][5]

40,000 Rohingya eventually fled to Chittagong after repeated massacres by the Burmese and Japanese forces.[6]

Burmese Junta

The current Junta ruling Burma relies heavily on Burmese nationalism and Theravada Buddhism to bolster its rule, it heavily discriminates against minorities like the Rohingya, Chinese people like the Kokang people, and Panthay (Chinese Muslims).

Successive Burmese governments have provoked riots against ethnic minorities like the Rohingya and Chinese. The Burmese state and Burmese Buddhist monks reportedly encouraged violence against the Rohingya.[7]

Religion

Religion is particularly important to the Rohingya people, who are predominantly Muslims. Mosques and religious schools occupy most villages. Traditionally, men pray in congregation and women pray at home.

Human rights violations & refugees

According to Amnesty International, the Muslim Rohingya people have continued to suffer from human rights violations under the Burmese junta since 1978, and many have fled to neighboring Bangladesh as a result:.[8]

"The Rohingyas’ freedom of movement is severely restricted and the vast majority of them have effectively been denied Burma citizenship. They are also subjected to various forms of extortion and arbitrary taxation; land confiscation; forced eviction and house destruction; and financial restrictions on marriage. Rohingyas continue to be used as forced labourers on roads and at military camps, although the amount of forced labour in northern Rakhine State has decreased over the last decade."

"In 1978 over 200,000 Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh, following the ‘Nagamin’ (‘Dragon King’) operation of the Myanmar army. Officially this campaign aimed at "scrutinising each individual living in the state, designating citizens and foreigners in accordance with the law and taking actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally." This military campaign directly targeted civilians, and resulted in widespread killings, rape and destruction of mosques and further religious persecution."

"During 1991-92 a new wave of over a quarter of a million Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh. They reported widespread forced labour, as well as summary executions, torture, and rape. Rohingyas were forced to work without pay by the Burmese army on infrastructure and economic projects, often under harsh conditions. Many other human rights violations occurred in the context of forced labour of Rohingya civilians by the security forces."

As of 2005, the UNHCR had been assisting with the repatriation of Rohingya from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps have threatened this effort.[9]

Despite earlier efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya refugees have remained in Bangladesh, unable to return because of the negative attitude of the ruling regime in Myanmar. Now they are facing problems in Bangladesh as well where they do not receive support from the government any longer.[10] In February 2009, many Rohingya refugees were rescued by Acehnese sailors in the Strait of Malacca, after 21 days at sea.[11]

Over the years thousands of Rohingya also have fled to Thailand. There are roughly 111,000 refugees housed in 9 camps along the Thai-Myanmar border. There have been charges that groups of them have been shipped and towed out to open sea from Thailand, and left there. In February 2009 there was evidence of the Thai army towing a boatload of 190 Rohingya refugees out to sea. A group of refugees rescued by Indonesian authorities also in February 2009 told harrowing stories of being captured and beaten by the Thai military, and then abandoned at open sea. By the end of February there were reports that of a group of 5 boats were towed out to open sea, of which 4 boats sank in a storm, and 1 boat washed up on the shore. February 12, 2009 Thailand's prime minister Abhisit Vejjajiva said there were "some instances" in which Rohingya people were pushed out to sea.

"There are attempts, I think, to let these people drift to other shores. [...] when these practices do occur, it is done on the understanding that there is enough food and water supplied. [...] It's not clear whose work it is [...] but if I have the evidence who exactly did this I will bring them to account." [12]

The prime minister said he regretted "any losses", and was working on rectifying the problem.

Bangladesh has since announced it will repatriate around 9,000 Rohingya living in refugee camps in the country back to Burma, after a meeting with Burmese diplomats.[13][14] Steps to repatriate Rohingya began in 2005.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ ISO 639 Code Tables - SIL International
  2. ^ Kurt Jonassohn (1999). Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 263. ISBN 0765804174. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  3. ^ Pramod Mishra (2000). Human rights in South Asia. Gyan Books. p. 180. ISBN 8178350084. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  4. ^ Howard Adelman (2008). Protracted displacement in Asia: no place to call home. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 86. ISBN 0754672387. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  5. ^ Human Rights Watch (Organization) (2000). Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese refugees in Bangladesh: still no durable solution. Human Rights Watch. p. 6. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  6. ^ Asian profile, Volume 21. Asian Research Service. 1993. p. 312. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  7. ^ Karl R. DeRouen, Uk Heo (2007). Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II. ABC-CLIO. p. 530. ISBN 1851099190. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  8. ^ Myanmar - The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied, Amnesty International, 2004.
  9. ^ "UNHCR threatens to wind up Bangladesh operations". New Age BDNEWS, Dhaka. 2005-05-21. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
  10. ^ Burmese exiles in desperate conditions
  11. ^ Kompas.
  12. ^ Rivers, Dan (February 12, 2009). Thai PM admits boat people pushed out to sea. CNN.
  13. ^ Press Trust of India (December 29, 2009). "Myanmar to repatriate 9,000 Muslim refugees from B'desh". Zee News.
  14. ^ Staff Correspondent (December 30, 2009). "Myanmar to take back 9,000 Rohingyas soon". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohingya_people&oldid=457937885"