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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Eagle}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Eagle}}
{{commons category|Eagles}}
{{commons category|Eagles}}
*[http://birds-of-north-america.net/eagles-bird.html Eagles] Classic Collection of North American Birds / CCNAB
*[http://birds-of-north-america.net/eagles-birds.html Eagles] Classic Collection of North American Birds / CCNAB
*[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/eagles/index.html PBS Nature: Eagles]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/eagles/index.html PBS Nature: Eagles]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/american-eagle/video-full-episode/4349/ PBS Video Episode: American Eagle]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/american-eagle/video-full-episode/4349/ PBS Video Episode: American Eagle]

Revision as of 16:25, 15 November 2011

This article is about the bird. For other uses, see Eagle (disambiguation).

Eagle
Bald Eagle
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Falconiformes ( or Accipitriformes, q.v.)
Family:
Accipitridae
Genera

Several, see text

Eagles are members of the bird family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera which are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the more than 60 species occur in Eurasia and Africa.[1] Outside this area, just two species (the Bald and Golden Eagles) can be found in the United States and Canada, nine more in Central and South America, and three in Australia. Many different species of eagle are found in the Philippines.

Description

Eagles differ from many other birds of prey[which?] mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and beak. Even the smallest eagles, like the Booted Eagle (which is comparable in size to a Common Buzzard or Red-tailed Hawk), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from some vultures. Species named as eagles range in size from the South Nicobar Serpent Eagle, at 500 g (1.1 lb) and 40 cm (16 in), to the 6.7 kg (14.7 lbs) Steller's Sea Eagle and the 100 cm (39 in) Philippine Eagle. Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong muscular legs, and powerful talons. The beak is typically heavier than most other birds of prey. They also have extremely keen eyesight which enables them to spot potential prey from a very long distance.[2] This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light.

Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The dominant chick tends to be the female, as they are bigger than the male. The parents take no action to stop the killing.[3][4]

Species

Martial Eagle in Namibia.
Thermographic image of an eagle, thermoregulating using its wings.
Philippine Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi in Southern Philippines.
Wedge Tailed Eagle in Australia.

Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera Aquila and Hieraaetus are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus.[5]

FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

A Steppe Eagle in Lahore Zoo Pakistan.
A dark individual of the Short-toed Snake Eagle.

Eagles in culture

The word

The modern English name of the bird is derived from the Latin term aquila by way of the French aigle. The Latin aquila may derive from the word aquilus, meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish, as a description of the eagle's plumage; or from aquilo, the Latin version of Greek boreas, or north wind; however, aquilus and aquilo may just as well derive from aquila (or be unrelated) and the latter be of unknown origin.

Old English used the term earn, related to Scandinavia's ørn / örn. The etymology of this word relates it to Greek ornís, meaning "bird", though other Indo-European languages (such as Welsh eryr or Russian orël / орёл) show that the meaning 'eagle' is older. The Greek word may be an old diminutive. The Albanian word for eagle is "shqiponje" deriving from the root "shqipe", which means "eagle".

In Britain before 1678, eagle referred specifically to the Golden Eagle, with the other native species, the White-tailed Eagle, being known as the Erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for aquila chrysaetos was introduced by the naturalist John Ray.

Eagles as national symbols

See also: Eagle (heraldry)

Eagles have been used by many nations as a national symbol.

Historic uses:

Religion

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the animal and often depicted eagles in their art.[7]

Despite modern and historic Native American practices of giving eagle feathers to non-indigenous people and also members of other tribes who have been deemed worthy, current United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual reasons.[8] In Canada, poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.[9]

In Hindu religion, Garuda is a lesser Hindu divinity, usually the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu. Garuda is depicted as having the golden body of a strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a crown on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large enough to block out the sun.

The eagle is also the patron animal of Zeus. In particular, Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the Eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present (see illustrations in the Ganymede (mythology) page.)

References

  1. ^ del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334156
  2. ^ Shlaer, Robert (1972-05-26). "An Eagle's Eye: Quality of the Retinal Image". Science. 176 (4037): 920–922. doi:10.1126/science.176.4037.920. PMID 5033635. Retrieved 2007-11-20. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ Grambo, Rebecca L (2003). Eagles. Voyageur Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780896583634.
  4. ^ Stinson, Christopher H (1979). "On the Selective Advantage of Fratricide in Raptors". Evolution. 33 (4): 1219–1225. doi:10.2307/2407480. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Lerner, H. R. L. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (37): 327–346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Bunce, M. (2005). "Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle". PLoS Biol. 3 (1): e9. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030009. PMC 539324. PMID 15660162. Retrieved 2006-12-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
  8. ^ Office of Law Enforcement. "National Eagle Repository". Mountain-Prairie Region. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  9. ^ Sin, Lena (2006-04-30). "Charges laid in eagle-poaching case". The Province. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Retrieved 2007-11-20.

Further reading

Look up eagle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Eagles.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Eagle".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eagles.
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