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The company's history dates back to the 1870s and includes engineering feats such as the transplantation of the [[Abu Simbel]] rock temples in [[Egypt]] (saving them from the rise of the [[River Nile]] caused by the [[Aswan High Dam]]),<ref name=Abu>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/115.jhtml The rescue of Abu Simbel, 1963-1968], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and infrastructure projects like the new [[Athens International Airport]]<ref name=Athens>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/542.jhtml System leadership and the public-private partnership from 1990 onwards, Page 2/5], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and Germany's first nuclear power plant.<ref name=Kahl>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/103.jhtml From the master-builder to the construction corporation (1966-1989), Page 2/3], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> It is also noted for its involvement with the [[Bauhaus]] movement,<ref>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/73.jhtml Sponsoring: Close links with the Bauhaus], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> particularly for its work at [[Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex|Zollverein colliery]]<ref name=Zollverein>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/111.jhtml Zollverein coal mine in Essen, 1929-1931], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006; [http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/zollverein.html further information] on http://www.worldheritagesite.org/ accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and later the reconstruction of the famous [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]]-[[Paul Klee|Klee]] house in [[Dessau]];<ref name=Kandinsky-Klee>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/132.jhtml The Kadinsky-Klee House], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2005; [http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/135.jhtml Restoration], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006; [http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/bauhausweimardessau.html Bauhaus and its sites], http://www.worldheritagesite.org/, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> both are now parts of [[World Heritage Site]]s. However, the company's reputation is tarnished by [[World War II]], when it deployed forced labor on construction projects.<ref name=Forced_labor>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/98.jhtml Politicization of the construction industry (1933-1945), Page 4/4], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> It built the [[Führerbunker]] in [[Berlin]], scene of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s suicide, as well as Hitler's [[Berghof (Hitler)|Berghof]] retreat and [[Wolf's Lair]] headquarters.<ref name=WWII_work>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/97.jhtml Politicization of the construction industry (1933-1945), Page 3/4], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> More recent constructions have included [[Bosporus Bridge]] ([[Turkey]]),<ref name=Bosporus>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/117.jhtml Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey, 1970-1974], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] ([[Saudi Arabia]]),<ref name=Jeddah>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/104.jhtml From the master-builder to the construction corporation (1966-1989), Page 3/3], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and the [[Messeturm]]<ref name=Messeturm>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/119.jhtml Exhibition center tower in Frankfurt am Main, 1988-1991], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2005; {{Structurae|id=s0000123|title=Messe Tower}}</ref> and [[Commerzbank Tower]]<ref name=Commerzbank>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/126.jhtml Commerzbank in Frankfurt am Main, 1994-1996], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006; {{Structurae|id=s0000122|title=Commerzbank Tower}}</ref> in [[Frankfurt]].
The company's history dates back to the 1870s and includes engineering feats such as the transplantation of the [[Abu Simbel]] rock temples in [[Egypt]] (saving them from the rise of the [[River Nile]] caused by the [[Aswan High Dam]]),<ref name=Abu>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/115.jhtml The rescue of Abu Simbel, 1963-1968], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and infrastructure projects like the new [[Athens International Airport]]<ref name=Athens>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/542.jhtml System leadership and the public-private partnership from 1990 onwards, Page 2/5], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and Germany's first nuclear power plant.<ref name=Kahl>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/103.jhtml From the master-builder to the construction corporation (1966-1989), Page 2/3], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> It is also noted for its involvement with the [[Bauhaus]] movement,<ref>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/73.jhtml Sponsoring: Close links with the Bauhaus], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> particularly for its work at [[Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex|Zollverein colliery]]<ref name=Zollverein>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/111.jhtml Zollverein coal mine in Essen, 1929-1931], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006; [http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/zollverein.html further information] on http://www.worldheritagesite.org/ accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and later the reconstruction of the famous [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]]-[[Paul Klee|Klee]] house in [[Dessau]];<ref name=Kandinsky-Klee>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/132.jhtml The Kadinsky-Klee House], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2005; [http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/135.jhtml Restoration], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006; [http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/bauhausweimardessau.html Bauhaus and its sites], http://www.worldheritagesite.org/, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> both are now parts of [[World Heritage Site]]s. However, the company's reputation is tarnished by [[World War II]], when it deployed forced labor on construction projects.<ref name=Forced_labor>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/98.jhtml Politicization of the construction industry (1933-1945), Page 4/4], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> It built the [[Führerbunker]] in [[Berlin]], scene of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s suicide, as well as Hitler's [[Berghof (Hitler)|Berghof]] retreat and [[Wolf's Lair]] headquarters.<ref name=WWII_work>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/97.jhtml Politicization of the construction industry (1933-1945), Page 3/4], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> More recent constructions have included [[Bosporus Bridge]] ([[Turkey]]),<ref name=Bosporus>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/117.jhtml Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey, 1970-1974], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] ([[Saudi Arabia]]),<ref name=Jeddah>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/104.jhtml From the master-builder to the construction corporation (1966-1989), Page 3/3], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006</ref> and the [[Messeturm]]<ref name=Messeturm>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/119.jhtml Exhibition center tower in Frankfurt am Main, 1988-1991], Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2005; {{Structurae|id=s0000123|title=Messe Tower}}</ref> and [[Commerzbank Tower]]<ref name=Commerzbank>[http://www.hochtief.com/hochtief_en/126.jhtml Commerzbank in Frankfurt am Main, 1994-1996], Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006; {{Structurae|id=s0000122|title=Commerzbank Tower}}</ref> in [[Frankfurt]].
Spanish construction company [[Grupo ACS]], which already had almost 30 percent of Hochtief, launched in mid September, a bid that would allow ACS to have more than 50 percent of Hochtief. The bid was approved by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) on 29 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.bafin.de/nn_722758/SharedDocs/Mitteilungen/EN/2010/pm__101129__uebernahmeangebot__acs__hochtief__en.html Bafin press release], Bafin website, accessed 5 April 2011</ref> ACS raised the stake in Hochtief to 50.16 percent as of 18 June 2011.<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15170633,00.html], Deutsche Welle</ref> taking over control of the company.
Spanish construction company [[Grupo ACS]], which already had almost 30 percent of Hochtief, launched in mid September, a bid that would allow ACS to have more than 50 percent of Hochtief. The bid was approved by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) on 29 November 2010.<ref>[http://www.bafin.de/nn_722758/SharedDocs/Mitteilungen/EN/2010/pm__101129__uebernahmeangebot__acs__hochtief__en.html Bafin press release], Bafin website, accessed 5 April 2011</ref> ACS raised the stake in Hochtief to 50.16 percent as of 18 June 2011<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15170633,00.html], Deutsche Welle</ref> taking over control of the company.


==Structure and ownership==
==Structure and ownership==

Revision as of 23:30, 5 December 2011

Hochtief AG
Company typeAktiengesellschaft
FWB: HOT
ISINDE0006070006 Edit this on Wikidata
IndustryConstruction
Founded1874 in Frankfurt, Germany
HeadquartersEssen, Germany
Key people
Frank Stieler (CEO and chairman of the executive board), Manfred Wennemer (Chairman of the supervisory board)
ProductsConstruction services, airport and project management, facility management
Revenue€20.16 billion (2010)[1]
€715.3 million (2010)[1]
€288.0 million (2010)[1]
Total assets€14.99 billion (end 2010)[1]
Total equity€4.264 billion (end 2010)[1]
Number of employees
70,657 (average, 2010)[1]
Websitewww.hochtief.com
The façade of the greater temple at Abu Simbel, moved to escape the rising Nile. The cliff behind the temple is artificial, and was created to allow the temple to be moved to a higher location.

Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft (officially typeset HOCHTIEF) is Germany's largest construction company.[2] It is based in Essen but operates globally, ranking as the top general builder in the United States through its Turner Corporation subsidiary, and in Australia through the Leighton Group.[3] In 2010 it employed more than 70,000 employees across five corporate divisions. One of these, Hochtief Concessions, is a major airport operator. The others are involved with construction project planning, finance, construction and operation.[2] Work done in 2010 was €23.23 billion, with more than 80% coming from operations outside Germany.[4]

The company's history dates back to the 1870s and includes engineering feats such as the transplantation of the Abu Simbel rock temples in Egypt (saving them from the rise of the River Nile caused by the Aswan High Dam),[5] and infrastructure projects like the new Athens International Airport[6] and Germany's first nuclear power plant.[7] It is also noted for its involvement with the Bauhaus movement,[8] particularly for its work at Zollverein colliery[9] and later the reconstruction of the famous Kandinsky-Klee house in Dessau;[10] both are now parts of World Heritage Sites. However, the company's reputation is tarnished by World War II, when it deployed forced labor on construction projects.[11] It built the Führerbunker in Berlin, scene of Adolf Hitler's suicide, as well as Hitler's Berghof retreat and Wolf's Lair headquarters.[12] More recent constructions have included Bosporus Bridge (Turkey),[13] King Abdulaziz International Airport (Saudi Arabia),[14] and the Messeturm[15] and Commerzbank Tower[16] in Frankfurt. Spanish construction company Grupo ACS, which already had almost 30 percent of Hochtief, launched in mid September, a bid that would allow ACS to have more than 50 percent of Hochtief. The bid was approved by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) on 29 November 2010.[17] ACS raised the stake in Hochtief to 50.16 percent as of 18 June 2011[18] taking over control of the company.

Structure and ownership

Hochtief is an Aktiengesellschaft, roughly equivalent to a public limited company in the United Kingdom. Its shares are traded on all the German stock exchanges, including the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and Börse München, using the Xetra system. Hochtief is a component of the MDAX share index.[19] The major shareholders are the Spanish Grupo ACS with 50.16% and Qatar Holding LLC. with more than 10% . This makes Hochtief part of the Spanish Grupo ACS .[20]

As of January 1, 2011, Hochtief has streamlined its corporate structure. The Group is now divided into four divisions:[21]

  • Hochtief Americas
  • Hochtief Asia Pacific
  • Hochtief Concessions
  • Hochtief Europe

The Asia Pacific division covers the activities of Leighton Holdings in Australia and Asia. Leighton does not only provide construction and construction services but is also the worldst largest contract miner. The Americas division co-ordinates the United States subsidiaries Turner Corporation (merged in 1999), Flatiron Construction(acquired in 2007) and E.E. Cruz (acquired in 2010).[22]

Hochtief Concessions develops and implements operator and concession projects. Its business areas include airports, roads, social infrastructure and further public-private partnership (PPP) projects. Its subsidiary Hochtief Airport holds stakes in Athens International Airport, Düsseldorf International Airport, Hamburg Airport, Sydney Airport, Budapest Airport and Rinas Mother Teresa Airport (Tirana).[23]

The Europe division plans, develops, implements, operates and manages real estate and infrastructure facilities in Europe and in selected regions worldwide.[24]

History

Early years

Echelsbach Bridge, completed 1929

The company was probably founded in 1874 (its first mention in the local address book) as Gebrüder Helfmann, Bauunternehmer by the Kelsterbach-born brothers Philipp and Balthasar Helfmann, a lumber merchant and mechanic respectively, in Bornheim near Frankfurt am Main.[25] While Balthasar focused on the completion of construction contracts, Philipp developed the financing side of the business.[26] Their first major contract was for the University of Giessen in 1878.[27] By the 1880s the company had begun to produce its own construction materials but was still only a regional player.[28] Shortly after the death of Balthasar, Philipp converted the company into a joint stock corporation, Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten ("Construction and Civil Engineering Corporation", though literally the "Corporation for High - Hoch and Deep - Tief Construction - Bauten).[29] A major development was the contract for the spa project in Bad Orb in 1899, with the corporation not simply erecting buildings but also to provide infrastructure like roads and gardens, to arrange the finances for the project, and to maintain some responsibilities for operating the project after its construction.[30] Also in 1899, another turnkey project, a new grain silo in Genoa, Italy, was both the firm's first international venture and its first project using reinforced concrete.[31] Philipp Helfmann died in the same year, with his son-in-law, Hans Weidmann, taking over as Chief Executive.[32]

After the Helfmann brothers

Shaft XII at Zollverein colliery was named Schacht "Albert Vögler". The Bauhaus-influenced design combined function with aesthetics.

The firm grew rapidly, but was not comparable with the major German construction concerns of the era. In 1921 it attracted investment from the industrialist Hugo Stinnes[33] (described by Time as the "New Emperor of Germany" for his wealth and influence) and in 1922 the firm moved its base to Essen as part of its integration into the Stinnes group.[34] Stinnes planned to use Hochtief for all his construction projects, while the Hochtief saw an opportunity to profit from the Treaty of Versailles, organising the delivery of construction materials to France as part of German reparations for World War I.[35] Fate intervened as Stinnes died in 1924 and within a year his industrial empire collapsed, while the French occupation of the Ruhr destroyed the chance to profit from the reparations contract that had been made with the French industrialist Guy Louis Jean de Lubersac. With the help of several banks, the company (now known as Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten vorm. Gebrüder Helfmann) avoided insolvency. In the aftermath of the Stinnes collapse, the major utility RWE and electrical equipment producer AEG became major share-holders in Hochtief, and Hans Weidmann stepped down in 1927.[36]

A series of major construction projects ensued, including the Echelsbach Bridge (then Germany's largest single span reinforced concrete bridge[37]), the Schluchsee dam[38] and work at the Zollverein colliery. The Zollverein architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer seem to be influenced by the Bauhaus, one of the reasons the complex became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[9] The iconic Shaft 12 at the colliery was named after Albert Vögler, CEO of the Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, which was owner of the colliery since 1926.[39] There was also canal work: the Moselle Canal in France[40] and the Albert Canal in Belgium.[41]

From Nazi Germany to Reconstruction

A reconstruction of the layout of the Führerbunker in Berlin, built by Hochtief in 1943. Hitler committed suicide here during the Battle of Berlin in 1945.

Under the Third Reich, Jewish members of the Supervisory Board were expelled under the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. The CEO, Eugen Vögler, did not join the Nazi party until 1937, however, he did offer his services to the Nazis as leader of the "Construction Industry Business Group" and took a position in the Hitler Youth. The construction business flourished under the Four year plan, with its vast public works programme, including the Autobahn network, and the industrial build-up in preparation for war, for example the construction of a new truck factory for Opel in Brandenberg. Hochtief also worked on a new centre for Nazi rallies in Nuremberg. In 1936 it moved its Essen headquarters from the Pferdemarkt to its current location in Rellinghauser Straße. As war became imminent, the company began work on the Westwall defensive network. During World War II, it later worked on the Atlantic Wall defences, and a range of infrastructure projects across German-dominated Europe. Hochtief via a daughter company ("Tochtergesellschaft") named Führerbunkerfensterputzer GmbH also constructed buildings for Hitler himself, notably his Bavarian Alpine retreat, the Berghof, his Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, and the Führerbunker in Berlin, where Hitler ultimately committed suicide.[12]

After 1939 the firm began to use forced labour extensively on its projects, as did many other German industrial concerns at the time. The consortium-led nature of construction projects obscures the firm's exact involvement, as does the destruction of many records.[11]

During the closing stages of the war, most of the company's branch offices were destroyed, and employees in the East fled the Soviet advance. The head office in Essen suffered a direct hit from a bomb in March 1945,[11] and regional offices and construction centres in Danzig, Halle, Katowice, Königsberg, Kraków, Leipzig and Magdeburg were lost as the territory they were in was allotted to Poland or the Soviet Zone of occupation. As Eugen Vögler was on the run from the new authorities, he was replaced as CEO by Artur Konrad.[42]

During the initial post-war period, a shortage of machinery, tools, and materials, as well as a dearth of new orders, hampered operations.[43] Some salvage work occurred, as well as rubble-clearance and basic repairs. One of the first, rare, major contracts was for a university hospital in Bonn, 1946-49. The introduction of the German mark in 1948 and the beginning of the Wirtschaftswunder brought more new work.[44]

Revival and international expansion

The old and new positions of the Abu Simbel temples

Josef Müller took over as CEO in 1950. A decision was taken to undertake more international projects, following a period of essentially domestic work after World War II. This included a series of power infrastructure works in Turkey and bridge and smelting works construction in Egypt during the early 1950s. It is interesting to note that many projects from this period were undertaken outside of the First World;many were funded from development aid budgets.[44]

A high profile success for the company came in the 1960s, again in Egypt. The rising waters of the River Nile (a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam) threatened the ancient Abu Simbel temple complex. The entire site was dismantled and reassembled 200 m further from the river, and 65 m higher,[5] at a cost of around US$36 million.[45]

The radical Messe-Torhaus in Frankfurt, with its "Guillotine".

The focus of the company began to switch away from purely construction and towards more turnkey work and service provision, for example the 1961-3 Hilton Hotel, Athens, project.[7] Most work was domestic, driven by Germany's strong economic growth, with a particular strength in power plant construction. This included the construction of the Federal Republic of Germany's first nuclear power plant, Kahl Nuclear Power Plant, near Dettingen am Main.[7] The construction contract had been awarded by AEG, which had been commissioned by the utility company RWE to build the plant. The plant began to feed its electricity to the grid was in June 1961.[46] By contrast, the first East German nuclear plant, at Rheinsberg, was connected to the grid in 1966.[47]

There was also considerable transport infrastructure activity, including on the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel, Argentina in the 1960s[48] and the New Elbe Tunnel in Hamburg in the 1970s[49]

By the mid-1970s, foreign work (such as the Bosporus Bridge in Turkey, completed 1974[13]) was accelerating while domestic orders were receding, according to the company's annual report of 1975. By 1980, foreign work accounted for more than 50% of Hochtief's business. A major factor was the contract for King Abdulaziz International Airport (completed 1981), the largest airport in Saudi Arabia, and the most valuable contract Hochtief had ever been involved with.[14] The architecture of the airport is highly rated aesthetically, and it has several unusual features, including Terminal Three, used only during the Hajj, reserved for pilgrims travelling to Makkah. It has a tent-shaped fibreglass roof, contains a mosque, can accommodate 80,000 travellers at once, and is believed to be the largest terminal in the world.[50]

When the Messeturm in Frankfurt was completed in 1991, it was Europe's tallest building.

The 1980s were a difficult time financially, with less foreign work coming through. There was domestic growth, with a highlight being the architecturally radical Messe-Torhaus in Frankfurt, completed in 1984.[14] It was later involved in the construction of the Messeturm in the same city; once completed in 1991 it was Europe's tallest building.[15] In the mid-1990s, Hochtief was involved in yet another major skyscraper development in Frankfurt, the Commerzbank Tower, which overtook the Messeturm to become Europe's tallest building, losing the record to Triumph-Palace in Moscow in 2003.[16]

The 1990s brought an opportunity expand operations in the airport management sector, as many countries privatised their airports. When Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport needed upgrading in the early 1990s, LOT Polish Airlines was unable to afford the cost, so a complex financing arrangement was established whereby a bank would pay Hochtief two thirds of the costs to upgrade the airport, while the airline assigned to the bank the revenues from aircraft using Polish airspace for a period.[51] The company began to take responsibility for more operational aspects of projects, including service provision, financing, facility management and software development, following a concept of being a "system leader", as set out by CEO Hans-Peter Keitel. These tasks were felt to be higher up the value chain, and would help the firm shake off the slowdown that had followed the initial boom of German reunification. These concepts were notably put into action during the construction of the new Athens International Airport in the late 1990s.[52]

In 1999, Hochtief made big inroads into the United States market through its merger with Turner Corporation,[53] while in 2000 it celebrated its 125th anniversary. A part of those celebrations was the DM 1 million donation to the restoration of the Kandinsky-Klee House in Dessau, a project for which it was the general contractor. The house had been used by the Bauhaus movement as an example of a "Meisterhaus", but Nazi persecution of the Bauhaus, and subsequent neglect, had left significant damage. The house was re-opened on 4 February 2000, after a two year restoration programme. It forms part of the UNESCO Bauhaus World Heritage Site.[10]

Timeline of notable construction projects

The Commerzbank Tower surpassed the Messeturm

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Annual Report 2010". Hochtief. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
  2. ^ a b Hochtief investor relations website, accessed 16 February 2006
  3. ^ Corporate Portrait, Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006
  4. ^ [1], Hochtief annual report website, accessed 5 April 2010
  5. ^ a b c The rescue of Abu Simbel, 1963-1968, Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006
  6. ^ a b System leadership and the public-private partnership from 1990 onwards, Page 2/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  7. ^ a b c d e From the master-builder to the construction corporation (1966-1989), Page 2/3, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  8. ^ Sponsoring: Close links with the Bauhaus, Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006
  9. ^ a b c Zollverein coal mine in Essen, 1929-1931, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006; further information on http://www.worldheritagesite.org/ accessed 16 February 2006
  10. ^ a b c The Kadinsky-Klee House, Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2005; Restoration, Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006; Bauhaus and its sites, http://www.worldheritagesite.org/, accessed 16 February 2006
  11. ^ a b c Politicization of the construction industry (1933-1945), Page 4/4, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  12. ^ a b c Politicization of the construction industry (1933-1945), Page 3/4, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  13. ^ a b c Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey, 1970-1974, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  14. ^ a b c d e From the master-builder to the construction corporation (1966-1989), Page 3/3, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  15. ^ a b c Exhibition center tower in Frankfurt am Main, 1988-1991, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2005; Messe Tower at Structurae
  16. ^ a b c Commerzbank in Frankfurt am Main, 1994-1996, Hochtief website, accessed 16 February 2006; Commerzbank Tower at Structurae
  17. ^ Bafin press release, Bafin website, accessed 5 April 2011
  18. ^ [2], Deutsche Welle
  19. ^ Key figures on Hochtief shares, Hochtief investor relations website, access 16 February 2006
  20. ^ Shareholder structure, Hochtief investor relations website, accessed 18 August 2011
  21. ^ Corporate structure, Hochtief website, accessed 5 April 2011
  22. ^ Hochtief Americas, Hochtief website, accessed 5 April 2011
  23. ^ Hochtief concessions, accessed 5 April 2011
  24. ^ Hochtief Europe, Hochtief website, access 5 April 2011]
  25. ^ The Helfmann Brothers (1873-1896), Page 1/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  26. ^ The Helfmann Brothers (1873-1896), Page 2/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  27. ^ The Helfmann Brothers (1873-1896), Page 4/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  28. ^ The Helfmann Brothers (1873-1896), Page 5/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  29. ^ Establishment of the "Aktiengesellschaft", (1896-1921), Page 1/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  30. ^ Establishment of the "Aktiengesellschaft", (1896-1921), Page 2/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  31. ^ Grain store in the port of Genua, 1899-1901, Hochtief history website], accessed 16 February 2006
  32. ^ Establishment of the "Aktiengesellschaft", (1896-1921), Page 5/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  33. ^ Under the influence of the Stinnes Group, (1921-1933), Page 1/6, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  34. ^ Under the influence of the Stinnes Group, (1921-1933), Page 2/6, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006; Time magazine claim appears uncited in Hugo Stinnes article
  35. ^ Under the influence of the Stinnes Group, (1921-1933), Page 3/6, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  36. ^ Under the influence of the Stinnes Group, (1921-1933), Page 4/6, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  37. ^ a b The Echelsbach Bridge, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006; Echelsbach Bridge at Structurae, accessed 16 February 2006
  38. ^ a b Under the influence of the Stinnes Group, (1921-1933), Page 5/6, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  39. ^ The claim that Shaft 12 was named after Vögler appears unsourced on the German Wikipedia article, as live on 16 February 2006.
  40. ^ Under the influence of the Stinnes Group, (1921-1933), Page 6/6, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  41. ^ a b Albert Canal in Belgium, 1930-1934, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  42. ^ List of centres lost, and appointment of Konrad, taken from Reconstruction (1945-1966), Page 1/3, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006; Vögler's suicide, with date of death, appears unsourced on his German Wikipedia biography, , as live on 16 February 2006.
  43. ^ Reconstruction (1945-1966), Page 2/3, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  44. ^ a b c d Reconstruction (1945-1966), Page 3/3, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  45. ^ Estimated cost is given, unreferenced, in the Abu Simbel article.
  46. ^ History of Nuclear Power, German Atomic Energy Forum, accessed 16 February 2006
  47. ^ Nuclear Power in Germany, Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 46, Jan 2009, World Nuclear Association[3] , accessed 12 January 2009
  48. ^ a b Paraná Tunnel in Argentina, 1961-1962, Hochtief history website, accessed 6 February 2006
  49. ^ a b Elbe tunnel in Hamburg, 1969-1975 and 1997-2003, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  50. ^ Uncited sources, King Abdulaziz International Airport article, as live on 16 February 2006
  51. ^ a b Warsaw International Airport, 1990-1992, Hochtief history website, accessed 16 February 2006
  52. ^ System leadership and the public-private partnership from 1990 onwards, Page 2/5, Hochtief history website, accessed 6 February 2006
  53. ^ Press Release Turner merges with Hochtief, Turner website, accessed 5 April 2011
  54. ^ Website of Dr. Klaus Dierks [4], first Deputy Minister for Works, Transport and Communication in independent Namibia, involved in the planning and negotiations for the bridge, accessed 15 February 2005.
  55. ^ http://www.fcdnipro.dp.ua/content/ru/?new_stadium
  56. ^ This date was given, unreferenced, in the Chacao Channel bridge article.
  57. ^ The Opera Krakowska: "About us" Access date: July 9, 2009

External links

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