List of highest bridges: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 22:43, 20 July 2012
The list of the world's highest bridges ranks bridges by deck height. The deck height of a bridge is the maximum vertical drop distance from the bridge deck (the road bed of a bridge) down to the ground or water surface beneath the bridge span. Deck height should not be confused with structural height, which measures the maximum vertical distance from the uppermost point of a bridge (e.g. top of the bridge tower) down to the lowest visible point of a bridge, where its piers emerge from the surface of the ground, foundation or water. A separate list of the world's tallest bridges ranks bridges by structural height.
The rankings of the world's tallest and highest bridges differ in part because some of the highest bridges are built across deep valleys and gorges. The Si Du River Bridge in Hubei Province of China is a suspension bridge that spans a deep river gorge. The bridge's two towers, built on either rim of the gorge, are not tall enough for the bridge structure to be counted among the world's tallest, but thanks to the depth of the river gorge, the deck height of the Si Du River Bridge is at least 496 m (1,627 ft), making the bridge the highest in the world. The Millau Viaduct, a suspension bridge that spans the Tarn River Valley in southern France, is a bridge that is both tall (in structural height) and high (in deck height). The viaduct's bridge deck soars 270 m (890 ft) above the valley floor, placing the bridge among the twenty highest bridges in the world. Unlike the Sidu River Bridge, the tallest of the Millau Viaduct's towers (also referred to as mast pylons) is situated near the valley floor and gives the Millau Viaduct a maximum structural height of 343 m (1,125 ft), making it the tallest bridge in the world.
Completed bridges
The ranking of the highest bridges in the world, currently open for use. Only bridges with a height of 175 metres (574 ft) or greater are included. Bridges under construction or demolished are not included.
Rank | Name | Location | Height (metres / feet) |
Main span (metres / feet) |
Year opened | Carries | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 [1] | Sidu River Bridge World's highest bridge since 2009 |
China - Yesanguan Township, Badong County, Hubei | 496 m (1,627 ft) [note 1] | 900 m (2,950 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
File:Avance del baluarte.jpg | 2 [2] | Baluarte Bridge Highest cable-stayed bridge in the world Highest bridge in America |
Mexico - Pueblo Nuevo, Durango | 403 m (1,322 ft) | 520 m (1,710 ft) | 2012 | Road |
3 [3] | Hegigio Gorge Pipeline Bridge World's highest bridge from 2005 to 2009 |
Papua New Guinea - Otoma, Southern Highlands | 393 m (1,289 ft) | 470 m (1,540 ft) | 2005 | Pipeline | |
4 [4] | Baling River Bridge | China - Guanling County, Guizhou | 370 m (1,210 ft) | 1,088 m (3,570 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
5 [5] | Beipanjiang River 2003 Bridge World's highest bridge from 2003 to 2005 |
China - Xingbeizhen, Guizhou | 366 m (1,201 ft) | 388 m (1,273 ft) | 2003 | Road | |
6 [6] | Aizhai Bridge | China - Jishou, Hunan | 350 m (1,150 ft) | 1,176 m (3,858 ft) | 2012 | Road | |
7 [7] | Beipanjiang River 2009 Bridge | China - Qinglong, Guizhou | 318 m (1,043 ft) | 636 m (2,087 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
8 [8] | Liuguanghe Bridge World's highest bridge from 2001 to 2003 |
China - Liu Guangzhen, Guizhou | 297 m (974 ft) | 240 m (790 ft) | 2001 | Road | |
9 [9] | Zhijinghe River Bridge World's highest arch bridge |
China - Dazhipingzhen, Hubei | 294 m (965 ft) | 430 m (1,410 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
10 [10] | Royal Gorge Bridge World's highest bridge from 1929 to 2001 |
United States - Cañon City, Colorado | 291 m (955 ft) | 286 m (938 ft) | 1929 | Road | |
11 [11] | Beipanjiang River Railway Bridge World's highest railway bridge |
China - Liupanshui, Guizhou | 275 m (902 ft) | 235 m (771 ft) | 2001 | Railway | |
12= [12] | Millau Viaduct World's Tallest Bridge |
France - Millau, Midi-Pyrénées | 270 m (886 ft) | 342 m (1,122 ft) | 2004 | Road | |
12= [13] | Mike O'Callaghan - Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge | United States - Clark County, Nevada & Mohave County, Arizona | 270 m (886 ft) | 323 m (1,060 ft) | 2010 | Road | |
14 [14] | New River Gorge Bridge | United States - Fayetteville, West Virginia | 267 m (876 ft) | 518 m (1,699 ft) | 1977 | Road | |
15 [15] | Wulingshan Bridge | China - Pengshui, Chongqing | 263 m (863 ft) | 360 m (1,180 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
16 [16] | Italia Viaduct | Italy - Laino Borgo, Calabria | 259 m (850 ft) | 175 m (574 ft) | 1974 | Road | |
17 [17] | Jiangjiehe Bridge | China - Weng'an, Guizhou | 256 m (840 ft) [note 2] | 330 m (1,080 ft) | 1993 | Road | |
18 [18] | Sfalassa Viaduct | Italy - Bagnara Calabra, Calabria | 254 m (833 ft) | 160 m (525 ft) | 1974 | Road | |
19 [19] | Azhihe River Bridge | China - Changliuxiang, Guizhou | 247 m (810 ft) | 283 m (928 ft) | 2003 | Road | |
20 [20] | Malinghe River Bridge | China - Xingyi, Guizhou | 241 m (791 ft) | 360 m (1,180 ft) | 2011 | Road | |
21 [21] | Furongjiang River Bridge | China - Haokouxiang, Chongqing | 240 m (790 ft) | 230 m (755 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
22 [22] | Labajin Bridge 腊八斤特大桥 |
China - Yingjing, Sichuan | 229 m (751 ft) | 200 m (660 ft) | 2012 | Road | |
23 [23] | Zhuchanghe River Bridge | China - Sanbanqiaozhen, Guizhou | 224 m (735 ft) | 200 m (656 ft) | 2008 | Road | |
24 [24] | Foresthill Bridge | United States - Auburn, California | 223 m (732 ft) | 263 m (863 ft) | 1973 | Road | |
25= [25] | Platano Viaduct Viadotto Platano |
Italy - Romagnano al Monte, Campania | 220 m (722 ft) | 291 m (955 ft) | 1978 | Road | |
26= [26] | Mangjiedu Bridge 漭街渡大桥 |
China - Yongxin Yizu Xiang, Yunnan | 220 m (722 ft) [note 3] | 220 m (722 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
27= [27] | Weijiazhou Bridge 魏家洲特大桥 |
China - Gaojiayanzhen, Changyang County, Hubei | 220 m (720 ft) | 200 m (656 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
28= [28] | Mashuihe River Viaduct 马水河特大桥 |
China - Baiyangpingxiang, Hubei | 219 m (719 ft) | 200 m (656 ft) | 2008 | Road | |
29= [29] | Daninghe River Bridge 大宁河桥 |
China - Wushan, Chongqing | 219 m (719 ft) [note 3] | 400 m (1,310 ft) | 2010 | Road | |
30= [30] | Houzihe River Bridge 猴子河特大桥 |
China - Sandu Suizu, Guizhou | 219 m (719 ft) | 220 m (722 ft) | 2010 | Road | |
31 [31] | Xixi Bridge 西溪大桥 |
China - Linquanzhen, Guizhou | 218 m (715 ft) | 338 m (1,109 ft) | 2001 | Road | |
32 [32] | Xisha Bridge | China - Lianghezhen, Chongqing | 217 m (712 ft) | 190 m (620 ft) | 2010 | Road | |
33 [33] | Bloukrans Bridge The highest Bridge in Africa |
South Africa - Nature's Valley, Western Cape | 216 m (709 ft) | 272 m (892 ft) | 1984 | Road | |
34= [34] | Phil G McDonald Memorial Bridge | United States - Beckley, West Virginia | 213 m (699 ft) | 239 m (784 ft) | 1988 | Road | |
35= [35] | Glen Canyon Dam Bridge | United States - Page, Arizona | 213 m (699 ft) | 313 m (1,027 ft) | 1959 | Road | |
36= [36] | Yesanhe River Bridge 野三河特大桥 |
China - Gaopingzhen, Jianshi County, Hubei | 210 m (689 ft) | 200 m (656 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
37= [37] | Tieluoping Bridge 铁罗特大桥 |
China - Langpingzhen, Changyang County, Hubei | 209 m (686 ft) | 322 m (1,056 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
38= [38] | Hutiaohe River Viaduct 虎跳河大桥' |
China - Sanbanqiaozhen, Guizhou | 209 m (686 ft) | 225 m (738 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
39 [39] | Xiaohe River Bridge 小河特大桥 |
China - Enshi, Hubei | 208 m (682 ft) | 338 m (1,109 ft) | 2010 | Road | |
40 [40] | Shuanghekou Bridge 双河口特大桥 |
China - Langpingzhen, Hubei | 203 m (666 ft) | 170 m (560 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
41= [41] | Karun 3 Dam Bridge سد کارون 3 |
Iran - Bajool, Khuzestan | 200 m (656 ft) | 252 m (827 ft) | 2005 | Road | |
42= [42] | San Cristóbal Bridge Puente San Cristóbal |
Mexico - Ajtectic, Chiapas | 200 m (656 ft) | 178 m (584 ft) | 2006 | Road | |
43= [43] | Shintabisoko Bridge 新旅足橋 |
Japan - Yaotsu, Gifu | 200 m (656 ft) | 220 m (722 ft) | 2010 | Road | |
44 [44] | Mala Rijeka Viaduct | Montenegro - Podgorica | 198 m (650 ft) | 151 m (495 ft) | 1973 | Railway | |
45[45] | Longtanhe River Viaduct 龙潭河大桥 |
China - Langpingzhen, Hubei | 197 m (646 ft) | 656 m (2,152 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
46 [46] | Hiroshima Airport Bridge 広島空港大橋 Nuta River Bridge |
Japan - Hiroshima | 195 m (640 ft) | 380 m (1,250 ft) | 2010 | Road | |
47 [47] | New Bidwell Bar Bridge | United States - Oroville, California | 191 m (627 ft) [note 4] | 338 m (1,109 ft) | 1965 | Road | |
48 [48] | Wushan Bridge 湖山大桥 |
China - Pengshui, Chongqing | 191 m (627 ft) | 170 m (560 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
49= [49] | Europa Bridge | Austria - Innsbruck, Tirol | 190 m (620 ft) | 198 m (650 ft) | 1964 | Road | |
50= [50] | Niouc Bridge Pont Niouc |
Switzerland - Niouc, Valais | 190 m (620 ft) | 190 m (620 ft) | 1922 | Footbridge | |
51= [51] | Buliuhe River Bridge 布柳河大桥 |
China - Xiangyangzhen, Guanxi | 190 m (620 ft) | 235 m (771 ft) | 2006 | Road | |
52= [52] | Trient Bridge Pont Trient Gueuroz Bridge Pont Gueuroz |
Switzerland - Gueuroz, Valais | 189 m (620 ft) | 98 m (322 ft) | 1933 | Road | |
53= [53] | New Trient Bridge Pont Neuf Trient New Gueuroz Bridge Pont Neuf Gueuroz |
Switzerland - Gueuroz, Valais | 189 m (620 ft) | 109 m (358 ft) | 1994 | Road | |
54= [54] | Yanjinhe River 1995 Bridge | China - Renhuai, Guizhou | 189 m (620 ft) | 174 m (571 ft) | 1995 | Footbridge | |
55= [55] | Kochertal Viaduct Kochertalbrücke |
Germany - Braunsbach, Baden-Württemberg | 185 m (607 ft) | 138 m (453 ft) | 1979 | Road | |
56= [56] | Sente Viaduct Viadotto Sente |
Italy - Belmonte del Sannio, Molise | 185 m (607 ft) | 200 m (656 ft) | 1977 | Road | |
57 [57] | Piave River ViaductViadotto Piave Viadotto Cadore |
Italy - Caralte, Veneto | 184 m (604 ft) | 255 m (837 ft) | 1985 | Road | |
58= [58] | Wuxi Bridge 乌溪大桥 |
China - Huangnitangzhen, Guizhou | 183 m (600 ft) | 160 m (525 ft) | 2001 | Road | |
59= [59] | Luojiaohe River Bridge 落脚河大桥 |
China - Dafang, Guizhou | 183 m (600 ft) | 268 m (879 ft) | 2001 | Road | |
60= [60] | Qingshuihe River Railway Bridge 清水河大桥 |
China - Qingshuihezhen, Guizhou | 180 m (591 ft) | 128 m (420 ft) | 2000 | Railway | |
61= [61] | Wushan Yangtze River Bridge 巫山长江大桥 |
China - Wushan, Chongqing | 180 m (591 ft) [note 5] | 460 m (1,510 ft) | 2005 | Road | |
62= [62] | Guozigoui Bridge 果子沟大桥 |
China - Ili Kazak, Xinjiang | 180 m (591 ft) | 360 m (1,180 ft) | 2011 | Road | |
63 [63] | Maotai Bridge 盐津河拱桥 |
China - Renhuai, Guizhou | 178 m (584 ft) | 220 m (722 ft) | 2009 | Road | |
64 [64] | Gorsexio Bridge Viadotto Gorsexio |
Italy - Mele, Liguria | 177 m (581 ft) | 144 m (472 ft) | 1977 | Road | |
65= [65] | Sidi M'Cid Bridge Pont Sidi M'Cid |
Algeria - Constantine | 175 m (574 ft) | 160 m (520 ft) | 1912 | Road | |
66= [66] | Tangxihe River Bridge 汤溪河特大桥 |
China - Yunyangzhen, Chongqing | 175 m (574 ft) | 230 m (750 ft) | 2009 | Road |
Under construction
Name | Location | Height (metres / feet) |
Main span (metres / feet) |
Expected Completion | Carries | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[67] | Dimuhe River Bridge | China - Liupanshui, Guizhou | 380 m (1,250 ft) | 538 m (1,765 ft) | 2015 | Road | |
[68] | Puli Bridge | China - Xuanwei, Qujing, Yunnan | 340 m (1,120 ft) | 628 m (2,060 ft) | 2015 | Road | |
[69] | Liuchonghe Bridge | China - Zhijin, Guizhou | 336 m (1,102 ft) | 438 m (1,437 ft) | 2012 | Road | |
[70] | Lishuihe River Bridge 澧水大桥 |
China - Zhangjiajie, Hunan | 330 m (1,080 ft) | 856 m (2,808 ft) | 2013 | Road | |
[71] | Chenab Bridge | India - Katra, Jammu-Kashmir | 321 m (1,053 ft) | 460 m (1,510 ft) | 2015 | Railway | |
[72] | Falanggou Bridge 法朗沟特大桥 |
China - Linkouzhen, Guizhou | 304 m (997 ft) | 225 m (738 ft) | 2015 | Road | |
[73] | Longjiang River Bridge 龙江大桥 |
China - Wuhexiang, Yunnan | 292 m (958 ft) | 1,196 m (3,924 ft) | 2015 | Road | |
[74] | Lancanjiang River Railway Bridge 与澜沧江大桥 |
China - Shanyangxiang, Yunnan | 271 m (889 ft) | 342 m (1,122 ft) | 2013 | Railway | |
[75] | Zongqihe Bridge 总溪河特大桥 |
China - Weixinzhen, Guizhou | 264 m (866 ft) | 360 m (1,180 ft) | 2015 | Road | |
[76] | Beipanjiang River 2012 Bridge 北盘江特大桥 |
China - Fa’er Bouyei, Guizhou | 250 m (820 ft) | 290 m (950 ft) | 2012 | Road | |
[77] | Tongzihe Bridge 桐梓特大桥 |
China - Erlangxiang, Guizhou | 226 m (741 ft) | 200 m (660 ft) | 2013 | Road | |
[78] | Shennongxi Bridge 神农溪大桥 |
China - Yanduhezhen, Hubei | 225 m (738 ft) | 351 m (1,152 ft) | 2012 | Road | |
[79] | San Marcos Bridge Puente San Marcos |
Mexico - Xicotepec de Juárez, Puebla | 220 m (720 ft) | 180 m (590 ft) | 2012 | Road | |
[80] | Hezhang Bridge 赫章特大桥 |
China - Hezhang, Guizhou | 210 m (690 ft) | 180 m (590 ft) | 2013 | Road | |
[81] | El Carrizo Bridge Puente El Carrizo |
Mexico - El Palmito, Sinaloa | 198 m (650 ft) | 140 m (460 ft) | 2012 | Road | |
[82] | Anjikhad Railway Bridge | India - Katra, Jammu-Kashmir | 186 m (610 ft) | 265 m (869 ft) | 2015 | Railway |
Timeline of highest bridges in the world
Name | Record | Location | Height (metres / feet) |
Main span (metres / feet) |
Year opened | Carries | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sidu River Bridge | 2009– | ||||||
Hegigio Gorge Pipeline Bridge | 2005–2009 | ||||||
Beipanjiang River 2003 Bridge | 2003–2005 | ||||||
Liuguanghe Bridge | 2001–2003 | ||||||
Royal Gorge Bridge | 1929–2001 | United States | |||||
Sidi M'Cid Bridge | 1912–1929 | ||||||
Charles Albert Bridge | |||||||
Puente Nuevo | Spain | ||||||
Ponte Delle Torri | Italy | ||||||
Alcántara Bridge | Spain | Roman bridge | |||||
Pont Du Gard | France | Roman aqueduct | |||||
Pont d'Aël | Italy – Aymavilles, Aosta Valley | 66 m[83] | 14.24 m | 3 BC | Roman aqueduct |
Notes
- ^ A dam under construction will create a reservoir below the bridge.
- ^ The formation of the Goupitan Reservoir below the bridge has reduced the height above the water.
- ^ a b The Xiaowan Dam has created a reservoir which extends under the bridge and the full height is not visible. Cite error: The named reference "Daninghe Bridge" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Due to the construction of the Oroville Dam and formation of the Lake Oroville the bridge now sits only metres above the water.
- ^ The Three Gorges Dam Reservoir has increased the height of the water below the bridge and the full 180 metre height is no longer visible.
References
- ^ "Siduhe Bridge". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "Mexico inaugurates world's highest cable-stayed bridge". BBC News. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Hegigio Gorge Pipeline Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Balinghe Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Beipanjiang River Bridge (2003) at Structurae. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "Aizhai Bridge". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "Beipanjiang River 2009 Bridge". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Liuguanghe Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ "Zhijinghe River Bridge". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "Royal Gorge Bridge". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Beipanjiang Railway Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Millau Viaduct at Structurae. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ "Mike O'Callaghan - Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ New River Gorge Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ "Wulingshan Bridge". Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Italia Viaduct at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ Jiangjiehe Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ Sfalassa Viaduct at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ Azhihe River Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ "Malinghe River Bridge". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ "Furongjiang River Bridge". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Labajin Bridge". Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ "Zhuchanghe River Bridge". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ "Foresthill Bridge". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ "Platano Viaduct". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Mangjiedu Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- ^ "Weijiazhou Bridge". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Mashuihe River Viaduct at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- ^ "Daninghe River Bridge". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Houzihe River Bridge". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Xixi Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- ^ "Xisha Bridge". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ Bloukrans Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Phil G McDonald Memorial Bridge". Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Glen Canyon Dam Bridge". Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Yesanhe Highway Bridge". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Tieluoping Bridge". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Hutiaohe River Viaduct". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Xiaohe River Bridge". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Shuanghekou Bridge". Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Karun 3 Dam Bridge". Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ "San Cristóbal Bridge". Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ "Shintabisoko Bridge". Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ "Mala Rijeka Viaduct". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Longtanhe River Viaduct". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Hiroshima Airport Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "New Bidwell Bar Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Wushan Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Europa Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Niouc Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Buliuhe River Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Trient Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "New Trient Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Yanjinhe River 1995 Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Kochertal Viaduct". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Sente Viaduct". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Piave River Viaduct". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Wuxi Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Luojiaohe River Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Qingshuihe River Railway Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Wushan Yangtze River Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Guozigoui Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Maotai Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Gorsexio Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Sidi M'Cid Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Tangxihe River Bridge". Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Puli Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Puli Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Liuchonghe Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Lishuihe River Bridge". Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Chenab Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Falanggou Bridge". Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Longjiang River Bridge". Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Lancanjiang River Railway Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Zongqihe Bridge". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ "Zongqihe Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Tongzihe Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Shennongxi Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "El Carrizo Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Hezhang Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "El Carrizo Bridge". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Anjikhad Railway Bridgee". Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ Döring 1998, pp. 131f. (fig. 10)