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==={{anchor|November 2012 declaration}} November 2012 declaration===
==={{anchor|November 2012 declaration}} November 2012 declaration===
On November 22, 2012, Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208 |title=Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers |publisher=BBC News |date=22 November 2012 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-11-22-11-27-48 |title=Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers |publisher=Associated Press |date=23 November |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref>
On November 22, 2012, Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208 |title=Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers |publisher=BBC News |date=22 November 2012 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-11-22-11-27-48 |title=Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers |publisher=Associated Press |date=23 November |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref>


The move has been criticized by [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] who stated that Morsi "usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new [[pharaoh]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ElBaradei/status/271656968341581824 | title = Twitter / ELBaradei | date=22 November 2012 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-president-morsi-takes-sweeping-new-powers/2012/11/22/8d87d716-34cb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html |title=Egypt’s President Morsi takes sweeping new powers |publisher"Washington Post |date=22 November 2012 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> The move has led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt,<ref name="violencebreaks">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html|first=Richard|last=Spencer|date=November 23, 2012|accessdate=November 23, 2012|title=Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''}}</ref> with protesters again erecting tents in [[Tahir Square]], the site of the protests preceding the resignation of [[Hosni Mubarak]]. The protesters demanded a reversal of the declaration and the dissolution of the constituent assembly. Those gathered in the square called for a "huge protest" on Tuesday, November 27.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20474124|title=Egypt unrest: Anti-Mursi protests intensify |publisher=BBC News |date=24 November |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> Clashes were reported between protesters and police.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/world/middleeast/amid-protest-egypts-leader-defends-his-new-powers.html?hp&_r=0 |title=Clashes Break Out After Morsi Seizes New Power in Egypt |publisher=NYTimes |date=24 November |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> The declaration was also condemned by [[Human rights group|Human rights groups]] such as [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International UK]]<ref>[http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20468 Egypt: President Morsi changes to the constitution trample rule of law]</ref> and [[Freedom House]].<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-denounces-morsi-power-grab-egypt Freedom House Denounces Morsi Power-Grab in Egypt]</ref>
The move has been criticized by [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] who stated that Morsi "usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new [[pharaoh]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ElBaradei/status/271656968341581824 | title = Twitter / ELBaradei | date=22 November 2012 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-president-morsi-takes-sweeping-new-powers/2012/11/22/8d87d716-34cb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html |title=Egypt’s President Morsi takes sweeping new powers |publisher"Washington Post |date=22 November 2012 |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> The move has led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt,<ref name="violencebreaks">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html|first=Richard|last=Spencer|date=November 23, 2012|accessdate=November 23, 2012|title=Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''}}</ref> with protesters again erecting tents in [[Tahir Square]], the site of the protests preceding the resignation of [[Hosni Mubarak]]. The protesters demanded a reversal of the declaration and the dissolution of the constituent assembly. Those gathered in the square called for a "huge protest" on Tuesday, November 27.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20474124|title=Egypt unrest: Anti-Mursi protests intensify |publisher=BBC News |date=24 November |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> Clashes were reported between protesters and police.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/world/middleeast/amid-protest-egypts-leader-defends-his-new-powers.html?hp&_r=0 |title=Clashes Break Out After Morsi Seizes New Power in Egypt |publisher=NYTimes |date=24 November |accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> The declaration was also condemned by [[Human rights group|Human rights groups]] such as [[Amnesty International|Amnesty International UK]]<ref>[http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=20468 Egypt: President Morsi changes to the constitution trample rule of law]</ref> and [[Freedom House]].<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-denounces-morsi-power-grab-egypt Freedom House Denounces Morsi Power-Grab in Egypt]</ref>

Revision as of 05:27, 24 November 2012

"Morsi" redirects here. For the American writer, see Pamela Morsi.
Mohamed Morsi
محمد مرسى
File:Mohammed Morsi (Crop).jpg
5th President of Egypt
Incumbent
Assumed office
June 30, 2012
Prime MinisterKamal Ganzouri
Hesham Qandil
Vice PresidentMahmoud Mekki
Preceded byHosni Mubarak[1][2]*
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office
June 30, 2012 – August 2, 2012
Preceded byMohamed Hussein Tantawi (Acting)
Chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party
In office
April 30, 2011 – June 24, 2012
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded bySaad El-Katatni
Member of the People's Assembly of Egypt
In office
December 1, 2000 – December 12, 2005
Preceded byNuman Gumaa
Succeeded byMahmoud Abaza
Personal details
Born
Mohamed Morsi Isa al-Ayyat

(1951-08-20) 20 August 1951 (age 73)
Sharqia, Egypt
Political partyFreedom and Justice Party[3]
Other political
affiliations		Muslim Brotherhood
SpouseNaglaa Mahmoud (1979–present)
Children5
Alma materCairo University
University of Southern California
ProfessionAcademic (Engineering)
Signature
  • Office vacant from February 11, 2011 to June 30, 2012.[4][5]

Mohamed Morsi Isa El-Ayyat (Arabic: محمد مرسى عيسى العياط, IPA: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈmoɾsi ˈʕiːsæ (ʔe)l.ʕɑjˈjɑːtˤ], born August 20, 1951) is the fifth and current President of Egypt, having assumed office June 30, 2012.[6]

Morsi was a Member of Parliament in the People's Assembly of Egypt from 2000 to 2005 and a leading figure in the Muslim Brotherhood. He became Chairman of the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) when it was founded by the Muslim Brotherhood in the wake of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. He stood as the FJP's candidate for the May–June 2012 presidential election.

On June 24, 2012, the election commission announced that Morsi won Egypt's presidential runoff against Ahmed Shafik, the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak. According to official results, Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3.[7] As he had promised during his campaign, Morsi resigned from his position as the head of the FJP after his victory was announced.[8] He is the first civilian to hold the office, and the first chosen in a contested election with direct universal suffrage.

Early life and education

Morsi was born in the Sharqia Governorate, in northern Egypt of modest provincial origin, in the village of Edwa, north of Cairo. He is the eldest of five brothers. He recalled being taken to school on the back of a donkey.[9] He received a Bachelor's and Master's Degree in engineering from Cairo University in 1975 and 1978, respectively. He then received his Ph.D. in materials science from the University of Southern California in the U.S. in 1982. His doctoral thesis was titled "High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity and Defect Structure of Donor-Doped Al2O3."[10][11] He was an Assistant Professor at California State University, Northridge, from 1982 to 1985. In 1985, he returned to Egypt to become the head of the engineering department at Zagazig University, where he was a professor until 2010.[11][12][13]

Political career

Morsi was first elected to parliament in 2000.[14] He served as a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005 as an independent candidate because the Brotherhood was technically barred from running candidates for office under Mubarak.[15] He was a member of the Guidance Office of the Muslim Brotherhood until the founding of the Freedom and Justice Party in 2011, at which point he was elected by the MB's Guidance Office to be the first president of the new party.[citation needed]

2012 Egyptian presidential campaign

Main article: Egyptian presidential election, 2012
Morsi during his presidential campaign

After Khairat El-Shater was disqualified from the 2012 presidential election, Morsi, who was initially nominated as a backup candidate, emerged as the new Muslim Brotherhood candidate.[16] His campaign was supported by well-known Egyptian cleric Safwat Hegazi at a rally in El-Mahalla El-Kubra,[17] the epicentre of the Egyptian worker protests.[18]

Following the first round of Egypt's first post-Mubarak presidential elections where exit polls suggested a 25.5% share of the vote for Morsi, he was officially announced as the president on 24 June 2012 following a subsequent run-off vote. Morsi supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square celebrated, and angry outbursts occurred within the Egypt Election Authorities press conference as the result was announced. He came in slightly ahead of former Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafik and has been noted for the Islamist character of his campaign events.[19] Since the initial round of voting on 23 May and 24 May 2012, Morsi has attempted to appeal to political liberals and minorities while portraying his rival Ahmed Shafik as a Mubarak-era holdover.[20]

On 30 May 2012, Morsi filed a lawsuit against Egyptian television presenter Tawfiq Okasha, accusing him of "intentional falsehoods and accusations that amount to defamation and slander" of Morsi. According to online newspaper Egypt Independent, an English-language subsidiary of Egyptian daily Al-Masry Al-Youm, Okasha spent three hours on 27 May 2012 criticizing the Muslim Brotherhood and Morsi on air.[21] After Okasha aired a video allegedly depicting Islamist extremists executing a Christian whilst asking "how will such people govern?", some analysts suggested that this was in reference to Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood party.[22]

On 24 June 2012, Morsi was announced as the winner of the election with 51.73% of the vote.[23] Almost immediately afterward, he resigned from the presidency of the Freedom and Justice Party.[24]

Presidency

Morsi was sworn in on June 30, 2012, as Egypt's first democratically elected president.[25] He succeeded Hosni Mubarak, who left the office of the President of Egypt vacant after being forced to resign on February 11, 2011.[1][2]

Domestic policy

According to Foreign Policy, the effect of a Morsi presidency on domestic policy is hazy, as Egypt's bureaucracy remains stocked with Mubarak loyalists and could block any changes that Morsi tries to push through. In a television interview with Yosri Fouda, he stated that his preference is an interim period with a mixed presidential-parliamentary system, which would pave the way for a system in which the legislature held complete sway.[26] Morsi has convened Parliament on 10 July 2012; this may cause friction between him and the military officials who dissolved the legislature.[27]

Morsi seeks to influence the drafting of a new constitution of Egypt. Morsi favors a constitution that protects civil rights, yet is enshrined in Islamic law.[28]

In a speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square on June 30, 2012, Morsi briefly mentioned that he would work to free Omar Abdel-Rahman, convicted in the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City, along with the countless other Egyptians who were arrested during the revolution.[29] A Brotherhood spokesperson later said that the extradition was for humanitarian reasons and that Morsi didn't intend to overturn Abdel-Rahman's criminal convictions.[30]

In early July 2012, Morsi moved to reinstate the Islamist-dominated parliament that was disbanded one month earlier. According to Egypt’s official news agency, Morsi ordered the immediate return of legislators elected in 2011, a majority of whom are members of Morsi’s Freedom and Justice Party and other Islamist groups.[31] A Morsi spokesman announced that the president-elect would appoint a Christian and a woman as vice-presidents.[32]

After Kamal Ganzouri's resignation, Morsi tasked Hesham Qandil with forming the new government.[33] On August 2, 2012, Qandil was sworn in as Prime Minister.[34] Morsi also objected to a constitutional provision limiting presidential power.[35]

On August 12, 2012, Morsi asked Mohamad Hussein Tantawi, head of the country's armed forces, and Sami Anan, the Army chief of staff, to resign.[36] He also announced that the constitutional amendments passed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) restricting the president's powers would be annulled.[37] Morsi's spokesman, Yasser Ali, announced that both Tantawi and Anan would remain advisers to the president. Morsi named Abdul Fattah el-Sisi, currently serving as chief of military intelligence, as Egypt's new defense minister.[38] The New York Times described the move as an "upheaval" and a "stunning purge", given the power that SCAF had taken after the fall of Mubarak.[38] Al Jazeera described it as "escalating the power struggle" between the president and military.[37] On August 14, 2012, Mohamed Salem, an Egyptian lawyer, filed a legal challenge over Morsi's removal of Tantawi and Anan, arguing that Morsi planned to bring back the totalitarian regime.[39]

Morsi fired two more high-rank security officials on August 16, 2012: intelligence chief Murad Muwafithe and the commander of his presidential guards.[40]

On August 27, 2012, Morsi named 21 advisers and aides that included three women and two Christians and a large number of Islamist-leaning figures.[41]

In November 2012, after the election of the new Coptic Orthodox pope, Morsi did not attend the enthronement of the new pope. Instead, Morsi sent a representative to Cairo's St Mark's Cathedral for the enthronement of Bishop Tawadros as the new pope.[42]

Foreign policy

File:DavidCameronMursi.jpg
Mohamed Morsi meets British Prime Minister David Cameron in New York, 2012
Mohamed Morsi meets United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Cairo, Egypt, 2012

In October 2012, Morsi penned a friendly letter to Israeli President Shimon Peres. The letter largely followed standard diplomatic language. Morsi called Peres "a great and good friend" and went on to call for "maintaining and strengthening the cordial relations which so happily exist between our two countries." Morsi closed the letter by expressing "highest esteem and consideration." Muslim Brotherhood leader Gamal Muhammad Heshmat asserted that the letter was "fabricated" saying that "Zionist media have leaked baseless statements by Morsi in the past." However, Morsi spokesman Yasser Ali told Egyptian state-run newspaper Ahram that the letter was "100 percent correct."[43] Previously, in July 2012, Morsi has had to deny a fabricated letter. [44]

Morsi said in his victory speech that he would honor all of Egypt's international treaties, which was thought to be a reference to Egypt's treaty with Israel.[45]

His first official foreign visit was to Saudi Arabia on July 11, 2012. During this visit, Morsi stated that he intends to strengthen ties with the oil-rich monarchy, which also maintained close ties with the Mubarak government.[46]

Morsi attended the African Union Summit in Addis Ababa from July 15 to 16, 2012; this was the first visit to Ethiopia by Egypt's president in 17 years because of the attempted assassination of Hosni Mubarak in June 1995.[47]

Morsi seems to have the support of the countries in the Persian Gulf.[48] Qatar, for instance, declared that it would provide Egypt with US$2 billion just as Morsi announced the reshuffle in the cabinet on August 12, 2012.[48]

Morsi attended a summit in Iran at the end of August 2012, in a visit that could resume normal relations for the countries. Their diplomatic relationship has been strained since Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1979.[49]

On November 14, 2012 when Israel launched Operation Pillar of Cloud in the Gaza Strip, Morsi's government condemned the operation and called for a halt to airstrikes.[50] Morsi sent Prime Minister Hesham Qandil to Gaza to express solidarity with Gaza[51][52], a stark contrast to Hosni Mubarak's response to the 2008-2009 Gaza War.[53] Egypt, along with the United States mediated the ceasefire with Hamas and Israel.[54]

Non-Aligned Movement summit 2012

Morsi made a speech at the 16th Non-Aligned Movement summit held in Tehran in late August. He spoke against the Syrian government and called on the Syrian opposition to unite during the Syrian civil war. His comments about Syria, however, were not covered by Iranian media clearly.[55]

He also sparked some controversy saying that it is an "ethical duty" to support the Syrian people against the "oppressive regime" in Damascus.[56]

November 2012 declaration

On November 22, 2012, Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution.[57] The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi.[58]

The move has been criticized by Mohamed ElBaradei who stated that Morsi "usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh".[59][60] The move has led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt,[61] with protesters again erecting tents in Tahir Square, the site of the protests preceding the resignation of Hosni Mubarak. The protesters demanded a reversal of the declaration and the dissolution of the constituent assembly. Those gathered in the square called for a "huge protest" on Tuesday, November 27.[62] Clashes were reported between protesters and police.[63] The declaration was also condemned by Human rights groups such as Amnesty International UK[64] and Freedom House.[65]

Comments on September 11 attacks

Morsi has made a number of public comments questioning the official account of the events of the September 11 attacks in the United States.[66] In 2007, Morsi stated that the United States "has never presented any evidences on the identity of those who committed that incident".[66] In 2008, Morsi called for a "huge scientific conference" to be held on the events.[66] In a May 2010 interview with Shadi Hamid of the Brookings Institution, Morsi stated "When you come and tell me that the plane hit the tower like a knife in butter, then you are insulting us...How did the plane cut through the steel like this? Something must have happened from the inside. It’s impossible."[66]

An opinion piece by Robert Satloff and Eric Trager published in The Washington Post on September 11, 2012 strongly criticised Morsi for his comments on the attacks, stating that Morsi had "embraced some of the most vile conspiracy theories about 9/11" and describing his views on the attacks as "odious".[66]


Personal life

Morsi is married to Naglaa Ali Mahmoud. She reportedly stated that she does not want to be referred to as "First Lady" but rather "First Servant [of the Egyptian public]".[67]

Morsi has five children: Ahmed Mohammed Morsi, who is a physician in Saudi Arabia; Shaima, a graduate of Zagazig University; Osama, an attorney; Omar and Abdullah who are still high-school students.[68] Two of Morsi's five children were born in California and are U.S. citizens by birth.[69] Morsi also has three grandchildren.[68]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohamed Morsi.

References

  1. ^ a b Conal Urquhart and agencies (30 June 2012). "Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egyptian president". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  2. ^ a b Hamza Hendawi (16 June 2012). "Egypt votes for president to succeed Mubarak". Google. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  3. ^ . Voice of Russia. Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 24 June 2012 http://www.webcitation.org/69sJcmHOa. Archived from title=Morsi: Egypt's international commitments unchanged the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing pipe in: |url= (help)
  4. ^ Abigail Hauslohner (12 February 2011). "Ruling Egypt After Mubarak: Presidential Contenders Emerge". Time. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
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  9. ^ http://www.economist.com/node/21557803
  10. ^ David Matthews (19 July 2012). "Academic-turned-politician aims to fix engine of state". The Times of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
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  17. ^ Perry, Tom. Newsmaker: Egypt's Morsy goes from prisoner to president. MSNBC. Original published by Reuters. 2012-06-24.
  18. ^ Full Coverage of Dr. Morsi Presidential Campaign Kickoff in Mahalla Al-Kubra on May Day. Ikhwanweb. 2012-05-01.
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  22. ^ Harry Sterling (10 June 2012). "Sterling: Gauging Muslims' ability to leave their faith". The Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
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  24. ^ Yasmine Fathi (24 June 2012). "Brotherhood campaigners elated as Mursi is named Egypt's next president". Al Ahram. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
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  52. ^ "Egypt PM to visit Gaza on Friday". AFP. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  53. ^ Daniel Nisman (19 November 2012). "Why Morsi Could Be the Gaza Conflict's Biggest Loser". Huffington Post. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  54. ^ "Cease-fire reached in Gaza conflict". CNN. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  55. ^ "Morsi Claims against Syrian Government" (in Persian). Parsine. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  56. ^ "Morsi criticises Syria at Tehran Meeting".
  57. ^ "Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers". BBC News. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  58. ^ "Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers". Associated Press. 23 November. Retrieved 23 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ "Twitter / ELBaradei". 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  60. ^ "Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers". 22 November 2012. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-president-morsi-takes-sweeping-new-powers/2012/11/22/8d87d716-34cb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html" ignored (help); Text "publisher"Washington Post" ignored (help)
  61. ^ Spencer, Richard (23 November 2012). "Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  62. ^ "Egypt unrest: Anti-Mursi protests intensify". BBC News. 24 November. Retrieved 23 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  63. ^ "Clashes Break Out After Morsi Seizes New Power in Egypt". NYTimes. 24 November. Retrieved 23 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  64. ^ Egypt: President Morsi changes to the constitution trample rule of law
  65. ^ Freedom House Denounces Morsi Power-Grab in Egypt
  66. ^ a b c d e "Getting Egypt's Morsi to give up his 9/11 'truther' talk". The Washington Post. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  67. ^ Aya Batrawy (28 June 2012). "Morsi's wife prefers 'first servant' to first lady". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  68. ^ a b "Son of Egypt's President-elect Mursi to resume medical career in Saudi Arabia". Al Arabiya. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  69. ^ Tom Perry (24 June 2012). "Newsmaker: Egypt's Morsy goes from prisoner to president". Reuters. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
Political offices
Preceded by Member of the People's Assembly of Egypt
2000–2005 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
New office Leader of the Freedom and Justice Party
2011–2012 		Succeeded by
New political party Freedom and Justice Party nominee for President of Egypt
2012 		Most recent
Political offices
Preceded by President of Egypt
2012–present 		Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
2012 		Succeeded by

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