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By the 1970s, the PSAN split into several factions, and many other groups appeared, including the armed organization [[Terra Lliure]]. In the 1980s, the Moviment de Defensa de la Terra (MDT) became the major pro-independence political group but this too became divided by the end of the decade. During the 1990s, existing political parties such as [[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya]] and the linguistic-national initiative Crida a la Solidaritat progressively evolved towards a more pro-independence stance.
By the 1970s, the PSAN split into several factions, and many other groups appeared, including the armed organization [[Terra Lliure]]. In the 1980s, the Moviment de Defensa de la Terra (MDT) became the major pro-independence political group but this too became divided by the end of the decade. During the 1990s, existing political parties such as [[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya]] and the linguistic-national initiative Crida a la Solidaritat progressively evolved towards a more pro-independence stance.


==Modern support For independence==
==Modern support for independence==
===Support in Catalan politics===
===Support in Catalan politics===
[[File:Puigcercosblanes.jpg|thumb|right|190px| Joan Puigcercós, former leader of [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], in Blanes]]
[[File:Puigcercosblanes.jpg|thumb|right|190px| Joan Puigcercós, former leader of [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], in Blanes]]

Revision as of 19:21, 14 June 2013

Supporters of Catalan independence in 2012
Catalan pro-independence mural in Belfast

The Catalan independence or separatism (Catalan: Independentisme català; Catalan pronunciation: [indəpəndənˈtizmə kətəˈɫa], Catalan pronunciation: [independenˈtizme kataˈla]) movement is a political movement, derived from Catalan nationalism, which supports the independence of Catalonia or the so-called Catalan countries from Spain and France. Support for Catalan independence is based on the thesis from 19th Century that Catalonia is a nation, derived from contemporary political and cultural ideology based on the History of Catalonia, the Catalan language and Catalan traditions.[1][2]

The beginnings of the separatism can be traced back to the early 20th century, when some organisations and political parties started demanding full independence of Catalonia from Spain.[citation needed] During the following years, and mainly due to Franco's regime opresión of Spanish and Catalan people and culture, the movement gained more sympathizers.[citation needed] More recently, there has been a substantial increase in the number of people who openly consider themselves independentists, which led to massive demonstrations with more than 1 million participants claiming the self-determination right for Catalonia,[3] and non-binding and unofficial referendums in municipalities around Catalonia. Although the ruling party (pro-independence) lost some deputies in the parliament of Catalonia due to the austerity cuts,[4] after 2012 elections, the majority of the parliament in Catalunya is favorable to conducting a referendum of independence, and 55% of it is composed of openly seperatist parties. The Estelada flag, in its blue and red versions, has become its main symbol.

History

On the left, Francesc Macià, leader of ERC and President of Catalonia between 1931 and 1933

Some Catalan separatist authors[who?] argue that first precedents of support for Catalan independence may date back as far as 1640, with the unsuccessful first Catalan Republic after the Reaper's War, and subsequently during the War of the Spanish Succession. However, in the modern sense, the first political parties which started defining themselves as pro-independence[5] were created between the 1920s and the 1930s in Spanish Catalonia. The main separatist party created at this time was Estat Català[5] and its branch called Bandera Negra. Estat Català evolved into the new party Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, although some of its members refused it and remained faithful to the original Estat Català, now a minor party.

After the Spanish Civil War, members of Estat Català and Nosaltres Sols founded the Front Nacional de Catalunya which became the main pro-independence party. However, one might argue that the modern Catalan pro-independence movement was actually born in the 1960s with the Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional (PSAN). Since then, the pro-independence movement has assumed a mostly left-wing political trend and has often shifted its focus from "independence for Catalonia" to "independence for the 'Catalan Countries'".

By the 1970s, the PSAN split into several factions, and many other groups appeared, including the armed organization Terra Lliure. In the 1980s, the Moviment de Defensa de la Terra (MDT) became the major pro-independence political group but this too became divided by the end of the decade. During the 1990s, existing political parties such as Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya and the linguistic-national initiative Crida a la Solidaritat progressively evolved towards a more pro-independence stance.

Modern support for independence

Support in Catalan politics

Joan Puigcercós, former leader of ERC, in Blanes

The parties explicitly campaigning for independence currently represented in the Catalan Parliament are the Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra) and the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP). They won 13.4% of the vote after the Catalan elections of 2012.[6] However, Convergence and Union (CiU) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) both include pro-independence factions, and these four parties—comprising 57.9% of the vote—are all in favor of an independence referendum in 2014.

Esquerra is also present elsewhere in the Catalan countries, namely in the parliament of the Balearic Islands, where they have one member.[7] They also have an elected member in the Consell de Mallorca[8] which belongs to the autonomous government. Out of Catalan Countries they have one MEP and 3 members of the Spanish Parliament.

Many members and voters of CiU, the governing nationalist federation[9] with the most seats at the Catalan parliament (30.7% of the vote), also give support to independence. Although independence is not formally proposed in their election manifesto, their objective is the maximum autonomy of Catalonia inside Spain,[10] and have abstained numerous times in independence votes in the Parliament of Catalonia.[11][12] The pro-independence tendency inside the party has presumably been growing since its leader proposed in 2007 the so-called Casa Gran del Catalanisme project which, among other causes, includes the defense of self-determination for Catalonia. Finally, the left wing ICV party (9.9% of the vote in the 2012 election) claims to give full support to the right of self-determination and has several members explicitly supporting Catalan independence.

The political parties that explicitly reject Catalan independence and self-determination rights are the Socialists' Party of Catalonia,[13] the People's Party of Catalonia[14] and Ciutadans[15] which had 14.4%, 13% and 7.6% of the vote respectively in the 2012 Catalan parliamentary election. However, there is a significant fraction within the Socialist Party supporting the sovereignty of Catalonia within a federalised Spain.[16]

Other smaller pro-independence parties or coalitions, without present representation in any parliament, are Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Estat Català, Unitat Nacional de Catalunya, Endavant, PSAN, MDT and Reagrupament. There are also youth organizations such as Arran (the union of Maulets, Coordinadora d'Assemblees de Joves de l'Esquerra Independentista and other organizations), and the student unions SEPC and FNEC.

"L'Estelada Vermella" (The Red Starred Flag), the red version of the pro-independence flag.
"L'Estelada Blava" (The Blue Starred Flag), the blue version of the pro-independence flag.

In Spain, some[who?] considered this trend to have been stimulated as a reaction especially against the policy of the Spanish government's governing People's Party, and its opposition to certain legislative reforms such as the reformed Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006.[citation needed]

Referendum on Catalonia's independence

Template:Details3 After 13 December 2009, non-official referendums on Catalan independence were carried out[17][18][19] in 167[20] towns, villages and 5 Comarcal council covering more than 700,000[21] citizens with 15,000 volunteers,[22] Following the first referendum held Arenys de Munt on September 13, 30[20] international representatives from pro-sovereignty political parties have been accredited as observers, such as Members of the European Parliament Jill Evans of Wales), Frieda Brepoels of Flanders, François Alfonsi of Corsica and Oriol Junqueras of Catalonia).[23]

Catalonia's self-determination process

After the 2012 Catalan march for independence the President of Catalonia, Artur Mas, called for new parliamentary elections on 25 November 2012 to elect a new parliament that would exercise the right of self-determination for Catalonia. The Parliament of Catalonia voted to hold a 'referendum or consultation' in the next four-year legislature in which the people of Catalonia would decide on becoming a new independent and sovereign state. The parliamentary decision was approved by a large majority of MPs: 84 voted for, 21 voted against, and 25 abstained.[24] The Spanish government's spokespeople have declared they would allow neither a referendum nor independence.[25] On January 23, 2013 the Catalan parliament passed the Catalan Sovereignty Declaration asserting that Catalonia is a sovereign entity and marking "the beginning of a process by which the citizens of Catalonia will be able to choose their political future as a people".

Studies on social support

The position of Catalans regarding the independence of either Catalonia or of the Catalan Countries must be studied taking into account an important fact, namely, that a huge number of Catalan citizens are of immigrant or non-Catalan Spanish origin and thus may not feel a connection to the Catalan language or culture. It has been calculated that the total population of Catalonia, with no migration, would have grown from 2 million people in 1900 to just 2.4 million in 1980,[26] merely 39% of the actual population of 6.1 million at that date. This population has continued growing and was over 7.4 million in 2009.

Polls

Several institutions have performed polls which also include questions on the independence issue in Catalonia. The following are the most prominent ones: (1) Center for Opinion Studies (Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió CEO), (2) Social Research Centre (Centro de Investigaciones Sociales CIS) which belongs to the Spanish government and (3) Social and Political Sciencies Institute of Barcelona (Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials ICPS) belonging to the Autonomous University of Barcelona and Diputation of Barcelona. The CEO was depending on the Economy Department of the Generalitat of Catalonia until early 2011. Since then it has been placed under direct control of the Presidency of the Generalitat. It is now headed by Jordi Argelaguet i Argemí.

  • Also, since the second quarter of 2011, CEO has asked about support for independence:
Date In favor (%) Against (%) Abstain (%) Other (%) Do not know (%) Do not reply (%)
2011 2nd series[27] 42.9 28.2 23.3 0.5 4.4 0.8
2011 3rd series[28] 45.4 24.7 23.8 0.6 4.6 1.0
2012 1st series[29] 44.6 24.7 24.2 1.0 4.6 0.9
2012 2nd series[30] 51.1 21.1 21.1 1.0 4.7 1.1
2012 3rd series[31] 57.0 20.5 14.3 0.6 6.2 1.5
2013 1st series[32] 54.7 20.7 17.0 1.1 5.4 1.0
  • If the CEO data is transformed into referendum type answers ("yes", "no" and "turnout") the next results are found:
Date Yes (%) No (%) Turnout (%)
2011 2nd series[27] 60.3 39.7 75.3
2011 3rd series[28] 64.8 35.2 74.7
2012 1st series[29] 64.4 35.6 74.1
2012 2nd series[30] 70.8 29.2 77.4
2012 3rd series[31] 73.6 26.4 83.7
2013 1st series[32] 72.5 27.5 75.4
  • CEO performs regular polls studying political opinion of Catalan citizens. The following table contains the answers to the question "Which kind of political entity should Catalonia be with respect to Spain?":[33]
Date Independent state (%) Confederal (%) Keep it as it is (%) Spanish region (%) Do not know (%) Do not reply (%)
June 2005 13.6 31.3 40.8 7.0 6.2 1.1
November 2005 12.9 35.8 37.6 5.6 6.9 1.2
March 2006 13.9 33.4 38.2 8.1 5.1 1.2
July 2006 14.9 34.1 37.3 6.9 6.1 0.7
October 2006 14.0 32.9 38.9 8.3 5.1 0.8
November 2006 15.9 32.8 40.0 6.8 3.7 0.8
March 2007 14.5 35.3 37.0 6.1 4.9 2.2
July 2007 16.9 34.0 37.3 5.5 5.4 1.0
October 2007 18.5 34.2 35.0 4.7 6.0 1.5
December 2007 17.3 33.8 37.8 5.1 5.0 1.0
January 2008 19.4 36.4 34.8 3.8 4.1 1.6
May 2008 17.6 33.4 38.9 5.1 4.3 0.7
July 2008 16.1 34.7 37.0 6.1 5.2 0.9
November 2008 17.4 31.8 38.3 7.1 4.2 1.2
February 2009[34] 16.1 35.2 38.6 4.5 3.6 2.0
May 2009[35] 20.9 35.0 34.9 4.4 3.0 1.7
July 2009[36] 19.0 32.2 36.8 6.2 4.2 1.6
December 2009[37] 21.6 29.9 36.9 5.9 4.1 1.6
2010 1st series[38] 19.4 29.5 38.2 6.9 4.4 1.6
2010 2nd series[39] 21.5 31.2 35.2 7.3 4.0 0.7
2010 3rd series[40] 24.3 31.0 33.3 5.4 4.9 1.0
2010 4th series[41] 25.2 30.9 34.7 5.9 2.7 0.7
2011 1st series[42] 24.5 31.9 33.2 5.6 3.5 1.3
2011 2nd series[27] 25.5 33.0 31.8 5.6 3.4 0.8
2011 3rd series[28] 28.2 30.4 30.3 5.7 3.9 1.5
2012 1st series[29] 29.0 30.8 27.8 5.2 5.4 1.8
2012 2nd series[30] 34.0 28.7 25.4 5.7 5.0 1.3
2012 3rd series[31] 44.3 25.5 19.1 4.0 4.9 2.2
2013 1st series[32] 46.4 22.4 20.7 4.4 4.9 1.2
"Which kind of political entity should Catalonia be with respect to Spain?" (June 2005 March 2012).
  Confederal
  Independence
  Keep it as it is
  Spanish region
  Do not know
  Do not reply

CIS performed a poll in Catalonia on 2001, including an explicit question on independence with the following results: 35.9% supporting it, 48.1% opposing it, 13.3% indifferent, 2.8% did not reply[citation needed].

ICPS performs annually an opinion poll since 1989, which always includes a section on independence.

The question of independence has not been polled so far in other Catalan-speaking territories outside of Catalonia, but anecdotal evidence (basically the total absence of the independentist question in those territories) suggests that there is no sizeable support for the idea of independence of the Catalan-speaking territories outside of Catalonia.

Polls seem to indicate an ambivalent and far from universal feeling. For example, the 2007 ICPS poll indicated that, when asked about the independence of Catalonia, 51% of the population would be against it, 32% would be for it, while 17% do not have an opinion, but, in the same poll, when asked about the meaning of Spain, only 5% of the interviewed identified with the independentist option ("Spain is an alien State of which my country is not a part").[43]

The results are in the following table:

Year Support (%) Against (%) Indifferent (%) Do not reply (%)
1991 35 50 11 4
1992 31 53 11 5
1993 37 50 9 5
1994 35 49 14 3
1995 36 52 10 3
1996 29 56 11 4
1997 32 52 11 5
1998 32 55 10 3
1999 32 55 10 3
2000 32 53 13 3
2001 33 55 11 1
2002 34 52 12 1
2003* 43 43 12 1
2004* 39 44 13 3
2005 36 44 15 6
2006 33 48 17 2
2007 31.7 51.3 14.1 2.9
2011[44] 41.4 22.9 26.5 9.2
  • In 2003 and 2004 a different methodology was used (telephonic instead of door-to-door interview).

The Catalan newspapers El Periódico and La Vanguardia have been publishing their own surveys in recent times.

El Periódico
Date Yes (%) No (%) Other (%)
October 2007 [45] 33.9 43.9 22.3
December 2009 [46] 39.0 40.6 20.4
June 2010 [47] 48.1 35.3 16.6
January 2012 [48] 53.6 32.0 14.4
September 2012 [49] 46.4 22.0 25.7
La Vanguardia
Date Yes (%) No (%) Other (%)
02/11/09 [50] 35 46 19
15/03/10 [51] 36 44 20
19/05/10 [52] 37 41 22
18/07/10 [53] 47 36 17
07/09/10 [54] 40 45 15
11/04/11 [55] 34 30 35
30/09/12 [56] 54.8 33.5 10.16

Pro-independence public figures

Catalonia is not Spain tagged on a wall in Catalonia

In recent years, support for Catalan independence has broadened from the traditional left or far-left Catalan nationalism. Relevant examples are the liberal economists Xavier Sala i Martín[57] and Ramon Tremosa Balcells (elected deputy for CiU in the European parliament in the 2009 election), the lawyer and former FC Barcelona president Joan Laporta[58] or the jurist and former member of the Consejo General del Poder Judicial Alfons López Tena.[59]

The think tank Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes, led by the jurists Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill was founded in 2007. Since then it has summoned a number of lawmakers, professors, businessmen, professionals, economists, journalists and intellectuals for the cause of Catalonia's independence.

Other individuals include:

See also

References

  1. ^ Which had started with a cultural renaissance (Renaixença) between 1833-1885 [1] Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula.1996.
  2. ^ What began as a cultural renaissance in the 1840s,ended as full-blown attack against the spanish state and a call for political autonomy and, eventually, independence Creating Spaniards: Culture and National Identity in Republican Spain
  3. ^ [2] 1.5 million people demonstrate peacefully for Catalonia’s independence from Spain
  4. ^ Ruling party in Catalonia region loses seats in parliament
  5. ^ a b "Pàgina Temporal Oficial d'Estat Català" (in Template:Es icon). Estat-catala.cat. 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2012-09-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ "Eleccions Parlement de Catalunya". Televisió de Catalunya (in Catalan). Retrieved 2 February 2013.
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  32. ^ a b c http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/docs/2013/02/21/10/47/7f6d7ac7-09f6-4b12-a676-2ee95a051b10.pdf
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