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'''2)''' An older Turkish village center that did not receive much migration was about 25% N and 25% J2a with 3% G and close to 30% of some sort of R1 but mostly R1b.
'''2)''' An older Turkish village center that did not receive much migration was about 25% N and 25% J2a with 3% G and close to 30% of some sort of R1 but mostly R1b.



==Comparison of Turkish Genetics with Turkmen Genetics== Turks of Turkey speak an Oghuz dialect of Turkiclanguages.  The other major Turkic groups speaking Oghuz include AzeriTurks of Azerbaijan and Iran as well as Turkmens of Turkmenistan. Recent analysis by Hodoğlugil & Mahley (2012) hascompared genetic samples from three Turkish locations, Aydin, Istanbul andKayseri, with those of Krygyz genetic samples.  Dienekes, within thecontext of the  Dodecad project [http://dodecad.blogspot.com] , hascompared autosomal genes of Turkish samples with those of Turkmen samples fromthe Yunusbayev study.[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArJDEoCgzRKedGR2ZWRoQ0VaWTc0dlV1cHh4ZUNJRUE#gid=17] This analysis divides genetic samples based on 10 regionalgenetic sources: Amerindian, West_Asian, Australasian, Palaeo_African,Neo_African, Siberian, Southern, East_Asian, Atlantic_Baltic, South_Asian The results are as in the following for the Turkmenistansamples and samples from Turkey: {| class="wikitable"|-! Genetic Source !! Turkmens from Turkmenistan !! Turks fromAydin  !! Turks from Istanbul|-| Amerindian  || 1.5 || 0.1 ||  0.3|-| West_Asian || 45.7 ||37 || 47.9|-| Australasian|| 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.4|-| Palaeo_African || 0 || 0 || 0|-| Neo_African || 0 || 0.2 || 0|-| Siberian|| 7.6 || 8.1 || 3.5|-| Southern|| 16.2 || 24.5 || 24.7|-| East_Asian|| 6.7 || 4.4 || 3.7|-| Atlantic_Baltic|| 12.9 || 25.2 || 18.5|-| South_Asian || 9.3 || 0 || 1|}               The results for Kayseri were similar to results for Istanbul. These results suggest that Turkmens of Turkmenistan are fundamentally WestAsian genetically and similar to Turks of Turkey.  Furthermore theSiberian genetic content in Turkmens and Turks of Turkey are comparablesuggesting a significant Turkmen influx into Anatolia if indeed the sourcepopulation of Turks of Turkey were Turkmens of Seljuqs. Interestingly enoughSiberian genes in the Aydin region of Turkey is even higher than inTurkmenistan. ==Comparison of Turkish Genetics with Uzbek Genetics== Another recent analysis by Dienekes compared Turkish andUzbek genetics using two very important genetics admixture software tools,namely ALDER and Rolloff.[http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2012/11/rolloff-and-alder-analysis-of-turks.htmlrolloff and ALDER analysis of Turks] The model assumes the pre-Turkic population of Anatolia tobe similar to today's Armenians and the incoming Turkic tribes to be similar totoday's Uzbeks. The signal of admixture from Uzbekistan to Anatolia seemspretty clear and extends up to several cM. The jackknife gives an admixturetime estimate of 27.622 +/- 5.348 generations or 800 +/- 160 years, a datebetween the first arrival of the Seljuks in Anatolia and the finalconsolidation of power by the Ottomans.    Below is the raw output:                    *** Admixture test summary *** Weighted LD curves are fit starting at 1.45 cM Pre-test: Does Turks have a 1-ref weighted LD curve withArmenians_Y?   1-ref decay z-score:    0.09   1-ref amp_exp z-score: -0.01                                 NO: curve is not significant Pre-test: Does Turks have a 1-ref weighted LD curve withUzbeks?   1-ref decay z-score:    6.56   1-ref amp_exp z-score:  5.02                                 YES:curve is significant Does Turks have a 2-ref weighted LD curve with Armenians_Yand Uzbeks?   2-ref decay z-score:    5.61   2-ref amp_exp z-score:  5.58                                 YES: curve is significant Do 2-ref and 1-ref curves have consistent decay rates?   1-ref Armenians_Y - 2-refz-score:                 0.01   ( 13%)   1-ref Uzbeks - 2-refz-score:                      0.69   ( 11%)   1-ref Uzbeks - 1-ref Armenians_Yz-score:          -0.00  ( -1%)                                 YES: decay rates are consistent Test FAILS (z=5.58, p=2.4e-08) for Turks with {Armenians_Y,Uzbeks} weights DATA: failure 2.4e-08 Turks Armenians_Y Uzbeks 5.58 -0.015.02 13% 23.92 +/- 4.26 0.00002930 +/- 0.00000525 27.18 +/- 302.36 -0.00000082+/- 0.00013129 26.84 +/- 4.09 0.00002316 +/- 0.00000461 DATA: test status p-value test pop ref A ref B 2-ref z-score1-ref z-score A 1-ref z-score B max decay diff % 2-ref decay 2-ref amp_exp1-ref decay A 1-ref amp_exp A 1-ref decay B 1-ref amp_exp B  Both 1-reference Uzbek to Turkish and 2-referenceUzbek-Armenian admixture analyses reveal a strong genetic link between Turks ofAnatolia and Uzbeks.  The analysis suggests lower bound of the admixturefraction for Turks with an Uzbek reference to be 29.8% with a margin of errorof  4.0%.


==Other Studies==
==Other Studies==

Revision as of 23:26, 17 July 2013

Further information: Genetic history of Europe and Archaeogenetics of the Near East

In population genetics the question has been debated whether the modern Turkish population is significantly related to other Turkic peoples, or whether they are rather derived from indigenous populations of Anatolia which were culturally assimilated during the Middle Ages. The contribution of the Central Asian genetics to the modern Turkish people has been debated and become the subject of several studies. As a result, several studies have concluded that the historical (pre-Islamic) and indigenous Anatolian groups are the primary source of the present-day Turkish population,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] in addition to neighboring peoples,[2] such as Balkan peoples,[8] and central Asian Turkic people.[2]

Central Asian and Uralic connection

Neighbour-joining tree of European, Turkic central Asian and Turkish (Anatolian) populations constructed from HVS I sequences.[9]

The question to what extent a gene flow from Central Asia to Anatolia has contributed to the current gene pool of the Turkish people, and what the role is in this of the 11th century invasion by Oghuz Turks, has been the subject of several studies. A factor that makes it difficult to give reliable estimates, is the problem of distinguishing between the effects of different migratory episodes. Several studies have concluded that the historical and indigenous Anatolian groups are the primary source of the present-day Turkish population.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Thus, although the Turks carried out an invasion with cultural significance, including the introduction of the Turkish language and Islam, the genetic significance from Central Asia might have been slight.[3][10]

Some of the Turkic peoples originated from Central Asia and therefore are possibly related with Xiongnu.[11] A majority (89%) of the Xiongnu sequences can be classified as belonging to an Asian haplogroups and nearly 11% belong to European haplogroups.[11] This finding indicates that the contacts between European and Asian populations were anterior to the Xiongnu culture,[11] and it confirms results reported for two samples from an early 3rd century B.C. Scytho-Siberian population.[12]

According to another archeological and genetic study in 2010, the paternal Y-chromosome R1a, which is considered as an Indo-European marker, was found in three skeletons in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Asia, which supports Kurgan expansion hypothesis for the Indo-European expansion from the Volga steppe region.[13] As the R1a was found in Xiongnu people[14] and the present-day people of Central Asia[15] Analysis of skeletal remains from sites attributed to the Xiongnu provides an identification of dolichocephalic Mongoloid, ethnically distinct from neighboring populations in present-day Mongolia.[16]

According to a different genetic research on 75 individuals from various parts of Turkey, Mergen et al. revealed that genetic structure of the mtDNAs in the Turkish population bears similarities to Turkic Central Asian populations. The neighbour-joining tree built from segment I sequences for Turkish and the other populations (French, Bulgarian, British, Finland, Greek, German, Kazakhs, Uighurs and Kirghiz) indicated two poles. Turkic Central Asian populations, Turkish population and British population formed one pole, and European populations formed the other, which revealed Turkish population bears more similarities to Turkic Central Asian population and British people.[17]

Nevertheless, today's Turkish people are more closely related with the Balkan populations than to the Central Asian populations,[8][18] and a study looking into allele frequencies suggested that there was a lack of genetic relationship between the Mongols and the Turks, despite the historical relationship of their languages (The Turks and Germans were equally distant to all three Mongolian populations).[19] In addition, another study looking into HLA genes allele distributions indicated that Anatolians did not significantly differ from other Mediterranean populations.[10] Multiple studies suggested an elite cultural dominance-driven linguistic replacement model to explain the adoption of Turkish language by Anatolian indigenous inhabitants.[1][7]

Haplogroup distributions in Turkish people

Y chromosome Haplogroup distribution of Turkish people.[5]

According to Cinnioglu et al. (2004), the major components of Y-DNA haplogroups present in Turkey (E3b, G, J, I, L, N, K2, and R1; 94.1%) are shared with European and neighboring Near Eastern populations. Minor share of haplogroups also include those related to Central Asian (C, Q and O; 3.4%), Indian (H, R2; 1.5%) and African (A, E3*, E3a; 1%) affinity.[5]

Some of the percentages identified were:[5]

  • J2=24% - J2 (M172) Typical of populations of Caucasus, the Near East, Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia with a moderate distribution through much of Central Asia, South Asia.
  • R1b=14.7% -Typical of Western Europeans, Eurasian People, and typical of Uyghurs in the Central Asia [20][21]
  • G=10.9% - Typical of people from the Caucasus and to a lesser extent the Middle East.
  • E1b1b1=10.7% - Typical of people from the Mediterranean
  • J1=9% - Typical amongst people from the Arabian Peninsula and Dagestan (ranging from 3% from Turks around Konya to 12% in Kurds).
  • R1a=6.9% - Typical of Central Asian, Caucasus, Altaic people, Eastern Europeans and Indo-Aryan people.
  • I=5.3% - Typical of Europeans, people from Caucasus, and Balkan populations.
  • K=4.5% - Typical of Asian populations and Caucasian populations.
  • L=4.2% - Typical of Indian Subcontinent and Khorasan populations. Found sporadically in the Middle East and the Caucasus.
  • N=3.8% - Typical of Uralic, Siberian and Altaic populations.
  • T=2.5% - Typical of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Northeast African and South Asian populations
  • Q=1.9% - Typical of Northern Altaic populations.

Further research on Turkish Y-DNA groups

A study from Turkey by Gokcumen (2008)[22][23] took into account oral histories and historical records. They went to four settlements in Central Anatolia and did not do a random selection from a group of university students like many other studies. Accordingly here are the results:

1) At an Afshar village whose oral stories tell they come from Central Asia they found that 57% come from haplogroup L, 13% from haplogroup Q, 3% from haplogroup N thus indicating that the L haplogroups in Turkey are of Central Asian heritage rather than Indian, although these Central Asians would have gotten the L markers from the Indians from the beginning. These Asian groups add up to 73% in this village. Furthermore 10% of these Afshars were E3a and E3b. Only 13% were J2a, the most common haplogroup in Turkey.

2) An older Turkish village center that did not receive much migration was about 25% N and 25% J2a with 3% G and close to 30% of some sort of R1 but mostly R1b.

Other Studies

Genetic affinities among Southeastern European and Central Asian populations.[24]

In 2001, Benedetto et al. revealed that Central Asian genetic contribution to the current Anatolian mtDNA gene pool was estimated as roughly 30%, by comparing the populations of Mediterranean Europe, and Turkic-speaking people of Central Asia.[25] In 2003, Cinnioğlu et al. made a research of Y-DNA including the samples from eight regions of Turkey, without classifying the ethnicity of the people, which indicated that high resolution SNP analysis totally provides evidence of a detectable weak signal (<9%) of gene flow from Central Asia.[5] In 2006, Berkman concluded that the true Central Asian contribution to Anatolia for both males and females were assumed to be 22%, with respect to the Balkans.[26]

In 2011 Aram Yardumian and Theodore G. Schurr published their study "Who Are the Anatolian Turks? A Reappraisal of the Anthropological Genetic Evidence." They revealed the impossibility of long-term, and continuing genetic contacts between Anatolia and Siberia, and confirmed the presence of significant mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome divergence between this regions, with minimal admixture. The research confirms also the lack of mass migration and suggested that it was irregular punctuated migration events that engendered large-scale shifts in language and culture among Anatolia's diverse autochthonous inhabitants.[1]

According to a 2012 study on ethnic Turks of Turkey, Hodoğlugil revealed that there is a significant overlap between Turks and Middle Easterners and a relationship with Europeans and South and Central Asians when Kyrgyz samples are genotyped and analysed. It displays a genetic ancestry for the Turks of 45% Middle Eastern, 40% European and 15% Central Asian. However, the Turkish genetic structure is unique, and there is an admixture of Turkish people reflecting the population migration patterns.[2]

A group of Armenian scientists conducted a study about the origins of the Turkish people in relation to Armenians. Savak Avagian; director of Armenia's bone marrow bank found that “Turks and Armenians were the two societies throughout the world that were genetically close to each other. Kurds are also in same genetic pool”.[27]

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ a b c d Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959500101, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.2753/AAE1061-1959500101 instead.
  2. ^ a b c d e Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00701.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00701.x instead.
  3. ^ a b c Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1086/316890, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1086/316890 instead.[1]
  4. ^ a b Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M (2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome". Hum. Genet. 112 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[2]
  5. ^ a b c d e f Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 instead.[3]
  6. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004308.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057004308.x instead.
  7. ^ a b c Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098 instead.
  8. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00080.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00080.x instead.
  9. ^ Mergen et al. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey), Journal of Genetics, Vol. 83, No.1, April 2004, P.46, Figure 4. http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/Vol83No1/39.pdf & http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240908
  10. ^ a b Tissue Antigens Volume 60 Issue 2 Page 111-121, August(2002) Population genetic relationships between Mediterranean populations determined by HLA allele distribution and a historic perspective. Tissue Antigens 60 (2), 111–121
  11. ^ a b c Christine Keyser-Tracqui, Eric Crubézy, Bertrand Ludes, Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of a 2,000-Year-Old Necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia, The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 73, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 247-260, ISSN 0002-9297, 10.1086/377005
  12. ^ Clisson, I.; Keyser, C.; Francfort, H. P.; Crubezy, E.; Samashev, Z.; Ludes, B. (2002). "Genetic analysis of human remains from a double inhumation in a frozen kurgan in Kazakhstan". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 116 (5): 304–308. doi:10.1007/s00414-002-0295-x. PMID 12376844.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Kim et al. A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Jul;142(3):429-40, quoted pg.2 "The Kurgan expansion hypothesis explains the IndoEuropean expansion from the Volga steppe region (Gimbutas, 1973; Mallory, 1989).The paternal Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNP) R1a1 is considered as an Indo-European marker, supporting Kurgan expansion hypothesis (Zerjal et al., 1999; Kharkov et al., 2004; Haak et al., 2008). Recent finding of R1a1 in the Krasnoyarsk area east of Siberia marks the eastward expansion of the early Indo-Europeans (Keyser-Tracqui et al., 2009). R1a1 was not found in Scytho-Siberian skeletons from the Seby¨stei site of Altai Republic or in Xiongnu skeletons from Egyin Gol of Mongolia (KeyserTracqui et al., 2009)." quoted p.10: ", paternal, maternal, and biparental genetic analyses were done on three Xiongnu tombs of Northeast Mongolia 2,000 years ago. We showed for the first time that an Indo-European with paternal R1a1 and maternal U2e1 was present in the Xiongnu Empire of ancient Mongolia"
  14. ^ Kim et al. A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Jul;142(3):429-40
  15. ^ Xue et al. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times, Genetics. 2006April; 172(4): 2431–2439. doi: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270
  16. ^ Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China), S.V.D. Research Institute, Society of the Divine Word - 2003 [4]
  17. ^ Hatice Mergen et al. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey), Journal of Genetics, Vol. 83, No.1, April 2004, article p.46 and fig.4 Online Read or http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240908
  18. ^ Alu insertion polymorphisms and an assessment of the genetic contribution of Central Asia to Anatolia with respect to the Balkans. Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey. American Journal of Physical Anthropoly 2008 May;136(1):11-8.
  19. ^ Tissue Antigens. Volume 61 Issue 4 Page 292–299, April 2003. Genetic affinities among Mongol ethnic groups and their relationship to Turks
  20. ^ Klyosov A.A. "The principal mystery in the relationship of Indo-European and Türkic linguistic families, and an attempt to solve it with the help of DNA genealogy: reflections of a non-linguist"//Proceedings of Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy (ISSN 1942-7484), Vol. 3, No 1, pp. 3 - 58
  21. ^ Y Haplogroups of the World Online Edition
  22. ^ Gokcumen O. et al (2008), Ethnohistorical and genetic survey of four Central Anatolian settlements, a dissertation/thesis
  23. ^ Gokcumen O. Ethnohistorical and genetic survey of four central Anatolian settlements, dissertation, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 2008.
  24. ^ Varzari et al. (2007) Population history of the Dniester-Carpathians: evidence from Alu markers. J Hum Genet. 2007;52(4):308-16. [5]
  25. ^ Online Reference Di Benedetto G, Ergüven A, Stenico M, Castrì L, Bertorelle G, Togan I, Barbujani G., DNA diversity and population admixture in Anatolia, Am J Phys Anthropol. 115(2):144-56, 2001. quoted: "The Turkic language was introduced in Anatolia at the start of this millennium, by nomadic Turkmen groups from Central Asia. Whether that cultural transition also had significant population-genetics consequences is not fully understood. Three nuclear microsatellite loci, the hypervariable region I of the mitochondrial genome, six microsatellite loci of the Y chromosome, and one Alu insertion (YAP) were amplified and typed in 118 individuals from four populations of Anatolia. For each locus, the number of chromosomes considered varied between 51-200. Genetic variation was large within samples, and much less so between them. The contribution of Central Asian genes to the current Anatolian gene pool was quantified using three different methods, considering for comparison populations of Mediterranean Europe, and Turkic-speaking populations of Central Asia. The most reliable estimates suggest roughly 30% Central Asian admixture for both mitochondrial and Y-chromosome loci. That (admittedly approximate) figure is compatible both with a substantial immigration accompanying the arrival of the Turkmen armies (which is not historically documented), and with continuous gene flow from Asia into Anatolia, at a rate of 1% for 40 generations. Because a military invasion is expected to more deeply affect the male gene pool, similar estimates of admixture for female- and male-transmitted traits are easier to reconcile with continuous migratory contacts between Anatolia and its Asian neighbors, perhaps facilitated by the disappearance of a linguistic barrier between them." [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11385601 Online Reference
  26. ^ Ceren Berkman, Comparative Analyses for the Central Asian Contribution to Anatolian Gene Pool with Reference to Balkans, p.98, METU, Sep. 2006 quoted "Lower male than female contribution from Central Asia to Anatolia was obtained. The situation was explained by invoking the idea of homogenization between the males of the Balkans and Anatolia. Since females could not migrate alone, the true Central Asian contribution for both males and females were assumed to be 22%."
  27. ^ Cansu ÇAMLIBEL (December 24, 2009). "Turks, Armenians share similar genes, say scientists". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
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