Jump to content

Plum: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
[pending revision][pending revision]
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 31: Line 31:
[[File:Plums early morning.jpg|thumb|right|''Prunus'' cultivar (mature fruits with natural wax bloom)]]
[[File:Plums early morning.jpg|thumb|right|''Prunus'' cultivar (mature fruits with natural wax bloom)]]
[[File:Plum blossom on the first day of spring - geograph.org.uk - 1214413.jpg|thumb|Plum flowers]]
[[File:Plum blossom on the first day of spring - geograph.org.uk - 1214413.jpg|thumb|Plum flowers]]
Plum has many species, and taxonomist differ on the count. Depending on taxonomist, between 19 to 40 species of plum exist. From this diversity only two species, the hexaploid European plum (''Prunus domestica'') and the diploid Japanese plum (''Prunus salicina'' and hybrids), are of worldwide commercial significance. The origin of these commercially important species is uncertain but may have involved P. cerasifera and possibly P. spinosa as ancestors. Other species of plum variously originated in Europe, Asia and America.<ref>{{cite book|title=Plum (Handbook of Plant Breeding)|author=Bruce L. Topp, Dougal M. Russell, Michael Neumüller, Marco A. Dalbó and Weisheng Liu|year=2012|volume=8, part 3|pages= 571–621|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_15}}</ref>
Plum has many species, and taxonomists differ on the count. Depending on the taxonomist, between 19 to 40 species of plum exist. From this diversity only two species, the hexaploid European plum (''Prunus domestica'') and the diploid Japanese plum (''Prunus salicina'' and hybrids), are of worldwide commercial significance. The origin of these commercially important species is uncertain but may have involved P. cerasifera and possibly P. spinosa as ancestors. Other species of plum variously originated in Europe, Asia and America.<ref>{{cite book|title=Plum (Handbook of Plant Breeding)|author=Bruce L. Topp, Dougal M. Russell, Michael Neumüller, Marco A. Dalbó and Weisheng Liu|year=2012|volume=8, part 3|pages= 571–621|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_15}}</ref>


The subgenus ''Prunus'' is divided into three sections:
The subgenus ''Prunus'' is divided into three sections:

Revision as of 15:35, 25 June 2014

For other uses, see Plum (disambiguation).

Plum
A plum; whole and split
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rosaceae
Subfamily:
Amygdaloideae[1]
Genus:
Prunus
Subgenus:
Prunus
Species

See text.

A plum is a drupe fruit of the subgenus Prunus of the genus Prunus. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera (peaches, cherries, bird cherries, etc.) in the shoots having a terminal bud and solitary side buds (not clustered), the flowers in groups of one to five together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side and a smooth stone (or pit).

Mature plum fruit may have a dusty-white coating that gives them a glaucous appearance. This is an epicuticular wax coating and is known as "wax bloom". Dried plum fruits are called dried plums or prunes, although prunes are a distinct type of plum, and may have antedated the fruits now commonly known as plums.[citation needed]

Plums belong to the Prunus genus of plants and are relatives of the peach, nectarine and almond. They are all considered "drupes," fruits that have a hard stone pit surrounding their seeds. 


Description

Plums are a diverse group of species. The commercially important plum trees are medium sized, usually pruned to 5-6 meters height. The tree is of medium hardiness.[2] Without pruning, the trees can reach 12 meters in height and spread across 10 meters. They blossom in different months in different parts of the world; for example, in about January in Taiwan and about April in the United States.[3]

Fruits are usually of medium size, between 1 to 3 inches in diameter, globose to oval. The flesh is firm, juicy and mealy. The fruit's peel is smooth, with a natural waxy surface that adheres to the flesh. The fruit has a single large seed.

Species

Prunus cultivar (mature fruits with natural wax bloom)
Plum flowers

Plum has many species, and taxonomists differ on the count. Depending on the taxonomist, between 19 to 40 species of plum exist. From this diversity only two species, the hexaploid European plum (Prunus domestica) and the diploid Japanese plum (Prunus salicina and hybrids), are of worldwide commercial significance. The origin of these commercially important species is uncertain but may have involved P. cerasifera and possibly P. spinosa as ancestors. Other species of plum variously originated in Europe, Asia and America.[4]

The subgenus Prunus is divided into three sections:

  • Sect. Prunus (Old World plums)- leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers 1-3 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed
  • Sect. Prunocerasus (New World plums) - leaves in bud folded inwards; flowers 3-5 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed
  • Sect. Armeniaca (apricots) - leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers very short-stalked; fruit velvety; treated as a distinct subgenus by some authors

Cultivation and uses

Cultivar Regina Claudia yellow
Plums, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy192 kJ (46 kcal)
11.42 g
Sugars9.92 g
Dietary fiber1.4 g
0.28 g
0.7 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
2%
17 μg
2%
190 μg
73 μg
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.028 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.026 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.417 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3%
0.135 mg
Vitamin B6
2%
0.029 mg
Folate (B9)
1%
5 μg
Vitamin C
11%
9.5 mg
Vitamin E
2%
0.26 mg
Vitamin K
5%
6.4 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
0%
6 mg
Iron
1%
0.17 mg
Magnesium
2%
7 mg
Manganese
2%
0.052 mg
Phosphorus
1%
16 mg
Potassium
5%
157 mg
Sodium
0%
0 mg
Zinc
1%
0.1 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Fluoride2 µg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[6] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[7]

The taste of the plum fruit ranges from sweet to tart; the skin itself may be particularly tart. It is juicy and can be eaten fresh or used in jam-making or other recipes. Plum juice can be fermented into plum wine. In central England, a cider-like alcoholic beverage known as plum jerkum is made from plums.

Dried plums (or prunes) are also sweet and juicy and contain several antioxidants. Plums and prunes are known for their laxative effect. This effect has been attributed to various compounds present in the fruits, such as dietary fiber, sorbitol,[8] and isatin.[9] Prunes and prune juice are often used to help regulate the functioning of the digestive system. Dried prune marketers in the USA have, in recent years, begun marketing their product as "dried plums". This is due to "prune" having negative connotations connected with elderly people suffering from constipation.[10]

Dried, salted plums are used as a snack, sometimes known as saladito or salao. Various flavors of dried plum are available at Chinese grocers and specialty stores worldwide. They tend to be much drier than the standard prune. Cream, ginsing, spicy, and salty are among the common varieties. Licorice is generally used to intensify the flavor of these plums and is used to make salty plum drinks and toppings for shaved ice or baobing.

Different cultivars of plums
Damson plums
Greengage plums
Mirabelle plums
Victoria plums

Pickled plums are another type of preserve available in Asia and international specialty stores. The Japanese variety, called umeboshi, is often used for rice balls, called onigiri or omusubi. The ume, from which umeboshi are made, is more closely related, however, to the apricot than to the plum.

As with many other members of the rose family, plum seeds contain cyanogenic glycosides, including amygdalin.[11] These substances are capable of decomposing into a sugar molecule and hydrogen cyanide gas. While plum seeds are not the most toxic within the rose family (the bitter almond is the most toxic[citation needed]), large doses of these chemicals from any source are hazardous to human health.

Prune kernel oil is made from the fleshy inner part of the pit of the plum.

Plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes. Some are much firmer-fleshed than others, and some have yellow, white, green or red flesh, with equally varying skin color.

Plum cultivars in use today include:

  • Damson (purple or black skin, green flesh, clingstone, astringent)
  • Greengage (firm, green flesh and skin even when ripe)
  • Mirabelle (dark yellow, predominantly grown in northeast France)
  • Satsuma plum (firm red flesh with a red skin)
  • Victoria (yellow flesh with a red or mottled skin)
  • Yellowgage or golden plum (similar to greengage, but yellow)

When it flowers in the early spring, a plum tree will be covered in blossoms, and in a good year approximately 50% of the flowers will be pollinated and become plums. Flowering starts after 80 growing degree days.

If the weather is too dry, the plums will not develop past a certain stage, but will fall from the tree while still tiny, green buds, and if it is unseasonably wet or if the plums are not harvested as soon as they are ripe, the fruit may develop a fungal condition called brown rot. Brown rot is not toxic, and very small affected areas can be cut out of the fruit, but unless the rot is caught immediately, the fruit will no longer be edible. Plum is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera, including November moth, willow beauty and short-cloaked moth.

The Serbian plum (Serbian: шљива / šljiva) is the third most produced in the world. In the Balkans, plum is converted into an alcoholic drink named slivovitz (plum brandy) (Serbian: шљивовица / šljivovica).[12][13]

A large number of plums, of the Damson variety, are also grown in Hungary, where they are called szilva and are used to make lekvar (a plum paste jam), palinka (a slivovitz-type liquor), plum dumplings, and other foods. The region of Szabolcs-Szatmár, in the northeastern part of the country near the borders with Ukraine and Romania, is a major producer of plums.

The plum blossom or meihua (Chinese: 梅花; pinyin: méihuā), along with the peony, are considered traditional floral emblems of China.

The plum is commonly used in China, Yunnan area, to produce a local plum wine with a smooth, sweet, fruity taste and approximately 12% alcohol by volume.[citation needed]

History

A plum tree

Plums may have been one of the first fruits domesticated by humans.[14] Three of the most abundant cultivars are not found in the wild, only around human settlements: Prunus domestica has been traced to East European and Caucasian mountains, while Prunus salicina and Prunus simonii originated in Asia. Plum remains have been found in Neolithic age archaeological sites along with olives, grapes and figs.[15][16]

Etymology and names

The fruit Prunus armeniaca gained its name from the beliefs of Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian and scientist of the first century, who maintained the apricot was a kind of a plum, and had originally come from Armenia.[17] Armenian sources support their claims by referring to a 6,000-year-old apricot pit found in an archaeological site near Yerevan.[17] Other historians point to Mesopotamia as a clue to the Latin name. Apricots were cultivated in Mesopotamia, and it was known as armanu in the Akkadian language, but this did not refer to Armenia as that is not the name by which that geographic region was known in the Akkadian language. It is likely that Pliny's explanation is a folk etymology based on the similarity between the Mesopotamian name for the fruit and the Latin name for Armenia.[citation needed]

In certain parts of the world, some fruits are called plums and are quite different from fruits known as plums in Europe or the Americas. For example, marian plums are popular in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, otherwise also known as gandaria, plum mango, ma-praang, ma-yong, ramania, kundang, rembunia or setar.[18] Another example is the Japanese plum, popular as pipa or Chinese plums in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and as Japanese medlar, loquat, nispero, bibassier and wollmispel elsewhere.[19][20] In South Asia and Southeast Asia, Jambul - a fruit from tropical tree in Myrtaceae family, is similarly sometimes referred to 'damson plums', and it is different from damson plums found in Europe and Americas.[21] Jambul is also called as Java plum, Malabar plum, jaman, jamun, jamblang, jiwat, salam, duhat, koeli, jambuláo or koriang.

Production

Top Plum Producing Countries - 2011
(in million metric tons)
Rank Country Production
(Tonnes)
1  China 5,873,656
2  Serbia 581,874
3  Romania 573,596
4  Chile 293,205
5  Iran 288,205
6  United States 281,499
7  Turkey 268,696
8  Spain 230,877
9  India 199,241
10  Italy 191,989
— World 9,921,953
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization [22]

Plums are produced around the world, and China is the world's largest producer. The table below shows the ten largest producers of plums and sloe in 2011; the second to tenth rankings change almost every year due in part to the alternate bearing nature of plum trees.

In the United States, the Japanese varieties of plums are predominant. California was the dominant producer in 2011; other producers are Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Michigan. Mild winters, minimal rainfall during the growing season and low humidity favor more productive crops in California.[23]

See also

References

Khanizadeh, S. and J. Cousineau. 2000. A Fully Bilingual Book Entitled "Our Plums/ Les Pruniers de Chez Nous", A Description of Over 60 Plum Cultivars Evaluated in Quebec along with Over 150 Coloured Images. Publisher Shahrokh Khanizadeh for the Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Ed: S. Khanizadeh. ISBN 0-660-61568-1.

  1. ^ D. Potter, T. Eriksson, R. C. Evans, S. Oh, J. E. E. Smedmark, D. R. Morgan, M. Kerr, K. R. Robertson, M. Arsenault, T. A. Dickinson & C. S. Campbell (2007). "Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 5–43. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Note that this publication pre-dates the 2011 International Botanical Congress which mandates that the combined subfamily referred to in the paper as Spiraeoideae must be called Amygdaloideae.
  2. ^ "Plum, prune, European type". Purdue University. 1999.
  3. ^ Prunus domestica L.
  4. ^ Bruce L. Topp, Dougal M. Russell, Michael Neumüller, Marco A. Dalbó and Weisheng Liu (2012). Plum (Handbook of Plant Breeding). Vol. 8, part 3. pp. 571–621. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Flora of China - Prunus simonii Carrière
  6. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  7. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  8. ^ M. Roach, The power of prunes (1999)
  9. ^ FoodTV article on plums
  10. ^ Jason Zasky. "Turning Over a New Leaf Change from 'Prune' to 'Dried Plum' Proving Fruitful". Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  11. ^ Burrows, G.E.; Tyrl, R.J. (2012). "Rosaceae Juss.". Toxic Plants of North America. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1064–1094.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Crowell and Guymon (1973). "Aroma Constituents of Plum Brandy". American Journal of Enology. 24 (4): 159–165.
  13. ^ Jan Velíšek, František Pudil, Jiří Davídek and Vladislav Kubelka (1982). "The neutral volatile components of Czechoslovak plum brandy". ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR LEBENSMITTELUNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG A. 174 (6): 463–466. doi:10.1007/BF01042726.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Jules Janick, ed. (1998). Horticultural Reviews (Volume 23). Wiley. ISBN 978-0471254454.
  15. ^ Jules Janick (2005). "The origins of fruits, fruit growing and fruit breeding" (PDF). Purdue University.
  16. ^ Spangenberg; et al. (January 2006). "Chemical analyses of organic residues in archaeological pottery from Arbon Bleiche". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.013. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  17. ^ a b Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore By Irina Petrosian, David Underwood
  18. ^ "Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand (see Part 1, section 3)". FAO, United Nations. 2001.
  19. ^ "Japanese Plum - Loquat". University of Florida, Nassau County Extension, Horticulture. 2006.
  20. ^ J. Morton (1987). "Loquat". University of Purdue.
  21. ^ "Jambolan". Purdue University. 2006.
  22. ^ "Production of Plum by countries". UN Food & Agriculture Organization. 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-26.
  23. ^ "Plums, fresh market". AgMRC, partially funded by USDA Rural Department. 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plum&oldid=614377532"