Transmisogyny: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Julia Serano at Modern Times (656769363).jpg|200 px|alt=|thumb|[[Julia Serano]] coined the term "transmisogyny."]] |
[[File:Julia Serano at Modern Times (656769363).jpg|200 px|alt=|thumb|[[Julia Serano]] coined the term "transmisogyny."]] |
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Trans women face an overall higher rate of oppression than trans men.<ref name="ntds">{{cite web|title=Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/ntds_full.pdf|website=National Gay and Lesbian Task Force|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> This is most marked in the typical areas of sexist discrimination, like [[sexual assault]] or [[harassment|street harassment]]. A 2011 survey of 6,456 transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States found that up to 20% of the trans women surveyed had been subjected to sexual assault.<ref name="ntds" /> (This compares, for example, to a 2009 survey of 5,446 mostly non-trans women in US colleges, which found that 19% of these women had experienced sexual assault during their time at college).<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SV-DataSheet-a.pdf Sexual Violence - Facts at a Glance] published by [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (pdf). Retrieved 2015-07-07.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433402 Krebs, C.P. et al. (2009) ''College women's experiences with physically forced, alcohol- or other drug-enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college'' Journal of American College Health, volume 57 number 60, pages 639-47. doi: 10.3200/JACH.57.6.639-649</ref> "Tranny" and "shemale", the two most common transphobic slurs, are reserved for trans women. A 2008 study of 64 trans women and trans men in the U.S. found that the trans women got a pay cut after transition, but the trans men got a pay raise. The researchers concluded that "male-to-female workers tend to be penalized and female-to-male workers modestly rewarded because of anti-woman, rather than just anti-transgender, discrimination."<ref>{{cite web|title=''Before That Sex Change, Think About Your Next Paycheck'' by Catherine Rampell, September 25, 2008|url=http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/before-that-sex-change-think-about-your-next-paycheck/|website=New York Times|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref> |
Trans women face an overall higher rate of oppression than trans men.<ref name="ntds">{{cite web|title=Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/ntds_full.pdf|website=National Gay and Lesbian Task Force|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> This is most marked in the typical areas of sexist discrimination, like [[sexual assault]] or [[harassment|street harassment]]. A 2011 survey of 6,456 transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States found that up to 20% of the trans women surveyed had been subjected to sexual assault.<ref name="ntds" /> (This compares, for example, to a 2009 survey of 5,446 mostly non-trans women in US colleges, which found that 19% of these women had experienced sexual assault during their time at college).<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SV-DataSheet-a.pdf Sexual Violence - Facts at a Glance] published by [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (pdf). Retrieved 2015-07-07.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433402 Krebs, C.P. et al. (2009) ''College women's experiences with physically forced, alcohol- or other drug-enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college''], Journal of American College Health, volume 57 number 60, pages 639-47. doi: 10.3200/JACH.57.6.639-649</ref> "Tranny" and "shemale", the two most common transphobic slurs, are reserved for trans women. A 2008 study of 64 trans women and trans men in the U.S. found that the trans women got a pay cut after transition, but the trans men got a pay raise. The researchers concluded that "male-to-female workers tend to be penalized and female-to-male workers modestly rewarded because of anti-woman, rather than just anti-transgender, discrimination."<ref>{{cite web|title=''Before That Sex Change, Think About Your Next Paycheck'' by Catherine Rampell, September 25, 2008|url=http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/before-that-sex-change-think-about-your-next-paycheck/|website=New York Times|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref> |
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Transgender women are often depicted in media as drag queens, sex workers, dead bodies, or tragic objects of pity or scorn.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Joelle Ruby|title=Reel Gender: Examining the Politics of Trans Images in Film and Media|journal=Ohio Link|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:bgsu1245709749|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> Some put forward the idea that this conflation of trans women with sex workers is a reflection of transmisogyny.<ref name="homofiles" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Queer Necropolitics|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781136005282|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pEXIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&dq=transmisogyny&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3uQQVP-eJNLraLfFgKgD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
Transgender women are often depicted in media as drag queens, sex workers, dead bodies, or tragic objects of pity or scorn.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Joelle Ruby|title=Reel Gender: Examining the Politics of Trans Images in Film and Media|journal=Ohio Link|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:bgsu1245709749|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> Some put forward the idea that this conflation of trans women with sex workers is a reflection of transmisogyny.<ref name="homofiles" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Queer Necropolitics|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781136005282|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pEXIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&dq=transmisogyny&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3uQQVP-eJNLraLfFgKgD&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 15:23, 7 July 2015
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Transmisogyny (sometimes trans-misogyny) is the intersection of transphobia and misogyny. It was coined by Julia Serano in her 2007 book Whipping Girl and used to describe the unique discrimination faced by trans women because of "the assumption that femaleness and femininity are inferior to, and exist primarily for the benefit of, maleness and masculinity",[1][2][3] and the way that transphobia intensifies the misogyny faced by trans women (and vice versa).[1] Transmisogyny is a central concept in transfeminism and is commonly seen in intersectional feminist theory.
Causes
Transmisogyny is generally understood to be caused by the social belief that men are superior to women. The existence of trans women is irreconcilable with this belief, as trans women are seen as men "becoming women", or in other words, "men choosing a social downgrade".[This quote needs a citation] Trans women also threaten the heterosexuality of cisgender men, with the possibility that cis men might be "tricked into being attracted to trans women [viewed as men]",[This quote needs a citation] and as such are a target for violence as a way for men to reassert their masculinity.
Discrimination
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Trans women face an overall higher rate of oppression than trans men.[4] This is most marked in the typical areas of sexist discrimination, like sexual assault or street harassment. A 2011 survey of 6,456 transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States found that up to 20% of the trans women surveyed had been subjected to sexual assault.[4] (This compares, for example, to a 2009 survey of 5,446 mostly non-trans women in US colleges, which found that 19% of these women had experienced sexual assault during their time at college).[5][6] "Tranny" and "shemale", the two most common transphobic slurs, are reserved for trans women. A 2008 study of 64 trans women and trans men in the U.S. found that the trans women got a pay cut after transition, but the trans men got a pay raise. The researchers concluded that "male-to-female workers tend to be penalized and female-to-male workers modestly rewarded because of anti-woman, rather than just anti-transgender, discrimination."[7]
Transgender women are often depicted in media as drag queens, sex workers, dead bodies, or tragic objects of pity or scorn.[8] Some put forward the idea that this conflation of trans women with sex workers is a reflection of transmisogyny.[3][9]
Psychology
Julia Serano in Whipping Girl pointed out that transvestic fetishism, a disorder listed in the DSM-IV, only mentions cross dressing by men.[10] Similarly, autogynephillia was a recognised disorder in the DSM-IV, but autoandrophillia was not.
Relation to transphobia
Julia Serano states in Whipping Girl that "When the majority of jokes made at the expense of trans people center on 'men wearing dresses' or 'men who want their penises cut off' that is not transphobia – it is transmisogyny. When the majority of violence and sexual assaults committed against trans people is directed at trans women, that is not transphobia – it is transmisogyny."[10]
References
- ^ a b "Transmisogyny primer" (PDF). Retrieved 10 September 2014.
- ^ Harrison, Kelby (2013). Sexual deceit: the ethics of passing. Lexington Books. p. 12.
- ^ a b Battis, edited by Jes (2011). Homofiles : theory, sexuality, and graduate studies. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739131916.
{{cite book}}:|first1=has generic name (help) - ^ a b "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" (PDF). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ^ Sexual Violence - Facts at a Glance published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (pdf). Retrieved 2015-07-07.
- ^ Krebs, C.P. et al. (2009) College women's experiences with physically forced, alcohol- or other drug-enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college, Journal of American College Health, volume 57 number 60, pages 639-47. doi: 10.3200/JACH.57.6.639-649
- ^ "Before That Sex Change, Think About Your Next Paycheck by Catherine Rampell, September 25, 2008". New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
- ^ Ryan, Joelle Ruby. "Reel Gender: Examining the Politics of Trans Images in Film and Media". Ohio Link. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
- ^ Queer Necropolitics. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2014. ISBN 9781136005282.
- ^ a b Serano, Julia (2007). Whipping girl ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Berkeley: Seal Press. ISBN 1580051545.