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After Russian forces entered Chechnya, starting the [[First Chechen War]], Zakayev left his job and took up arms. Serving at first as a minor commander in the unit of [[Ruslan Gelayev]], he took part in the [[battle of Grozny (1994–1995)|1995 battle of Grozny]] and then led the defence of the village of [[Goyskoye]]. After this the armed group under his command operated in the south-west part of Chechnya with its headquarters in the town of [[Urus-Martan]]. He was eventually promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier General]] and appointed commander of the [[Urus-Martanovsky District|Urus-Martan Front]]. In February 1996, Zakayev became commander of the entire Western Group of Defense of Ichkeria. In August 1996, his forces took part in the [[Battle of Grozny (August 1996)|decisive raid on Grozny]],<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E4DC1431F937A2575BC0A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Risky Walk in Rebel-Held Chechen Capital], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 14 August 1996</ref> where he personally led the attack on the city's central [[railway station]].<ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8727 Moscow Gives More Evidence On Zakayev], ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 3 December 2002</ref> Zakayev's war service paved his way to Chechen high politics. He became the [[acting president]] [[Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev]]'s advisor for the security matters and the secretary of the Chechen [[Security Council]] and represented Chechnya at the [[Khasav-Yurt Accord|peace talks in Khasav-Yurt]], which brought a peaceful end to the first armed conflict between Moscow and Grozny.
After Russian forces entered Chechnya, starting the [[First Chechen War]], Zakayev left his job and took up arms. Serving at first as a minor commander in the unit of [[Ruslan Gelayev]], he took part in the [[battle of Grozny (1994–1995)|1995 battle of Grozny]] and then led the defence of the village of [[Goyskoye]]. After this the armed group under his command operated in the south-west part of Chechnya with its headquarters in the town of [[Urus-Martan]]. He was eventually promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier General]] and appointed commander of the [[Urus-Martanovsky District|Urus-Martan Front]]. In February 1996, Zakayev became commander of the entire Western Group of Defense of Ichkeria. In August 1996, his forces took part in the [[Battle of Grozny (August 1996)|decisive raid on Grozny]],<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E4DC1431F937A2575BC0A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Risky Walk in Rebel-Held Chechen Capital], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 14 August 1996</ref> where he personally led the attack on the city's central [[railway station]].<ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8727 Moscow Gives More Evidence On Zakayev], ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 3 December 2002</ref> Zakayev's war service paved his way to Chechen high politics. He became the [[acting president]] [[Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev]]'s advisor for the security matters and the secretary of the Chechen [[Security Council]] and represented Chechnya at the [[Khasav-Yurt Accord|peace talks in Khasav-Yurt]], which brought a peaceful end to the first armed conflict between Moscow and Grozny.


After the war, Zakayev became Chechen [[Deputy Prime Minister]] (in charge of education and culture) and a special envoy of elected [[President of Ichkeria]] [[Aslan Maskhadov]] for relations with Moscow, taking part in the delegation that signed the official Chechen-Russian peace treaty at [[the Kremlin]] in 1997.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1076423.html Chechnya: The Turning Point That Wasn't], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 11 May 2007 {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> During the interwar period, he opposed the rise of radical Islam in Chechnya and co-authored a book entitled ''[[Wahhabism]] - the Kremlin's remedy against national liberation movements'', alleging an association between [[Islamism|Islamist]] extremism and Soviet global "pro-terrorist" policy and support for dictatorships in the [[Muslim world]]. During the early phases of the [[Second Chechen War]] in 1999-2000, Zakayev commanded Maskhadov's presidential guard; he was also involved in negotiations with [[Russia]]n representatives before and during the resumed hostilities. In 2000, having been wounded in a car accident during [[Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)|the new siege of Grozny]], he left Chechnya for treatment. After this he stayed abroad and became President Maskhadov's most prominent representative in [[Western Europe]], while [[Ilyas Akhmadov]] was the Chechen emissary to the [[United States]].
After the war, Zakayev became Chechen [[Deputy Prime Minister]] (in charge of education and culture) and a special envoy of elected [[President of Ichkeria]] [[Aslan Maskhadov]] for relations with Moscow, taking part in the delegation that signed the official Chechen-Russian peace treaty at [[the Kremlin]] in 1997.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1076423.html Chechnya: The Turning Point That Wasn't], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 11 May 2007 {{wayback|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1076423.html |date=20150823204828 |df=y }}</ref> During the interwar period, he opposed the rise of radical Islam in Chechnya and co-authored a book entitled ''[[Wahhabism]] - the Kremlin's remedy against national liberation movements'', alleging an association between [[Islamism|Islamist]] extremism and Soviet global "pro-terrorist" policy and support for dictatorships in the [[Muslim world]]. During the early phases of the [[Second Chechen War]] in 1999-2000, Zakayev commanded Maskhadov's presidential guard; he was also involved in negotiations with [[Russia]]n representatives before and during the resumed hostilities. In 2000, having been wounded in a car accident during [[Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)|the new siege of Grozny]], he left Chechnya for treatment. After this he stayed abroad and became President Maskhadov's most prominent representative in [[Western Europe]], while [[Ilyas Akhmadov]] was the Chechen emissary to the [[United States]].


=== In exile ===
=== In exile ===
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Since January 2002, Zakayev and his immediate family have been residing permanently in the [[United Kingdom]]. On 18 November 2001, Zakayev, officially internationally wanted by Russia, flew from [[Turkey]] to the [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] near [[Moscow]] to meet the Kremlin's envoy, General [[Viktor Kazantsev]] for the high-level talks since the start of the war.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1662859.stm Moscow opens Chechnya peace talks], [[BBC News]], 18 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/19/news/mn-5822 Russian, Chechen Rebel Envoy Hold First Talks Since War Began], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E3D9103BF93AA25752C1A9679C8B63 Kremlin and Rebel Envoys Discuss Peace for Chechnya], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/11/18/russia.chechnya/index.html Russia opens talks with Chechens], [[CNN]], 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5925 Chechnya Peace Talks Get Under Way], ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 20 November 2001</ref> These negotiations were fruitless because Kazantsev demanded a complete [[capitulation (surrender)|capitulation]] of the Chechen side, with the only acceptable topic for the Russian side being the disarmament of Chechen separatists and their re-integration into civilian life.<ref>[http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000004-000001-000024&lang=1 Long negotiations with unclear results], [[Prague Watchdog]], 16 November 2001</ref> On 18 July 2002, Zakayev also met with the former Secretary of [[Security Council of Russia]] [[Ivan Rybkin]] in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/88/353/11763_election.html Prominent Candidates for Russia's Presidency], ''[[Pravda]]'', 12 December 2004</ref>
Since January 2002, Zakayev and his immediate family have been residing permanently in the [[United Kingdom]]. On 18 November 2001, Zakayev, officially internationally wanted by Russia, flew from [[Turkey]] to the [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] near [[Moscow]] to meet the Kremlin's envoy, General [[Viktor Kazantsev]] for the high-level talks since the start of the war.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1662859.stm Moscow opens Chechnya peace talks], [[BBC News]], 18 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/19/news/mn-5822 Russian, Chechen Rebel Envoy Hold First Talks Since War Began], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E3D9103BF93AA25752C1A9679C8B63 Kremlin and Rebel Envoys Discuss Peace for Chechnya], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/11/18/russia.chechnya/index.html Russia opens talks with Chechens], [[CNN]], 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5925 Chechnya Peace Talks Get Under Way], ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 20 November 2001</ref> These negotiations were fruitless because Kazantsev demanded a complete [[capitulation (surrender)|capitulation]] of the Chechen side, with the only acceptable topic for the Russian side being the disarmament of Chechen separatists and their re-integration into civilian life.<ref>[http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000004-000001-000024&lang=1 Long negotiations with unclear results], [[Prague Watchdog]], 16 November 2001</ref> On 18 July 2002, Zakayev also met with the former Secretary of [[Security Council of Russia]] [[Ivan Rybkin]] in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/88/353/11763_election.html Prominent Candidates for Russia's Presidency], ''[[Pravda]]'', 12 December 2004</ref>


After receiving [[political asylum]] in Britain in 2003, Zakayev made [[London]] his permanent residence, and he visited several countries (including [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]) without being arrested. During the September 2004 [[Beslan school hostage crisis]], Zakayev consented to the request of the civilian negotiators and authorities of [[North Ossetia–Alania]] to fly to Russia to negotiate with the hostage takers. However, the siege ended in bloody confusion just a few hours before this could happen.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2004/09/06/014.html Zakayev Was Asked to Assist in Negotiations at the School], ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 6 September 2004. {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/chechnya_weekly/article.php?articleid=2372350 New Details Emerge on Maskhadov's Bid to Mediate in Beslan], [[The Jamestown Foundation]], 6 January 2006 {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,695816,00.html Communication Breakdown], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 12 September 2004</ref> As an envoy of Maskhadov, he also met in London with the representatives of the [[Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia]] in February 2005, where they agreed on a peace proposal centred around a gradual cessation of violence by rebels corresponding with the three-week ceasefire unilaterally declared by Maskhadov (who once again called for [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] to negotiate). These efforts were ignored by the Russian government and Maskhadov himself was soon killed in Chechnya.
After receiving [[political asylum]] in Britain in 2003, Zakayev made [[London]] his permanent residence, and he visited several countries (including [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]) without being arrested. During the September 2004 [[Beslan school hostage crisis]], Zakayev consented to the request of the civilian negotiators and authorities of [[North Ossetia–Alania]] to fly to Russia to negotiate with the hostage takers. However, the siege ended in bloody confusion just a few hours before this could happen.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2004/09/06/014.html Zakayev Was Asked to Assist in Negotiations at the School], ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 6 September 2004. {{wayback|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2004/09/06/014.html |date=20120406101021 |df=y }}</ref><ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/chechnya_weekly/article.php?articleid=2372350 New Details Emerge on Maskhadov's Bid to Mediate in Beslan], [[The Jamestown Foundation]], 6 January 2006 {{wayback|url=http://www.jamestown.org/chechnya_weekly/article.php?articleid=2372350 |date=20080223150104 |df=y }}</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,695816,00.html Communication Breakdown], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 12 September 2004</ref> As an envoy of Maskhadov, he also met in London with the representatives of the [[Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia]] in February 2005, where they agreed on a peace proposal centred around a gradual cessation of violence by rebels corresponding with the three-week ceasefire unilaterally declared by Maskhadov (who once again called for [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] to negotiate). These efforts were ignored by the Russian government and Maskhadov himself was soon killed in Chechnya.


On 31 October 2007, Zakayev officially distanced himself from the newly resigned Chechen separatist leader [[Doku Umarov]] and the Chechen Islamist [[ideologist]] [[Movladi Udugov]], who together had declared the creation of [[Caucasus Emirate]] in the place of abolished ChRI. In response, Zakayev called for the remnants of the separatist parliament to form the new government and salvage legitimacy.<ref>[http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/english/news/2007/10/31/05.shtml Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria], [[Chechenpress]], 31 October 2007</ref> Soon after, on 20 November 2007, Zakayev submitted his resignation from the ministerial post, but said this should not be viewed as a departure from "the fight for our independence, our freedom, and for the recognition of our state".<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/3b1b6b92-be6a-4358-afdb-faafd3dd64a4.html Foreign Minister Of Chechen Separatist Government Resigns], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 20 November 2007</ref> In November 2007, Zakayev announced that a meeting of parliamentaries remaining loyal to the idea of Ichkeria elected him the Prime Minister of the Chechen [[government in exile]].<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=17424AFF-8E69-4DE2-AE6E-C84B31DC2240 The Putin-Osama Connection], [[Frontpage Magazine]], 16 January 2008 {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> In September 2008, Ramzan Kadyrov said he was now trying to persuade Chechens refugees and exiles to return, including Akhmed Zakayev, whom Kadyrov described as "a valuable artist who would be welcome to return to help revive Chechnya's [[cultural heritage]]."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7609557.stm US 'provoked Russia-Georgia war'], [[BBC News]], 10 September 2008</ref> Zakayev and [[Alla Dudayeva]], the widow of the first Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev, accused Udugov of being a paid [[agent provocateur]] for the Russia's [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1079059.html Russia: Is North Caucasus Resistance Still Serious Threat?], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 1 November 2007 {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref>
On 31 October 2007, Zakayev officially distanced himself from the newly resigned Chechen separatist leader [[Doku Umarov]] and the Chechen Islamist [[ideologist]] [[Movladi Udugov]], who together had declared the creation of [[Caucasus Emirate]] in the place of abolished ChRI. In response, Zakayev called for the remnants of the separatist parliament to form the new government and salvage legitimacy.<ref>[http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/english/news/2007/10/31/05.shtml Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria], [[Chechenpress]], 31 October 2007</ref> Soon after, on 20 November 2007, Zakayev submitted his resignation from the ministerial post, but said this should not be viewed as a departure from "the fight for our independence, our freedom, and for the recognition of our state".<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/3b1b6b92-be6a-4358-afdb-faafd3dd64a4.html Foreign Minister Of Chechen Separatist Government Resigns], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 20 November 2007</ref> In November 2007, Zakayev announced that a meeting of parliamentaries remaining loyal to the idea of Ichkeria elected him the Prime Minister of the Chechen [[government in exile]].<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=17424AFF-8E69-4DE2-AE6E-C84B31DC2240 The Putin-Osama Connection], [[Frontpage Magazine]], 16 January 2008 {{wayback|url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=17424AFF-8E69-4DE2-AE6E-C84B31DC2240 |date=20150422135237 |df=y }}</ref> In September 2008, Ramzan Kadyrov said he was now trying to persuade Chechens refugees and exiles to return, including Akhmed Zakayev, whom Kadyrov described as "a valuable artist who would be welcome to return to help revive Chechnya's [[cultural heritage]]."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7609557.stm US 'provoked Russia-Georgia war'], [[BBC News]], 10 September 2008</ref> Zakayev and [[Alla Dudayeva]], the widow of the first Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev, accused Udugov of being a paid [[agent provocateur]] for the Russia's [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1079059.html Russia: Is North Caucasus Resistance Still Serious Threat?], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 1 November 2007 {{wayback|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1079059.html |date=20150825012912 |df=y }}</ref>


In October 2002, Zakayev organized the [http://www.tjetjenien.dk/chechnya/ World Chechen Congress] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] (which was attended among others by the former first speaker of the [[State Duma]], [[Ruslan Khasbulatov]]). During the congress, Zakayev was accused by [[Russia]] of involvement in planning of the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]]. He was detained there on 30 October 2002, under an [[Interpol]] warrant filed by Russia, which named him a suspect in the theater siege.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,386954-1,00.html Russian to the Core], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 3 November 2002</ref><ref name="dissident">[[Alexander Goldfarb (author)|Alex Goldfarb]] and Marina Litvinenko. "[[Death of a Dissident|Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB.]]" Free Press, New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4165-5165-2.</ref> Zakayev denied involvement in the theater capture. He was held in Denmark for five weeks and then released due to lack of [[evidence]], as Russia's formal [[extradition]] request did not include any evidence linking him to the siege.<ref name="dissident"/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2391629.stm Russia pushes for Chechen extradition], [[BBC News]], 2 November 2002</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2539567.stm Denmark frees top Chechen envoy], [[BBC News]], 3 December 2002</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8633 Zakayev Evidence On Shaky Ground], ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 19 November 2002</ref>
In October 2002, Zakayev organized the [http://www.tjetjenien.dk/chechnya/ World Chechen Congress] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] (which was attended among others by the former first speaker of the [[State Duma]], [[Ruslan Khasbulatov]]). During the congress, Zakayev was accused by [[Russia]] of involvement in planning of the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]]. He was detained there on 30 October 2002, under an [[Interpol]] warrant filed by Russia, which named him a suspect in the theater siege.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,386954-1,00.html Russian to the Core], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 3 November 2002</ref><ref name="dissident">[[Alexander Goldfarb (author)|Alex Goldfarb]] and Marina Litvinenko. "[[Death of a Dissident|Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB.]]" Free Press, New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4165-5165-2.</ref> Zakayev denied involvement in the theater capture. He was held in Denmark for five weeks and then released due to lack of [[evidence]], as Russia's formal [[extradition]] request did not include any evidence linking him to the siege.<ref name="dissident"/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2391629.stm Russia pushes for Chechen extradition], [[BBC News]], 2 November 2002</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2539567.stm Denmark frees top Chechen envoy], [[BBC News]], 3 December 2002</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8633 Zakayev Evidence On Shaky Ground], ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 19 November 2002</ref>
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== Invitation to return to Chechnya ==
== Invitation to return to Chechnya ==


On 11 February 2009, Ramzan Kadyrov said he personally invited Zakayev to return to Chechnya if he doesn't want to be "used by special services and other forces against Russia". At the same time, Russia's ambassador in London, said Britain had turned into a "sanctuary" for Russia's [[fugitives]], including Zakayev, still-wanted on terrorism charges.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1010/42/374439.htm Kadyrov Invites Zakayev To Return to Chechnya], ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 11 February 2009 {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> In an interview for [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], Zakayev claimed to rebuff the Chechen president's reported offer and said that Kadyrov was only following the Kremlin's orders;<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Zakaev_Says_Chechen_President_Cannot_Guarantee_Anything/1491248.html Zakayev Rebuffs Chechen President's Reported Offer], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 11 February 2009</ref> he also reinstates this stance two days later in the interview for the [[BBC Russian Service]].<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_7881000/7881378.stm Закаев говорит, что не намерен возвращаться], [[BBC Russian Service]], 10 February 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/content/2009/02/12/press01.shtml Zakayev says that he is not intended to return], [[Chechenpress]], 12 February 2009</ref> Kadyrov has said that "He [Zakayev] is the only man on the part of Ichkeria who I would like to bring back home. I do not know what the competent bodies think, but I believe he did not commit serious crimes."<ref name="interfax_kadyrov">{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.com/17/504439/Interview.aspx|title=Kadyrov favors return of ex-separatist emissary Zakayev to Chechnya|year=2009|publisher=Interfax|accessdate=23 September 2009}}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
On 11 February 2009, Ramzan Kadyrov said he personally invited Zakayev to return to Chechnya if he doesn't want to be "used by special services and other forces against Russia". At the same time, Russia's ambassador in London, said Britain had turned into a "sanctuary" for Russia's [[fugitives]], including Zakayev, still-wanted on terrorism charges.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1010/42/374439.htm Kadyrov Invites Zakayev To Return to Chechnya], ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 11 February 2009 {{wayback|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1010/42/374439.htm |date=20120923144648 |df=y }}</ref> In an interview for [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], Zakayev claimed to rebuff the Chechen president's reported offer and said that Kadyrov was only following the Kremlin's orders;<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Zakaev_Says_Chechen_President_Cannot_Guarantee_Anything/1491248.html Zakayev Rebuffs Chechen President's Reported Offer], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 11 February 2009</ref> he also reinstates this stance two days later in the interview for the [[BBC Russian Service]].<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_7881000/7881378.stm Закаев говорит, что не намерен возвращаться], [[BBC Russian Service]], 10 February 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/content/2009/02/12/press01.shtml Zakayev says that he is not intended to return], [[Chechenpress]], 12 February 2009</ref> Kadyrov has said that "He [Zakayev] is the only man on the part of Ichkeria who I would like to bring back home. I do not know what the competent bodies think, but I believe he did not commit serious crimes."<ref name="interfax_kadyrov">{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.com/17/504439/Interview.aspx |title=Kadyrov favors return of ex-separatist emissary Zakayev to Chechnya |year=2009 |publisher=Interfax |accessdate=23 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090819031645/http://www.interfax.com:80/17/504439/Interview.aspx |archivedate=19 August 2009 }}</ref>


Nevertheless, on 17 February, the Russian state agency [[RIA Novosti]] agency wrote that Zakayev allegedly announced his intentions to return to Chechnya and "work for a lasting peace" in the republic.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090217/120189989.html Exiled Chechen Zakayev hopes to return to motherland], [[RIA Novosti]], 17 February 2009</ref> According to the Caucasus Emirate's mouthpiece [[Kavkaz Center]], Zakayev, who may be granted amnesty, stated his readiness to return and "contribute to a long-term peace in the region" in an interview for [[Ekho Moskvy]] on the same day.<ref>[http://www.kavkaz.tv/eng/content/2009/02/17/10550.shtml According to Zakayev, Kadyrov can ''unite the Chechen society''], [[Kavkaz Center]], 17 February 2009 {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> Kavkaz Center - which supports Umarov - has called Zakayev "the head of a telephone government," referring to the fact that Zakayev has little influence on the insurgents on the ground.<ref>[http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Politics&articleid=a1248887565 A Never-Ending War]</ref>
Nevertheless, on 17 February, the Russian state agency [[RIA Novosti]] agency wrote that Zakayev allegedly announced his intentions to return to Chechnya and "work for a lasting peace" in the republic.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090217/120189989.html Exiled Chechen Zakayev hopes to return to motherland], [[RIA Novosti]], 17 February 2009</ref> According to the Caucasus Emirate's mouthpiece [[Kavkaz Center]], Zakayev, who may be granted amnesty, stated his readiness to return and "contribute to a long-term peace in the region" in an interview for [[Ekho Moskvy]] on the same day.<ref>[http://www.kavkaz.tv/eng/content/2009/02/17/10550.shtml According to Zakayev, Kadyrov can ''unite the Chechen society''], [[Kavkaz Center]], 17 February 2009 {{wayback|url=http://www.kavkaz.tv/eng/content/2009/02/17/10550.shtml |date=20120218093601 |df=y }}</ref> Kavkaz Center - which supports Umarov - has called Zakayev "the head of a telephone government," referring to the fact that Zakayev has little influence on the insurgents on the ground.<ref>[http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Politics&articleid=a1248887565 A Never-Ending War]</ref>


On 23 August 2009, and in a controversial move, he was reportedly dismissed as prime minister by the Chairman of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria parliament in exile, as he "transgressed his mandate and recognized the legitimacy of the Kremlin’s puppet regime",<ref>[http://www.waynakh.com/eng/2009/08/saralyapov-accused-and-dismissed-to-zakayev/ Saralyapov Accused and Dismissed to Zakayev] Waynakh.com, 23 August 2009 {{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> and shortly afterwards, he was [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]] by [[Sharia]] Court of the [[Caucasus Emirate]], because he "professes democratic religion, propagates secularism, and prefers the laws established by men to the Shari'a law of Almighty and Great [[Allah]]."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/North_Caucasus_Resistance_Sentences_Chechen_Leader_To_Death/1807205.html North Caucasus Resistance Sentences Chechen Leader To Death] [[Radio Free Europe]], 25 August 2009</ref>
On 23 August 2009, and in a controversial move, he was reportedly dismissed as prime minister by the Chairman of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria parliament in exile, as he "transgressed his mandate and recognized the legitimacy of the Kremlin’s puppet regime",<ref>[http://www.waynakh.com/eng/2009/08/saralyapov-accused-and-dismissed-to-zakayev/ Saralyapov Accused and Dismissed to Zakayev] Waynakh.com, 23 August 2009 {{wayback|url=http://www.waynakh.com/eng/2009/08/saralyapov-accused-and-dismissed-to-zakayev/ |date=20131029200058 |df=y }}</ref> and shortly afterwards, he was [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]] by [[Sharia]] Court of the [[Caucasus Emirate]], because he "professes democratic religion, propagates secularism, and prefers the laws established by men to the Shari'a law of Almighty and Great [[Allah]]."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/North_Caucasus_Resistance_Sentences_Chechen_Leader_To_Death/1807205.html North Caucasus Resistance Sentences Chechen Leader To Death] [[Radio Free Europe]], 25 August 2009</ref>


=== 2010 arrest and release ===
=== 2010 arrest and release ===

Revision as of 02:27, 30 August 2015

Akhmed Zakayev
Ахмед Халидович Закаев
Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
In office
25 November 2007 – 23 August 2009
Deputy Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
In office
1997 – 6 February 2006
Foreign Minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
In office
1997 – 29 July 1999
Culture Minister of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
In office
1994 – 20 November 2007
Personal details
Born
Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev

(1959-04-26) 26 April 1959 (age 65)
Kirovskiy, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union (now Almaty Region, Kazakhstan)

Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev (Template:Lang-ce, Template:Lang-ru; born 26 April 1959) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and Prime Minister of the unrecognised Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI). He was also the Foreign Minister of the Ichkerian government, appointed by Aslan Maskhadov shortly after his 1997 election, and again in 2006 by Abdul Halim Sadulayev. During the First Chechen war Zakayev took part in the battles for Grozny and other military operations, as well as in high-level negotiations with the Russian side.[1]

In 2002, Russia accused him, by then in exile, of having been involved in a series of crimes including involvement in acts of terrorism.[2][3] In 2003, the British court rejected the extradition request due to lack of evidence and declared the accusations to be politically motivated, also saying that there was substantial risk of Zakayev being tortured if he was returned to Moscow.[4]

Biography

Early life

Akhmed Zakayev was born in the settlement of Kirovskiy, in the Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union, which is now in Almaty Region, in Kazakhstan; his family was deported by Stalin's regime along with the rest of the Chechens in 1944. He graduated from acting and choreography schools in Voronezh and Moscow and worked as an actor at a theatre in the Chechen capital Grozny, specializing in a Shakespearean roles. From 1991, he was the chairman of the Chechen Union of the Theatrical Actors. In 1994, Zakayev became a Minister of Culture in the Chechen separatist government of Dzhokhar Dudayev.

Chechen wars and the interwar period

After Russian forces entered Chechnya, starting the First Chechen War, Zakayev left his job and took up arms. Serving at first as a minor commander in the unit of Ruslan Gelayev, he took part in the 1995 battle of Grozny and then led the defence of the village of Goyskoye. After this the armed group under his command operated in the south-west part of Chechnya with its headquarters in the town of Urus-Martan. He was eventually promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and appointed commander of the Urus-Martan Front. In February 1996, Zakayev became commander of the entire Western Group of Defense of Ichkeria. In August 1996, his forces took part in the decisive raid on Grozny,[5] where he personally led the attack on the city's central railway station.[6] Zakayev's war service paved his way to Chechen high politics. He became the acting president Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev's advisor for the security matters and the secretary of the Chechen Security Council and represented Chechnya at the peace talks in Khasav-Yurt, which brought a peaceful end to the first armed conflict between Moscow and Grozny.

After the war, Zakayev became Chechen Deputy Prime Minister (in charge of education and culture) and a special envoy of elected President of Ichkeria Aslan Maskhadov for relations with Moscow, taking part in the delegation that signed the official Chechen-Russian peace treaty at the Kremlin in 1997.[7] During the interwar period, he opposed the rise of radical Islam in Chechnya and co-authored a book entitled Wahhabism - the Kremlin's remedy against national liberation movements, alleging an association between Islamist extremism and Soviet global "pro-terrorist" policy and support for dictatorships in the Muslim world. During the early phases of the Second Chechen War in 1999-2000, Zakayev commanded Maskhadov's presidential guard; he was also involved in negotiations with Russian representatives before and during the resumed hostilities. In 2000, having been wounded in a car accident during the new siege of Grozny, he left Chechnya for treatment. After this he stayed abroad and became President Maskhadov's most prominent representative in Western Europe, while Ilyas Akhmadov was the Chechen emissary to the United States.

In exile

Since January 2002, Zakayev and his immediate family have been residing permanently in the United Kingdom. On 18 November 2001, Zakayev, officially internationally wanted by Russia, flew from Turkey to the Sheremetyevo International Airport near Moscow to meet the Kremlin's envoy, General Viktor Kazantsev for the high-level talks since the start of the war.[8][9][10][11][12] These negotiations were fruitless because Kazantsev demanded a complete capitulation of the Chechen side, with the only acceptable topic for the Russian side being the disarmament of Chechen separatists and their re-integration into civilian life.[13] On 18 July 2002, Zakayev also met with the former Secretary of Security Council of Russia Ivan Rybkin in Zürich, Switzerland.[14]

After receiving political asylum in Britain in 2003, Zakayev made London his permanent residence, and he visited several countries (including France, Germany and Poland) without being arrested. During the September 2004 Beslan school hostage crisis, Zakayev consented to the request of the civilian negotiators and authorities of North Ossetia–Alania to fly to Russia to negotiate with the hostage takers. However, the siege ended in bloody confusion just a few hours before this could happen.[15][16][17] As an envoy of Maskhadov, he also met in London with the representatives of the Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia in February 2005, where they agreed on a peace proposal centred around a gradual cessation of violence by rebels corresponding with the three-week ceasefire unilaterally declared by Maskhadov (who once again called for President of Russia Vladimir Putin to negotiate). These efforts were ignored by the Russian government and Maskhadov himself was soon killed in Chechnya.

On 31 October 2007, Zakayev officially distanced himself from the newly resigned Chechen separatist leader Doku Umarov and the Chechen Islamist ideologist Movladi Udugov, who together had declared the creation of Caucasus Emirate in the place of abolished ChRI. In response, Zakayev called for the remnants of the separatist parliament to form the new government and salvage legitimacy.[18] Soon after, on 20 November 2007, Zakayev submitted his resignation from the ministerial post, but said this should not be viewed as a departure from "the fight for our independence, our freedom, and for the recognition of our state".[19] In November 2007, Zakayev announced that a meeting of parliamentaries remaining loyal to the idea of Ichkeria elected him the Prime Minister of the Chechen government in exile.[20] In September 2008, Ramzan Kadyrov said he was now trying to persuade Chechens refugees and exiles to return, including Akhmed Zakayev, whom Kadyrov described as "a valuable artist who would be welcome to return to help revive Chechnya's cultural heritage."[21] Zakayev and Alla Dudayeva, the widow of the first Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev, accused Udugov of being a paid agent provocateur for the Russia's FSB.[22]

In October 2002, Zakayev organized the World Chechen Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark (which was attended among others by the former first speaker of the State Duma, Ruslan Khasbulatov). During the congress, Zakayev was accused by Russia of involvement in planning of the Moscow theater hostage crisis. He was detained there on 30 October 2002, under an Interpol warrant filed by Russia, which named him a suspect in the theater siege.[23][24] Zakayev denied involvement in the theater capture. He was held in Denmark for five weeks and then released due to lack of evidence, as Russia's formal extradition request did not include any evidence linking him to the siege.[24][25][26][27]

On 7 December 2002, Zakayev returned to the UK but the British authorities arrested him briefly at London Heathrow Airport; he was released on 50,000 GBP bail, which was paid by British actress Vanessa Redgrave, his friend who had travelled with him from Denmark. He was accused by Russian authorities of 13 criminal acts[3] Zakayev welcomed the British deportation hearings as an opportunity to put his case before an international public.[28] All accusations were proven to be false.[24] One accusation, cutting fingers of a suspected FSB informer Ivan Solovyov, was based on a written testimony by Zakayev's former bodyguard, Duk-Vakha Dushuyev, provided by Russian authorities; however, it appeared that Solovyev had lost his fingers much earlier to frostbite. Dushuyev himself has escaped from Russia and then in his statement claimed that he was tortured at a Russian army base with electric shocks to extort the false testimony to be used against Zakayev.[24][29][30][31] In another accusation, Father Sergei, one of two Russian Orthodox Church priests allegedly murdered by Zakayev, turned out to be in fact still alive. The witness Reverend Filipp, allegedly kidnapped by Zakayev in 1996, also refuted his supposed testimony and even denounced Russian authorities for "implicating the Church in politics". Leading Russian human rights activist Sergei Kovalev told the court Zakayev would be at risk of death in Russian captivity (Kovalev spoke about two high-profile Chechen prisoners, field commanders Salman Raduyev and Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev, who died soon after being jailed in Russia, and of another, parliamentary speaker Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev, who has "disappeared" without trace after his arrest in 2000).[32] According to Alexander Goldfarb, one of the defence's most important arguments was the 2001 meeting between Zakayev and General Kazantsev, since this meeting took place when the Chechen envoy had already been put by Russia on the international wanted list. At the time of the meeting Kremlin's spokesman on Chechnya Sergei Yastrzhembsky said on television that Russian government had no grievances against Zakayev.[32] Therefore, on 13 November 2003, Judge Timothy Workman rejected the Russian request, deciding that it was politically motivated and that Zakayev would be at risk of torture in the case of "unjust and oppressive" extradition.[33][34][35] The judge also said the crimes which involved Zakayev allegedly using armed force against combatants were not extraditable because they took place in the situation of internal armed conflict.[36][37] Russian authorities in turn responded by accusing the court of double standards.[38] On 29 November 2003, it was announced that Zakayev had been granted political asylum in the UK.[39]

In London, Zakayev became friends with the Russian dissident and former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, later murdered by radioactive poisoning in November 2006;[40] Zakayev accused the Russian President Putin of ordering the death of Litvinenko. In 2007, British police warned Zakayev that there was an increased threat to his personal security shortly before the alleged attempt to kill Berezovsky by the FSB-connected Chechen gangster Movladi Atlangeriyev (or "Mr A").[41] According to the KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky in 2008, Zakayev was placed #2 on the FSB assassination list, between Berezovsky and Litvinenko.[42] In January 2008, Zakayev's name showed up on the purported hit list of Ramzan Kadyrov's enemies abroad to be killed, which was published on the Internet following the murder of the Chechen dissident Umar Israilov (a former bodyguard of Kadyrov who was shot dead after receiving asylum in Austria).[43] He was arrested by the Polish police during his visit to Poland on 17 September 2010.[44] He was released the same day.

Invitation to return to Chechnya

On 11 February 2009, Ramzan Kadyrov said he personally invited Zakayev to return to Chechnya if he doesn't want to be "used by special services and other forces against Russia". At the same time, Russia's ambassador in London, said Britain had turned into a "sanctuary" for Russia's fugitives, including Zakayev, still-wanted on terrorism charges.[45] In an interview for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Zakayev claimed to rebuff the Chechen president's reported offer and said that Kadyrov was only following the Kremlin's orders;[46] he also reinstates this stance two days later in the interview for the BBC Russian Service.[47][48] Kadyrov has said that "He [Zakayev] is the only man on the part of Ichkeria who I would like to bring back home. I do not know what the competent bodies think, but I believe he did not commit serious crimes."[49]

Nevertheless, on 17 February, the Russian state agency RIA Novosti agency wrote that Zakayev allegedly announced his intentions to return to Chechnya and "work for a lasting peace" in the republic.[50] According to the Caucasus Emirate's mouthpiece Kavkaz Center, Zakayev, who may be granted amnesty, stated his readiness to return and "contribute to a long-term peace in the region" in an interview for Ekho Moskvy on the same day.[51] Kavkaz Center - which supports Umarov - has called Zakayev "the head of a telephone government," referring to the fact that Zakayev has little influence on the insurgents on the ground.[52]

On 23 August 2009, and in a controversial move, he was reportedly dismissed as prime minister by the Chairman of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria parliament in exile, as he "transgressed his mandate and recognized the legitimacy of the Kremlin’s puppet regime",[53] and shortly afterwards, he was sentenced to death by Sharia Court of the Caucasus Emirate, because he "professes democratic religion, propagates secularism, and prefers the laws established by men to the Shari'a law of Almighty and Great Allah."[54]

2010 arrest and release

In 2010, he was arrested in Poland by police upon arrival for participating in a conference of Chechens.[55] He was later released when the judge ruled that he could not be held due to his political asylum status in the UK. He has since returned to the UK.[56]

See also

References

  1. ^ Chechyna’s Theatre of War: Akhmed Zakayev – actor, politician and former resistance fighter – talks to Vanora Bennett, The Liberal, 2007
  2. ^ UK actress defends Chechen rebel, BBC News, 6 December 2002
  3. ^ a b Chechen accused of terror acts, BBC News, 9 June 2003
  4. ^ The Zakayev Case: Cui Bono?, Prague Watchdog, 5 August 2003
  5. ^ Risky Walk in Rebel-Held Chechen Capital, The New York Times, 14 August 1996
  6. ^ Moscow Gives More Evidence On Zakayev, The St. Petersburg Times, 3 December 2002
  7. ^ Chechnya: The Turning Point That Wasn't, RFE/RL, 11 May 2007 Archived 2015-08-23 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Moscow opens Chechnya peace talks, BBC News, 18 November 2001
  9. ^ Russian, Chechen Rebel Envoy Hold First Talks Since War Began, Los Angeles Times, 19 November 2001
  10. ^ Kremlin and Rebel Envoys Discuss Peace for Chechnya, The New York Times, 19 November 2001
  11. ^ Russia opens talks with Chechens, CNN, 19 November 2001
  12. ^ Chechnya Peace Talks Get Under Way, The St. Petersburg Times, 20 November 2001
  13. ^ Long negotiations with unclear results, Prague Watchdog, 16 November 2001
  14. ^ Prominent Candidates for Russia's Presidency, Pravda, 12 December 2004
  15. ^ Zakayev Was Asked to Assist in Negotiations at the School, The Moscow Times, 6 September 2004. Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ New Details Emerge on Maskhadov's Bid to Mediate in Beslan, The Jamestown Foundation, 6 January 2006 Archived 2008-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Communication Breakdown, TIME, 12 September 2004
  18. ^ Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Chechenpress, 31 October 2007
  19. ^ Foreign Minister Of Chechen Separatist Government Resigns, RFE/RL, 20 November 2007
  20. ^ The Putin-Osama Connection, Frontpage Magazine, 16 January 2008 Archived 2015-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ US 'provoked Russia-Georgia war', BBC News, 10 September 2008
  22. ^ Russia: Is North Caucasus Resistance Still Serious Threat?, RFE/RL, 1 November 2007 Archived 2015-08-25 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Russian to the Core, TIME, 3 November 2002
  24. ^ a b c d Alex Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko. "Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB." Free Press, New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4165-5165-2.
  25. ^ Russia pushes for Chechen extradition, BBC News, 2 November 2002
  26. ^ Denmark frees top Chechen envoy, BBC News, 3 December 2002
  27. ^ Zakayev Evidence On Shaky Ground, The St. Petersburg Times, 19 November 2002
  28. ^ Zakayev Welcomes Deportation Trial, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 21 February 2003
  29. ^ Key witness in Chechen extradition case 'was tortured', The Independent, 25 July 2003 [dead link‍]
  30. ^ Evidence gathered by torture, BBC News, 31 July 2003
  31. ^ Kadyrov Accused of Intimidation,The St. Petersburg Times, 9 September 2003
  32. ^ a b Zakayev saved by Mr Y, Gazeta.Ru, 2003/07/01
  33. ^ Court rejects Chechen extradition, BBC News, 13 November 2003
  34. ^ Judge rejects bid to extradite Chechen rebel leader, The Guardian, 13 November 2003
  35. ^ Russia Loses Fight Over Chechen's Extradition, The New York Times, 29 November 2008
  36. ^ Chechen rebel defeats Putin's extradition plea, The Telegraph, 13 November 2003
  37. ^ Russian request to extradite Chechen exile is turned down, The Independent, 14 November 2003 [dead link‍]
  38. ^ UK accused of hypocrisy on terror, BBC News, 13 November 2003
  39. ^ Chechen envoy granted UK asylum, BBC News, 9 November 2003
  40. ^ Litvinenko laid to rest in historic Highgate, The Telegraph, 08/12/2006
  41. ^ Police feared assassination for two Russian dissidents, The Guardian, 22 July 2007
  42. ^ Police probe 'new KGB poison attack' as defector Gordievsky is found unconscious in Surrey home, Daily Mail, 6 April 2008
  43. ^ Slain exile's family warns of death list, The Australian, 26 January 2009 [dead link‍]
  44. ^ Chechen separatist leader Zakayev 'arrested' in Poland, BBC News, 17 September 2010
  45. ^ Kadyrov Invites Zakayev To Return to Chechnya, The Moscow Times, 11 February 2009 Archived 2012-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ Zakayev Rebuffs Chechen President's Reported Offer, RFE/RL, 11 February 2009
  47. ^ Template:Ru icon Закаев говорит, что не намерен возвращаться, BBC Russian Service, 10 February 2009
  48. ^ Zakayev says that he is not intended to return, Chechenpress, 12 February 2009
  49. ^ "Kadyrov favors return of ex-separatist emissary Zakayev to Chechnya". Interfax. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ Exiled Chechen Zakayev hopes to return to motherland, RIA Novosti, 17 February 2009
  51. ^ According to Zakayev, Kadyrov can unite the Chechen society, Kavkaz Center, 17 February 2009 Archived 2012-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ A Never-Ending War
  53. ^ Saralyapov Accused and Dismissed to Zakayev Waynakh.com, 23 August 2009 Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ North Caucasus Resistance Sentences Chechen Leader To Death Radio Free Europe, 25 August 2009
  55. ^ Why Russia wants 'Enemy No. 1' Akhmed Zakayev back - CSMonitor.com
  56. ^ Akhmed Zakayev Released, Back in UK Krakow Post, Anthony Casey. 20 September 2010
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