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'''Turanid race''' (also '''Turanoid''' or '''South Siberian''' race)<ref>Péter Hajdú, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-TQKAQAAIAAJ&q=Turanid+South+Siberian&dq=Turanid+South+Siberian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ui1mU7v1E8KtPKjGgIAL&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw Ancient culture of the Uralian peoples]'', Corvina, 1976, p.138.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&output=html_text&id=gcYRAAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Turanid%C2%A0%28South+Siberian%29%C2%A0Jenisej%C2%A0%28%C2%A0Amcricanoid+%29|Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae], Volume 10, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959, p.272.</ref><ref>György Acsádi, János Nemeskéri. [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=1P_TAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Turanoid "History of Human Life Span and Mortality."] Akdémiai Kiadó, 1970. page 233: *"''(ii) Medium stature, brachycranic, euryprosopic, with moderate flatness. This type has developed at the boundary of the Europoid and Mongoloid main races, and can be classified as belonging to the South-Siberian (Turanoid) type.''"</ref> is a now obsolete term of [[physical anthropology]] to denote '''South Siberian race''',<ref>Юрий Венедиктович Кнышенко. История первобытного общества (рус.). Изд-во Рост. ун-та (1973). Page 100</ref><ref>Георгий Никитич Румянцев. Происхождение хоринских бурят (рус.). Бурятское книжное изд-во (1962). Page 119</ref> originally intended to cover native populations of [[Central Asia]]. It is known as a [[race (classification of human beings)|racial type]] or "minor race", subtype of the Europid ([[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]) race with Mongoloid admixtures, which is situated at the boundary of the distribution of the [[Mongoloid]] and [[Europid]] "great races".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=01LfoBC6jZkC&pg=PA32&dq=turanid+race&lr=&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=turanid%20race&f=false Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0-306-41777-4, p.32.]</ref><ref>''American anthropologist'', American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.</ref> In European literature of the period a "Turanid race" was widely known as a Europid subtype, dwelling on the borders of the two racial groups since primeval times.<ref>Egon Eickstedt (Freiherr von), [http://books.google.com/books?id=ykgRAQAAMAAJ Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit.] F. Enke, 1934. [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=ykgRAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Heute+wird+die+turanide+Rasse+aber+von+allen+wissenschaftlichen+Autoren+zu+den+Europiden+gestellt p.170]. * "''... einer Zeit der großen Verwirrung und Verwechslung rassischer, sprachlicher und ethnologischer Namen und Verhältnisse, wurden die Turaniden von Turkestan und Vorderasiens (Osmanli) oft als mongolid angesehen, ein Irrtum, der selbst jetzt noch in manchen Laienköpfen spukt. Heute wird die turanide Rasse aber von allen wissenschaftlichen Autoren zu den Europiden gestellt — jedoch meist mit einer Einschränkung: es werden ihr auch einige mongoloide Züge zugestanden. Tatsache ist, daß die Turaniden seit uralter Zeit, gewissermaßen seitdem die „Menschheit" besteht, an der Grenze der beiden Rassenkreise lebt, und daß sie hier, und zwar zweifellos schon vor der Zeit der endgültigen Differenzierung der Rassen, in Kontakt und biologischer \ erflechtung mit altmongoliden Formen stand.''"</ref> [[Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt|Eickstedt]]'s Turanid race is represented in Siberia among the peoples of the Altay region. This race, he writes, corresponds in his classification to [[Joseph Deniker|Deniker]]'s "Turkic-Tatar" (or "Turanian") race and to [[Alfred Cort Haddon|Haddon]]'s "Turkic".<ref name="Eickstedt, Maksim">Eickstedt, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ykgRAQAAMAAJ Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit]'', 1934, pp. 169-174. In: Maksim Grigorʹevich Levin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?&id=vSvVAAAAMAAJ Ethnic origins of the peoples of northeastern Asia]'', Arctic Institute of North America by University of Toronto Press, 1963, [http://books.google.com/books?&id=vSvVAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Turanid p.31].</ref> Soviet writers regarded the terms "South Siberian" and "Turanian" as the same wherefore for some time it was also associated with the spread of the [[Ural-Altaic languages|Turanian languages]] (a now [[obsolete]] linguistic term), which are the combination of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] families (hence also "Ural–Altaic race").<ref>Otto Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture. 1973. Page 359</ref><ref>"AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race", ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'': '''101''':569-570, 1996</ref><ref>G. DEBETS in Soviet Ethnology and Anthropology today. Yu. BROMLEY. 1974. Page 307</ref><ref>[http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/racesofeurope.htm The Races of Europe] by Carleton S. Coon</ref> The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in [[Pan-Turkism]] or "[[Turanism]]" in the late 19th to 20th century.
'''Turanid race''' or '''Ural-Altaic race''' is a now [[obsolete]] term, originally intended to cover populations of [[Central Asia]] and [[Kazakhstan]] associated with the spread of the [[Ural-Altaic languages|Turanian languages]], which are the combination of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] families (hence also "Ural–Altaic race").<ref>[http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/racesofeurope.htm The Races of Europe] by Carleton S. Coon</ref>


[[File:Eickstedt Europe Turanid.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt|Eickstedt]]'s map of the races of Europe (1889 - 1901) identified "Turanids" (red) as the dominant group in parts of far [[Southeast Europe]], Northern and Eastern parts of the [[Caspian Sea]], Northeast [[Kazakhstan]], South [[Ukraine]] and the central parts of the [[Volga Region]], including additional Turanid diffusion areas in [[Hungary]] and [[Central Anatolia]] (red circles).]]
The latter usage implies the existence of a Turanid [[race (classification of human beings)|racial type]] or "minor race", subtype of the Europid ([[Caucasian race|Caucasian]]) race with Mongoloid admixtures, situated at the boundary of the distribution of the [[Mongoloid]] and Europid "great races".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=01LfoBC6jZkC&pg=PA32&dq=turanid+race&lr=&hl=bg#v=onepage&q=turanid%20race&f=false Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0-306-41777-4, p.32.]</ref><ref>''American anthropologist'', American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.</ref>
The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in [[Pan-Turkism]] or "[[Turanism]]" in the late 19th to 20th century. A "Turkish race" was proposed as a Europid subtype in European literature of the period.

This literature was absorbed by the Ottoman elite, and was partly even translated into [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], contributing to the idea of an essence of "[[Turkishness]]" (''Türklük'') the honour of which came to be protected under [[Legal system of the Republic of Turkey|Turkish law]] until the revision of [[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)|article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code]] in April 2008. The most influential of these sources were ''Histoire Générale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et autres Tartares Occidenteaux'' (1756–1758) by [[Joseph de Guignes]] (1721–1800), and ''Sketches of Central Asia'' (1867) by [[Ármin Vámbéry]] (1832–1913), which was on the common origins of Turkic groups as belonging to one race, but subdivided according to physical traits and customs, and ''l’histoire de l’Asie'' (1896) by [[Leon Cahun]] (1841–1900), which stressed the role of Turks in "carrying civilization to Europe", as a part of the greater "Turanid race" that included the Uralic and Altaic speaking peoples more generally.<ref>Gülden z Kibris, ''Creating Turkishness: An Examination of Turkish Nationalism through Gök-Börü'', Sabanci University (2005)[http://digital.sabanciuniv.edu/tezler/etezfulltext/kibrisg.pdf]</ref> There was also an ideology of [[Hungarian Turanism]] in Hungarian fascism.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 15:47, 10 November 2015

Turanid race (also Turanoid or South Siberian race)[1][2][3] is a now obsolete term of physical anthropology to denote South Siberian race,[4][5] originally intended to cover native populations of Central Asia. It is known as a racial type or "minor race", subtype of the Europid (Caucasian) race with Mongoloid admixtures, which is situated at the boundary of the distribution of the Mongoloid and Europid "great races".[6][7] In European literature of the period a "Turanid race" was widely known as a Europid subtype, dwelling on the borders of the two racial groups since primeval times.[8] Eickstedt's Turanid race is represented in Siberia among the peoples of the Altay region. This race, he writes, corresponds in his classification to Deniker's "Turkic-Tatar" (or "Turanian") race and to Haddon's "Turkic".[9] Soviet writers regarded the terms "South Siberian" and "Turanian" as the same wherefore for some time it was also associated with the spread of the Turanian languages (a now obsolete linguistic term), which are the combination of the Uralic and Altaic families (hence also "Ural–Altaic race").[10][11][12][13] The idea of a Turanid race came to play a role of some significance in Pan-Turkism or "Turanism" in the late 19th to 20th century.

Eickstedt's map of the races of Europe (1889 - 1901) identified "Turanids" (red) as the dominant group in parts of far Southeast Europe, Northern and Eastern parts of the Caspian Sea, Northeast Kazakhstan, South Ukraine and the central parts of the Volga Region, including additional Turanid diffusion areas in Hungary and Central Anatolia (red circles).

See also

References

  1. ^ Péter Hajdú, Ancient culture of the Uralian peoples, Corvina, 1976, p.138.
  2. ^ Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Volume 10, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959, p.272.
  3. ^ György Acsádi, János Nemeskéri. "History of Human Life Span and Mortality." Akdémiai Kiadó, 1970. page 233: *"(ii) Medium stature, brachycranic, euryprosopic, with moderate flatness. This type has developed at the boundary of the Europoid and Mongoloid main races, and can be classified as belonging to the South-Siberian (Turanoid) type."
  4. ^ Юрий Венедиктович Кнышенко. История первобытного общества (рус.). Изд-во Рост. ун-та (1973). Page 100
  5. ^ Георгий Никитич Румянцев. Происхождение хоринских бурят (рус.). Бурятское книжное изд-во (1962). Page 119
  6. ^ Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination, Environment, development, and public policy, George Eaton Simpson, John Milton Yinger, Springer, 1985, ISBN 0-306-41777-4, p.32.
  7. ^ American anthropologist, American Anthropological Association, Anthropological Society of Washington (Washington, D.C,), 1984 v. 86, nos. 3-4, p. 741.
  8. ^ Egon Eickstedt (Freiherr von), Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit. F. Enke, 1934. p.170. * "... einer Zeit der großen Verwirrung und Verwechslung rassischer, sprachlicher und ethnologischer Namen und Verhältnisse, wurden die Turaniden von Turkestan und Vorderasiens (Osmanli) oft als mongolid angesehen, ein Irrtum, der selbst jetzt noch in manchen Laienköpfen spukt. Heute wird die turanide Rasse aber von allen wissenschaftlichen Autoren zu den Europiden gestellt — jedoch meist mit einer Einschränkung: es werden ihr auch einige mongoloide Züge zugestanden. Tatsache ist, daß die Turaniden seit uralter Zeit, gewissermaßen seitdem die „Menschheit" besteht, an der Grenze der beiden Rassenkreise lebt, und daß sie hier, und zwar zweifellos schon vor der Zeit der endgültigen Differenzierung der Rassen, in Kontakt und biologischer \ erflechtung mit altmongoliden Formen stand."
  9. ^ Eickstedt, Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit, 1934, pp. 169-174. In: Maksim Grigorʹevich Levin, Ethnic origins of the peoples of northeastern Asia, Arctic Institute of North America by University of Toronto Press, 1963, p.31.
  10. ^ Otto Maenchen-Helfen. The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture. 1973. Page 359
  11. ^ "AAPA Statement on Biological Aspects of Race", American Journal of Physical Anthropology: 101:569-570, 1996
  12. ^ G. DEBETS in Soviet Ethnology and Anthropology today. Yu. BROMLEY. 1974. Page 307
  13. ^ The Races of Europe by Carleton S. Coon
  • Leon Cahun L’histoire de l’Asie (1896).
  • Ilse Schwidetzky, Turaniden-Studien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Verlag, Mainz, (1950).
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