Cult of personality: Difference between revisions
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Throughout history, [[monarch]]s and other [[Head of state|heads of state]] were almost always held in enormous reverence. Through the principle of the [[divine right of kings]], in medieval Europe for example, rulers were said to hold office by the will of [[God]]. [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Japan]], the [[Inca]], the [[Aztecs]], [[Tibet]], Siam (now [[Thailand]]), and the [[Roman Empire]] are especially noted for redefining monarchs as "god-kings". |
Throughout history, [[monarch]]s and other [[Head of state|heads of state]] were almost always held in enormous reverence. Through the principle of the [[divine right of kings]], in medieval Europe for example, rulers were said to hold office by the will of [[God]]. [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Japan]], the [[Inca]], the [[Aztecs]], [[Tibet]], Siam (now [[Thailand]]), and the [[Roman Empire]] are especially noted for redefining monarchs as "god-kings". |
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The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} However, the subsequent development of [[photography]], [[sound recording]], [[film]], and [[mass production]], as well as [[public education]] and techniques used in commercial [[advertising]], enabled political leaders to project a positive image as never before. It was from these circumstances in the 20th century that the best-known personality cults arose. Often these cults are a form of [[political religion]]. |
The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}} However, the subsequent development of [[photography]], [[sound recording]], [[film]], and [[mass production]], as well as [[public education]] and techniques used in commercial [[advertising]], enabled political leaders to project a positive image as never before. It was from these circumstances in the 20th century that the best-known personality cults arose, like that of Narendra Modi in India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kazmin|first1=Amy|title=Modi personality cult dominates India election|url=https://next.ft.com/content/96b8ca94-bed0-11e3-a1bf-00144feabdc0|accessdate=21 June 2016|work=Financial Times|date=APRIL 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Raman|first1=B|title=The Growing Personality Cult|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-growing-personality-cult/282275|work=Outlook|date=13 Sep 2012}}</ref> Often these cults are a form of [[political religion]]. |
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==Purpose== |
==Purpose== |
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Revision as of 13:51, 21 June 2016
A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods to create an idealized, heroic, and at times worshipful image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. Sociologist Max Weber developed a tripartite classification of authority; the cult of personality holds parallels with what Weber defined as "charismatic authority". A cult of personality is similar to divinization, except that it is established by mass media and propaganda usually by the state, especially in totalitarian states.
Etymology
The term "cult of personality" probably appeared in English around 1800–1850, along with the French and German usage.[1] At first it had no political connotations but was instead closely related to the Romantic "cult of genius".[1] The political use of the phrase came first in a letter from Karl Marx to German political worker, Wilhelm Blos, 10 November 1877:[1]
Neither of us cares a straw of popularity. Let me cite one proof of this: such was my aversion to the personality cult [orig. Personenkultus] that at the time of the International, when plagued by numerous moves [...] to accord me public honor, I never allowed one of these to enter the domain of publicity [...][1][2]
The terms "cult of personality" and "personality cult" were further popularized by Nikita Khrushchev's initially secret speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences given on the final day of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, February 25, 1956, which criticized the lionization of Josef Stalin and its contrariness to the originators of Marxism doctrine. Robert Service notes that a more accurate translation of the Russian "культ личности" ("kul't lichnosti") is the "cult of the individual".[3]
Background
Throughout history, monarchs and other heads of state were almost always held in enormous reverence. Through the principle of the divine right of kings, in medieval Europe for example, rulers were said to hold office by the will of God. Ancient Egypt, Japan, the Inca, the Aztecs, Tibet, Siam (now Thailand), and the Roman Empire are especially noted for redefining monarchs as "god-kings".
The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura.[citation needed] However, the subsequent development of photography, sound recording, film, and mass production, as well as public education and techniques used in commercial advertising, enabled political leaders to project a positive image as never before. It was from these circumstances in the 20th century that the best-known personality cults arose, like that of Narendra Modi in India.[4][5] Often these cults are a form of political religion.
Purpose
Personality cults were first described in relation to totalitarian regimes that sought to alter or transform society according to radical ideas.[6] Often, a single leader became associated with this revolutionary transformation, and came to be treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation without whom the transformation to a better future could not occur. This has been generally the justification for personality cults that arose in totalitarian societies of the 20th century, such as those of Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Kim Il Sung, Ho Chi Minh, and Ruhollah Khomeini.[citation needed]
Not all dictatorships foster personality cults, while not all personality cults are practised in dictatorships (some exist in a few nominally democratic countries), and some leaders may actively seek to minimize their own public adulation. For example, during the Cambodian Khmer Rouge regime, images of dictator Pol Pot (Saloth Sar) were rarely seen in public, and his identity was under dispute abroad until after his fall from power. The same applied to numerous Eastern European communist regimes following World War II (although not those of Enver Hoxha, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Josip Broz Tito).
See also
- Celebrity worship
- Charismatic authority
- Dictatorship
- Imperial cult (in the Roman Empire)
- Leaderism
- List of cults of personality
- Narcissistic leadership
- Strongman (politics)
- Supreme leader
References
- ^ a b c d Heller, Klaus (2004). Personality Cults in Stalinism. pp. 23–33. ISBN 9783899711912.
- ^ Blos, Wilhelm. "Brief von Karl Marx an Wilhelm Blos". Denkwürdigkeiten eines Sozialdemokraten. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ Service, Robert. Stalin: A Biography. p. 362. ISBN 9780674022584.
- ^ Kazmin, Amy (APRIL 8, 2014). "Modi personality cult dominates India election". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Raman, B (13 Sep 2012). "The Growing Personality Cult". Outlook.
- ^ Kreis, Steven Kreis "Stalin and the Cult of Personality" Retrieved April 06, 2010
External links
- Why Dictators Love Kitsch by Eric Gibson, The Wall Street Journal, August 10, 2009