Jump to content

Kabali: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Kabali
| name = Kabali Da
| image = Rajinikanth in Kabali.jpg
| image = Rajinikanth in Kabali.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster

Revision as of 03:04, 4 August 2016

Kabali Da
File:Rajinikanth in Kabali.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed byPa. Ranjith
Written byPa. Ranjith
Produced byKalaipuli S. Thanu
StarringRajinikanth
Winston Chao
Radhika Apte
CinematographyG. Murali
Edited byPraveen K.L[2]
Music bySanthosh Narayanan
Production
company
Distributed byGemini Film Circuit
Release date
  • 22 July 2016 (2016-07-22)
[1]
Running time
152 minutes[3]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil
Budget75 crore (US$9.0 million)[4]
Box officeest. 262 crore[5]

Kabali is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language gangster-drama film written and directed by Pa. Ranjith and produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu.[6] The film revolves around the gang war between Kabaleeswaran (played by Rajinikanth) and Tony Lee (portrayed by Taiwanese actor Winston Chao). Radhika Apte, Dhansika, Dinesh Ravi, Kalaiyarasan, and John Vijay also star in pivotal roles.

Principal photography for the film began on 21 August 2015 in Chennai. While filming mostly occurred in Malaysia, smaller scenes were shot in Bangkok and Hong Kong.[7][8][9]

The film was released in Tamil along with dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi on 22 July 2016, while the film was released in Malay a week later.[10][11][12] Kabali was released on 3200 screens in India, of which 2200 were in South India.[13] Upon release, the film had the largest opening weekend for any Indian film worldwide and immediately became the third highest grossing Tamil film ever.[14]

Plot

A Kuala Lumpur–based don Kabaleeswaran alias Kabali (Rajinikanth) is released after spending 25 years in prison on a false charge of starting a massacre at a local Hindu temple that killed many, including his wife Kumudhavalli alias Kumudha (Radhika Apte). He immediately resumes charge of his old gang and soon confronts Loganathan alias Loga (Mime Gopi), a drug smuggler. Loga insults Kumudha, saying that she would have been sold into prostitution had she been alive. In retaliation, Kabali rams his car into Loga, killing him; however, the incident makes him believe that his wife may be still alive. Later that night, Kabali survives an assassination attempt by Tamizh Kumaran alias Kumaran (Kalaiyarasan), whose father Tamilmaaran (Charles Vinoth) was killed by Kabali when he was a young boy. The next day, at a function organised by the Free Life Foundation School, a school started by Kabali's friend Ameer (John Vijay) to reform youngsters involved in criminal activities, Kabali talks about his past.

Kabali was the protege of Tamilmaaran's father Tamilnesan (Nassar), a don who fought for the rights of the Tamil Malaysians. Tamilnesan was killed by Veerasekaran alias Veera (Kishore), who was also a part of Tamilnesan's gang, but disliked his rules such as not involving in illegal activities like drug smuggling and prostitution. Following Tamilnesan's death, Kabali took charge of his gang. But Veera manipulated Tamilmaaran by telling him that he, being Tamilnesan's son, should lead the gang and not Kabali. Tamilmaaran invited Kabali and a pregnant Kumudha for a temple function. However, this was revealed to be a trap as Veera and his men confronted Kabali and Kumudha at the function. In the ensuing scuffle, Kabali was brutally attacked while Kumudha was shot and seemingly killed. Kabali then killed Tamilmaaran for his betrayal in front of a young Kumaran and was soon arrested on a false charge of instigating the massacre.

Kumaran, after hearing Kabali's speech, realises his mistake and apologises to him. He tells him that Velu, one of Veera's henchmen who had shot Kumudha, is aware that Kumudha is still alive and had given birth to a baby girl after the massacre. Kabali then leaves for Thailand, where Velu is residing. On confronting Velu, he learns that his daughter is still alive. At this juncture, Kabali is confronted by Yogi (Dhansika), a contract killer hired by Veera and his boss Tony (Winston Chao), who heads the rival Gang 43 in Kuala Lumpur, to eliminate Kabali. But Yogi instead kills the men who had come with her and reveals herself to Kabali as his daughter, who had been raised by Velu. She also tells him that Kumudha is still alive and is living with a French family in Puducherry. Kabali and Yogi then leave for Puducherry, where they reunite with Kumudha and spend a few days with her there.

Kabali and his family soon return to Kuala Lumpur, where he is told that Ameer has been severely injured in a car accident set up by Tony; his henchman Jeeva (Dinesh) was brutally chopped to pieces by Tony after refusing to join the Gang 43; and the Gang 43 had destroyed the Free Life Foundation School and started to control the Kuala Lumpur underworld, eliminating any gang who dared to oppose them. On hearing all this, Kabali decides to finish Veera and Tony once and for all. He and his family attend the 100th birthday party for a respected Malaysian don Ang Lee, who had invited all gangs, including the Gang 43. At the party, Kabali starts a shootout with the help of Kumaran, which ends with him killing Veera and Tony.

Some months later, Kabali, Kumudha and Yogi attend a function organised by the Free Life Foundation. One of the Free Life alumni, a youngster name Tiger ('Johnny' Hari), who is known to be aggressive and reckless, walks up to Kabali, with scenes showing him speaking to the police prior to the function. The screen cuts to black, and the sound of a gun clicking and a gunshot afterwards is heard, the movie thus ending ambiguously.

Cast

Production

Development

In June 2015, director Pa. Ranjith announced his third directorial venture, which would follow his previous two films Attakathi (2012) and Madras (2014), with Rajinikanth via Twitter. Rajinikanth had been impressed with Ranjith's work in Madras (2014) and subsequently Rajinikanth's daughter, Soundarya, asked Ranjith to work on a script for her father.[21] Working with Ranjith would make Kabali Rajinikanth's first film with a novel director for the first time since his collaboration with S. Shankar in Sivaji (2007).[22] In an interview with IndiaGlitz, producer S. Thanu revealed that Rajinikanth had personally asked him to produce the Ranjith-directed film. The producer's commercially successful Bairavi (1978) was Rajinikanth's first lead role film and the two had not collaborated since.[23] It was speculated that Rajinikanth's role would be based on a real-life mob boss from Chennai.[24] Santhosh Narayanan was confirmed as the film's music composer, continuing his partnership with Ranjith after the latter's previous two films. Ranjith also retained G. Murali, the cinematographer of Madras.

On 17 August 2015, Ranjith announced the title of the film to be Kabali and that Rajinikanth would play the role of Kabaliswaran.[25] The makers of the film had earlier considered using title Kaali, which was the title of Rajinikanth's 1980 film. As that film did not do well in the Tamil Nadu box office at the time, the makers passed on using it for the new film. Another title, Kannabhiran, was also considered but it was later found that the title's rights were already held by director Ameer Sultan for a future film.[26]

Casting

In the film, Rajinikanth plays the role of an aged crime boss.[27] According to the Telugu newspaper Eenadu, Rajinikanth, after being impressed with Nayakan (1987), requested its director Mani Ratnam to write a similar script, but the project never materialised; its similarities with Ranjith's script for Kabali made him accept to star in the latter film.[28] Dinesh Ravi, who played the lead in Ranjith's Attakathi (2012), and Kalaiyarasan, who played pivotal roles in both of the director's previous films, were also confirmed to be part of the film. An important role was offered to Prakash Raj initially,[29] but later it was said that the role was declined due to scheduling issues and John Vijay was cast for the role instead.[30] It was later confirmed that the role of the lead character's wife would be given to Radhika Apte, who was introduced to Tamil films through Dhoni (2012).[31] Dhansika was signed to play a supporting character in the film.[32]

Filming

On 18 August 2015, director Pa Ranjith announced on his Twitter page that principal photography would begin the following week,[33] which was confirmed on 22 August when Behindwoods covered a photo shoot which took place on 21 August at AVM Studios in Chennai. First schedule of the filming started on Vinayagar Chaturthi on 17 September 2015 at the Russian Centre of Science and Cultural in Chennai.[34]

Music

Untitled

Think Music has acquired the audio rights for the Tamil version, as well as the dubbed Telugu and Hindi versions.[35] The original Tamil soundtrack album featuring five songs was released on 12 June 2016.[36] According to Thanu, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, who usually sings the introduction songs of films starring Rajinikanth, was not hired for this album because he was not in the city at the time of recording.[37]

Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Singer(s)Length
1."Ulagam Oruvanukka"Kabilan, Vivek, Roshan JamrockAnanthu, Santhosh Narayanan, Gana Bala, Roshan Jamrock04:02
2."Maya Nadhi"Uma DeviAnanthu, Pradeep Kumar, Shweta Mohan04:35
3."Veera Thurandhara"Uma Devi, Roshan JamrockGana Bala, Lawrence R., Pradeep Kumar, Roshan Jamrock03:17
4."Vaanam Paarthen"KabilanPradeep Kumar04:52
5."Neruppu Da"Arunraja KamarajArunraja Kamaraj, Rajinikanth03:38
Total length:20:05

Release

Kabali is expected to be released in Tamil worldwide, along with dubbed versions in Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam, and Malay.[38] The film will be simultaneously released in Singapore and Indonesia.[39] Malik Streams Productions and Distribution, a Malaysian media company, will simultaneously release the film in Malay for exclusive screening in Malaysia alongside the original Tamil version.[40] The film will also be dubbed in Thai and Chinese, where talks are under way to simultaneously release the film in Hong Kong and China.[41][42] Kabali will also premiere at the Le Grand Rex in Paris, France.[43]

Marketing

The Malaysian airline, AirAsia became an official partner for Kabali and certain AirAsia planes will be painted with a Kabali theme.[42][44] The Indian financial company Muthoot FinCorp who is also an official partner of the film produced silver coins embossed with the image of actor as cast in the film.[45][46] Its teaser trailer was released in April 2016 and went viral in Asia and gained 5 million views in less than 24 hours becoming the most viewed teaser in Asia.[47][48] By 28 May, the Kabali teaser garnered 20 million views, making it one of the most watched Indian film teasers.[49][50]

Online piracy issue

On July 19, 2016, three days prior to the film's worldwide release, it was reported that pirated copies of the film were leaked online in darknet.[51] The Indian Express reported that although the leaked copies were available only in the darknet, lots of fake links were being circulated in the web. The makers of the film had approached Madras High Court in anticipation of piracy and had requested the authority to ensure that it does not happen.[52] CBFC chief Pahlaj Nihalani commented on the issue by saying that the leak had nothing to do with his office in Mumbai and reiterated the fact that Kabali, a Tamil film, was certified by CBFC's Chennai office. He also added that the leak would not have much effect on the film's box office collection.

Two days later, on July 21, 2016, a two-minute long sequence of the film was also leaked online, which subsequently went viral on instant messaging app, WhatsApp.[53] Commenting on the leak, producer Kalaippuli S Thanu said, "Watching Thalaivar entry on phone or computer won't give you goosebumps. Say thank you to pirates, let's watch it in theaters from Friday" through his Twitter account. The NEWS MInute reported that the sequence leak, which carried English as well as Arabic subtitles, could have been released from Gulf countries.[54]

Alternate ending

The Malaysian version of the film proceeds beyond the fade to black and offers a concrete ending, stating that Kabali surrendered to the police. This alternate ending was created at the behest of Film Censorship Board of Malaysia, which does not allow showcasing of policemen encouraging violence.[55][56][57]

Critical reception

Kabali was a highly anticipated film throughout the country, including cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai and Hyderabad. The film received mixed reviews.[58][59] [60][61]

IndiaGlitz rated the film 3 out of 5 and called it "A very different Rajinikanth Experience".[62] Behindwoods rated the film 2.75 out of 5 and stated that ''Rajinikanth in a different dimension,but Kabali might not work for everyone''.[63] The Indian Express rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 and said that,''Rajinikanth's film lacks pace and mass''.[64] Filmibeat rated the movie 3 out of 5 starts and stated that ''You might be disappointed if you go into the cinema hall keeping in mind the recent hype and hoopla around Kabali. However, this is definitely Rajinikanth's best in the recent times''.[65]

Box office

Kabali had the highest worldwide opening weekend for an Indian film surpassing the record set by Sultan two weeks earlier. The film earned around 211.25 crore (US$25 million) worldwide during its opening weekend.[66][67]

India

Kabali had the highest opening day for an Indian film in terms of nett collections, earning 44.75 crore (US$5.4 million) nett on the first day of its release in India from all the languages.[68] Kabali was just behind the 2015 film Prem Ratan Dhan Payo for the highest first day gross, earning 53 crore (US$6.4 million) in India in a single day.[69] It also became the first Tamil film to surpass 20 crore (US$2.4 million) nett in a single day from Tamil Nadu.[70] Kabali went on to record the top-earning first weekend in India, grossing 124.25 crore (US$15 million) in three days from all its versions.[71][72]

Overseas

Kabali grossed US$13 million (87.5 crore) in its four-day first weekend in overseas,[73] breaking the record previously held by Dhoom 3 (US$10.32 million) as the highest-grossing first weekend for an Indian film in overseas markets.[74]

Sequel

Shortly after its success, in an interview to Forbes, S. Thanu said that the initial results exceeded his expectations and that the film’s ending sets up a sequel.[75] On 25 July 2016, the producer spoke, "We created an open climax for Kabali. So, director Ranjith and I are interested in a sequel for this gangster flick. However, Rajinikanth will have to give us the nod to carry on. The film’s collections indicate that it is a sensational hit, and has surpassed all records".[76]

References

  1. ^ "Kabali: Rajinikanth's film postponed again". 29 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  2. ^ "Editor Praveen KL's hint about the Teaser release of 'Kabali'??". Indiaglitz. Indiaglitz. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  3. ^ "Kabali:censor and running time detail". 11 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  4. ^ "Rajinikanth's Kabali day 4 box office collections: A spectacular success, movie earns Rs 400 crore". indianexpress.com. 25 July 2016.
  5. ^ "Rajinikanth's Kabali day 8 box office collections". The Indian Express. 31 July 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  6. ^ "Kabali: Music album of Rajinikanths gangster film to be launched on June 11". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  7. ^ "Pa Ranjith's Tamil film with Rajinikanth titled Kabali". Hindustan Times. IANS. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  8. ^ "Rajinikanth's next film is 'Kabali'". The Hindu. IANS. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  9. ^ "Rajinikanth's 159th film titled 'Kabali'". The Indian Express. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  10. ^ http://www.sify.com/movies/kabali-malay-version-to-release-on-july-29-news-tamil-qhekPIdgacdcd.html
  11. ^ "Makers launch Kabali app even as its release is delayed by two weeks". 11 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  12. ^ "Superstar Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' releases, sends fans into frenzy from 4 a.m — The Economic Times". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  13. ^ "Kabali (Hindi) And Madaari First Day Business 2200 1000 3200".
  14. ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kabali-bo-rajinikanth-film-smashes-all-records-to-collect-rs-250-crore/story-84OyaLFJFWzdceqJxdWQzH.html
  15. ^ "Blockbuster in the making? Rajnikanth's 'Kabali' creates immense buzz — Firstpost". 8 June 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  16. ^ Upadhyaya, Prakash (3 March 2016). "Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' updates: Details of Radhika Apte, Dhansika and others' roles revealed". International Business Times. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  17. ^ "When Visaranais Dinesh Shot for Kabali. Rajinikanth Was Watching — NDTV Movies". NDTVMovies.com. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  18. ^ "'மகிழ்ச்சி' ரஜினியின் பன்ச் ஆன ரகசியம் சொல்கிறார் 'மெட்ராஸ்' ரித்விகா!". Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 9 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  19. ^ K. V. Vasudevan (17 July 2016). "We all owe it to Ranjith". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  20. ^ "Rosyam Nor vs Rajinikanth: Who will win? - Star2.com". 19 May 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  21. ^ Srinivas, Ramanujam (17 July 2016). "Appa and I". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  22. ^ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (2 June 2015). "Rajinikanth is changing... and here's why". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  23. ^ "Rajini asked me to produce his next : Kalaipuli S Thanu Interview" (video) (in Tamil). IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  24. ^ "Rajinikanth's next film loosely based on real-life don". Business Standard. IANS. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  25. ^ "Here is the confirmation on Rajini-Ranjith film title". IndiaGlitz. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  26. ^ "New title for Rajini-Raniith film?". IndiaGlitz. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  27. ^ "Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' teaser unveiled, watch the superstar in a new gangster avatar". ABP Live. 2 May 2016.
  28. ^ "రజినీ మేనియా... ఇంతింత కాదయా!" [Rajini's mania... is unrestrained!]. Eenadu (in Telugu). 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  29. ^ Balachandran, Logesh (20 June 2015). "Prakash Raj in Rajinikanth-Ranjith film". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  30. ^ Mrinalini, Sundar (21 December 2015). "I play an educated conman in Veera Sivaji". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  31. ^ Gopinath, Avinash (10 August 2015). "Dhaniskaa bags a role in Rajinikanth's next". Filmibeat. IANS. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  32. ^ "Dhaniskaa bags a role in Rajinikanth's next". IBN. IANS. 10 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  33. ^ "Rajini's Next with Ranjith Titled Kabali!". The New Indian Express. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  34. ^ Saravanakumar (17 September 2015). "Superstar Rajni's Kabali first day shooting..." Behindwoods. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  35. ^ "Think Music bags Kabali audio rights". chennaivision. chennaivision. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  36. ^ "It's official: Kabali audio on June 12". chennaivision. chennaivision. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  37. ^ Prathibha, Parameswaran (17 July 2016). "'Neruppu Da': With Rajinikanth's entry song, the music of 'Kabali' stirs up a storm". Firstpost. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  38. ^ "Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' has many feats before the release; know all records it shattered". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  39. ^ "Rajinikanth's Kabali to be released in Malay". 22 May 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016 – via The Hindu.
  40. ^ "Kabali tamil movie to be dubbed in Malay". chennaivision. chennaivision. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  41. ^ "Rajinikanth's Upcoming 'Kabali' Is The Hottest Indian Film In The Trade Right Now". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  42. ^ a b J, Sam Daniel Stalin (12 June 2016). "From Kabali Makers, a Musical Treat For Rajinikanth's Family". NDTV. Chennai. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  43. ^ "Kabali to be premiered at Paris' Le Grand Rex".
  44. ^ "IndiaGlitz — Rajinikanth Radhika Apte Kabali official airline partner Air Asia — Tamil Movie News". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  45. ^ "Muthoot Fincorp to offer silver coins on 'Kabali'". Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  46. ^ "Muthoot joins Kabali mania; issues silver coins with Rajinikanth image". Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  47. ^ "Watch: Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' teaser unveiled; crosses 1.5 million views within one day". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  48. ^ "Kabali Becomes Highest Viewed Teaser In Asia". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  49. ^ "Teaser of Rajinikanth's Kabali is first Indian film to cross 20 million views — Catchnews". Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  50. ^ "Believe it or not, Rajinikanth's Kabali has already earned Rs 200 crores even before its release; - GUC". www.googleusercontent.co.in. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  51. ^ Hooli, Shekhar H (19 July 2016). "Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' full movie leaked online for download: Report". International Business Times. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  52. ^ "Rajinikanth's Kabali leaks online three days before release". Express Web Desk. The Indian Express. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  53. ^ "'Kabali' opening scene leaked on Whatsapp; Rajinikanth film said to be 'out' on dark web". Firstpost. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  54. ^ "Intro scene of Kabali leaked! Outrage online, producer says watch it in theatres". The NEWS Minute. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  55. ^ "Kabali: Rajinikanth fans witnessed an alternate ending in Malaysian cinemas?". The Times of India. TNN. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  56. ^ "Rajinikanth's Kabali to have different ending in Malaysia". The Indian Express. PTI. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  57. ^ "LPF confirmed 'Kabali' to have different ending in Malaysia". The Malaysian Times. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  58. ^ "Kabali movie review: Slow-burner without much respite".
  59. ^ "Deccanchronicle".
  60. ^ "ibtimes".
  61. ^ "'Kabali' gets mixed reviews; will this have some impact on its Malay version?".
  62. ^ "Kabali review. Kabali Tamil movie review, story, rating — IndiaGlitz.com". IndiaGlitz. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  63. ^ "Kabali (aka) Kabaali review". Behindwoods. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  64. ^ "Kabali quick review: Rajinikanth's film lacks pace and mass". 22 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  65. ^ "'Kabali' Movie Review & Rating: A Decent Drama Sans Superstardom!". 21 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  66. ^ "Kabali 1st Weekend Total WW Collections". Andhra Box Office. 25 July 2016.
  67. ^ "Kabali Set To Be Biggest Tamil Grosser". Box Office India. 27 July 2016.
  68. ^ "Kabali Records Highest Ever First Day NETT Collection". Box Office India. 23 July 2016.
  69. ^ "Top Openings India — All Films All Languages". Box Office India. 24 July 2016.
  70. ^ "Kabali box office collections: Let's do the math on Rajinikanth-starrer's numbers". Firstpost. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  71. ^ "Salman Khan Has Top Three Domestic Weekends — Kabali 7th — Box Office India". boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  72. ^ "Kabali Breaks Weekend NETT Collection Record Of Sultan — Box Office India". boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  73. ^ "Kabali Smashes All Indian Film Records Overseas". Box Office India. 24 July 2016.
  74. ^ "Box Office: Overseas collections of Rajinikanth's Kabali". Bollywood Hungama.
  75. ^ "Record Debuts For Tamil Superstar Rajinikanth's 'Kabali' As Producer Discusses Piracy And A Sequel". Forbes. 23 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  76. ^ "I am ready for Kabali sequel: Kalaipuli S Thanu". Deccan Chronicle. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.