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Detailed competition rules were released on 29 August 2015, with revisions in October.<ref name="rules20151020">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/2015_10_20_hyperloop_competition_rules.pdf |title=Hyperloop Competition Rules, v2.0 |publisher=SpaceX |date=20 October 2015 |accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><!-- Rev 2.0 rules released in November; some editor replaced the Rev 1.0 release citation in the [[Hyperloop]] article a long time ago. -->
Detailed competition rules were released on 29 August 2015, with revisions in October.<ref name="rules20151020">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/2015_10_20_hyperloop_competition_rules.pdf |title=Hyperloop Competition Rules, v2.0 |publisher=SpaceX |date=20 October 2015 |accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><!-- Rev 2.0 rules released in November; some editor replaced the Rev 1.0 release citation in the [[Hyperloop]] article a long time ago. -->
Formal ''Intent to Compete'' submissions were due 15 September 2015 and the detailed tube and technical specification—anticipated to be released by SpaceX in October 2015<ref name="tamu201510" />—became available somewhat later.<ref name="uw20160108">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Hyperloop Test-Track Specification |url=https://badgerloop.com/documents/TubeSpecs.pdf|edition=4.0 |publisher=SpaceX |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=2 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20170215070801/https://www.badgerloop.com/documents/TubeSpecs.pdf |archivedate=15 February 2017}}</ref>
Formal ''Intent to Compete'' submissions were due 15 September 2015 and the detailed tube and technical specification—anticipated to be released by SpaceX in October 2015<ref name="tamu201510" />—became available somewhat later.<ref name="uw20160108">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Hyperloop Test-Track Specification |url=https://badgerloop.com/documents/TubeSpecs.pdf |edition=4.0 |publisher=SpaceX |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=2 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215070801/https://www.badgerloop.com/documents/TubeSpecs.pdf |archivedate=15 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
A preliminary design briefing was held in November 2015,<ref name="gw20151215" /> and {{asof|2015|10|lc=y}}, ''Final Design Packages'' were due on 13 January 2016. A ''Design Weekend'' was held at [[Texas A&M University]] on 29–30 January 2016 for all invited entrants. The selected pods will compete at the ''SpaceX Hyperloop Test Track'' in January 2017.<ref name="tamu201510">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Design Weekend at Texas A&M University |url=http://engineering.tamu.edu/hyperloop |website=Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texax A&M |publisher=Texas A&M University |accessdate=1 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912042548/http://engineering.tamu.edu/hyperloop |archivedate=12 September 2015 }}</ref>
A preliminary design briefing was held in November 2015,<ref name="gw20151215" /> and {{asof|2015|10|lc=y}}, ''Final Design Packages'' were due on 13 January 2016. A ''Design Weekend'' was held at [[Texas A&M University]] on 29–30 January 2016 for all invited entrants. The selected pods will compete at the ''SpaceX Hyperloop Test Track'' in January 2017.<ref name="tamu201510">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Design Weekend at Texas A&M University |url=http://engineering.tamu.edu/hyperloop |website=Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texax A&M |publisher=Texas A&M University |accessdate=1 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912042548/http://engineering.tamu.edu/hyperloop |archivedate=12 September 2015 }}</ref>


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* [[Gatorloop]],<!-- photo of "as built" Gatorloop pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/> pod design uses wheel suspension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wuft.org/news/2016/02/21/uf-teams-gatorloop-advances-in-international-transportation-competition/|title=UF Team’s ‘Gatorloop’ Advances In International Transportation Competition|author=Paola Asencio|date=|work=WUFT News|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufhyperloop.com/|title=Gatorloop|author=|date=|work=Gatorloop|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> [[University of Florida]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[Gatorloop]],<!-- photo of "as built" Gatorloop pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/> pod design uses wheel suspension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wuft.org/news/2016/02/21/uf-teams-gatorloop-advances-in-international-transportation-competition/|title=UF Team’s ‘Gatorloop’ Advances In International Transportation Competition|author=Paola Asencio|date=|work=WUFT News|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ufhyperloop.com/|title=Gatorloop|author=|date=|work=Gatorloop|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> [[University of Florida]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[HyperLift]], [[St. John's School (Texas)]] The only high school team in the competition.<!-- photo of "as built" St. John's High School pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/>
* [[HyperLift]], [[St. John's School (Texas)]] The only high school team in the competition.<!-- photo of "as built" St. John's High School pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/>
* [[Hyperloop UC]],<!-- photo of "as built" UC pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/> pod design has an air-bearing suspension and compressor, just like the 2013 Hyperloop alpha design.<ref>[http://www.newsrecord.org/news/hyperloop-uc-advances-to-final-round-of-spacex-competition/article_a28805b6-ca0d-11e5-8017-6be4fd4f7c93.html Hyperloop UC Advances to Final Round of SpaceX Competition], The News Records, 2 February 2016, accessed 4 February 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=22995|title=Hyperloop UC Hinges on Revolutionizing High-Speed Transportation|author=|date=|work=uc.edu|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> [[University of Cincinnati]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[Hyperloop UC]],<!-- photo of "as built" UC pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/> pod design has an air-bearing suspension and compressor, just like the 2013 Hyperloop alpha design.<ref>[http://www.newsrecord.org/news/hyperloop-uc-advances-to-final-round-of-spacex-competition/article_a28805b6-ca0d-11e5-8017-6be4fd4f7c93.html Hyperloop UC Advances to Final Round of SpaceX Competition], The News Records, 2 February 2016, accessed 4 February 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=22995 |title=Hyperloop UC Hinges on Revolutionizing High-Speed Transportation |author= |date= |work=uc.edu |accessdate=20 June 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601205004/http://www.uc.edu/news/NR.aspx?id=22995 |archivedate=1 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[University of Cincinnati]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[Hyperloop Toronto]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyperlooptoronto.ca/|title=Hyperloop Toronto - The 5th mode of transportation|author=metatags generator|publisher=}}</ref> [[University of Toronto]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[Hyperloop Toronto]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyperlooptoronto.ca/|title=Hyperloop Toronto - The 5th mode of transportation|author=metatags generator|publisher=}}</ref> [[University of Toronto]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[Hyperloop at Virginia Tech]] V-17,<!-- photo of "as built" V-17 pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdbj7.com/news/local/virginia-tech-students-advance-through-hyperloop-competition/37932110|title=Virginia Tech students advance through Hyperloop competition|author=WDBJ7|date=|work=wdbj7.com|accessdate=17 February 2016}}</ref> [[Virginia Tech]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[Hyperloop at Virginia Tech]] V-17,<!-- photo of "as built" V-17 pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wdbj7.com/news/local/virginia-tech-students-advance-through-hyperloop-competition/37932110 |title=Virginia Tech students advance through Hyperloop competition |author=WDBJ7 |date= |work=wdbj7.com |accessdate=17 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213183332/http://www.wdbj7.com/news/local/virginia-tech-students-advance-through-hyperloop-competition/37932110 |archivedate=13 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Virginia Tech]]<ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[HyperXite]], [[University of California Irvine]]<!-- photo of "as built" HyperXite pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/><ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[HyperXite]], [[University of California Irvine]]<!-- photo of "as built" HyperXite pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/><ref name="verge20160130" />
* [[Illini Hyperloop]],<!-- photo of "as built" Illini pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/> has a history of previous Hyperloop design projects in the Mechanical Science and Engineering program, the first dating to the fall term of 2013. In addition to four subsystem design teams, the Illini group has a fifth, cross-disciplinary team focusing on safety and reliability, the prevention of [[branching failure]]s.<ref name="wsj20151130" /> [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]<ref name="inverse20160203" />
* [[Illini Hyperloop]],<!-- photo of "as built" Illini pod, Jan 2017 --><ref name=bi20170127/> has a history of previous Hyperloop design projects in the Mechanical Science and Engineering program, the first dating to the fall term of 2013. In addition to four subsystem design teams, the Illini group has a fifth, cross-disciplinary team focusing on safety and reliability, the prevention of [[branching failure]]s.<ref name="wsj20151130" /> [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]<ref name="inverse20160203" />

Revision as of 09:26, 7 April 2017

The Hyperloop Pod Competition is an incentive prize competition sponsored by SpaceX that is being held in 2015–2017 where a number of student and non-student teams are participating to design—and for some, build—a subscale prototype transport vehicle to demonstrate technical feasibility of various aspects of the Hyperloop concept. The competition is open to participants globally, although all judging has occurred in the United States.

There are two judging phases in the 2016–2017 competition: a design competition that was held in January 2016 and an on-track competition being held 27–29 January 2017.[1][2] 30 of the 115 teams that submitted designs in January 2016 were selected to build hardware to compete on a sponsored Hyperloop test track in January 2017.[3][4] There were more than 1,000 applicants at earlier stages of the competition.[5]

The first competition completed in January 2017. Subsequent SpaceX-sponsored competitions are expected.[6]

History

The outline of the original Hyperloop concept was made public in August 2013 by the release of a preliminary—or alpha level—design document by Elon Musk, with substantial design assistance from an informal group of engineers at both Tesla Motors and SpaceX who worked on the conceptual foundation and modelling of Hyperloop. The preliminary design called for a 2.3–3.4-meter-diameter (90–132 in) steel tube, operating in partial vacuum (nearly airless), utilizing pressurized vehicle "pods" to carry passengers or cargo that would ride on an air cushion driven by linear induction motors and air compressors.[7] The alpha design included a notional route running from the Los Angeles region to the San Francisco Bay Area, paralleling the Interstate 5 corridor for most of its length, so that preliminary economic analysis might be done on the concept.[8] Responses to the design paper release included: "a flash of brilliance" and "hypercool"[9] to "nothing new here"[7] to "hype", "another science-fiction dream," and "completely impractical."[10]

Within days of the 2013 announcement, discussions concluded that building a successful Hyperloop subscale demonstration project could reduce the political impediments while improving cost estimates; Musk suggested that he could choose to become personally involved in building a demonstration prototype of the Hyperloop concept, including funding the development effort.[11][12]

On 15 June 2015, SpaceX announced that they would sponsor a Hyperloop pod design competition, and would build a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters in Hawthorne, California, for the competitive event. The competition could be held as early as June 2016.[13][14] SpaceX stated in their announcement, "Neither SpaceX nor Elon Musk is affiliated with any Hyperloop companies. While we are not developing a commercial Hyperloop ourselves, we are interested in helping to accelerate development of a functional Hyperloop prototype."[15] More than 700 teams had submitted preliminary applications by July.[16]

Detailed competition rules were released on 29 August 2015, with revisions in October.[17] Formal Intent to Compete submissions were due 15 September 2015 and the detailed tube and technical specification—anticipated to be released by SpaceX in October 2015[18]—became available somewhat later.[19] A preliminary design briefing was held in November 2015,[20] and as of October 2015, Final Design Packages were due on 13 January 2016. A Design Weekend was held at Texas A&M University on 29–30 January 2016 for all invited entrants. The selected pods will compete at the SpaceX Hyperloop Test Track in January 2017.[18]

More than 120 student engineering teams were selected from the preliminary design briefing presentations in November to submit final design packages in January 2016. The designs were released to public view prior to the end of January 2016, and selected teams were invited to build hardware and compete in time trials in mid-2016.[20]

SpaceX announced in January 2016 that they had engaged a Los Angeles-based, Fortune-500, engineering design and construction firm AECOM to build the Hyperloop test track.[21]

At a 29–30 January 2016 meeting at Texas A&M, the designs from the approximately 120 worldwide teams were reviewed and judged. 30 teams were selected to go forward and build prototype Hyperloop pods for the competition later in the year.[3][4]

On 30 January 2016, Musk announced that, due to the level of sophistication of the pod designs as well as design issues with economical design approaches to building the test track, "given this level of enthusiasm, there is no question we are going to have another Hyperloop competition."[6] Further information came in August 2016: teams sign-up deadline is 30 September 2016 to compete in the second pod competition sometime in 2017.[22]

TechCrunch published a photograph of the pod competition test track while under construction in September 2016.[23] Competition teams visited the track for fit checks and vacuum/track tests during the first week of November, and a video was released.[2]

The on-track portion of the competition finally got underway on 27 January 2017.[1]

Technical overview

The 2016 competition will take place on a 1-mile-long (1.6 km), 1.8-meter-diameter (6 ft) test track being built in southern California.[13][21] Test pods may not carry any human or animal, and are to be used solely to develop new technologies and subsystems for effecting higher-velocity tube transport systems.[24] The track will facilitate pod test runs where each pod is accelerated, achieves a top measured speed that is reported in real-time, and then decelerates by braking, ostensibly before the end of the test track. There will be a crash pit after the end of the track to absorb the energy of any test pods that fail to come to a stop in the test track tube.[5][6]

Test track

The SpaceX Hyperloop test track — or Hypertube[19] — was designed in 2015 and was constructed in 2016, reaching its full length of one mile by October 2016.[25] The test track itself is also a prototype, where SpaceX anticipates learning from the design, build process and evaluates how to apply automated construction techniques to future Hyperloop tracks.[6]

Cross section of the Hypertube test track under construction for the Hyperloop pod competition in August 2016.

The design of the pod test track varies significantly from the Hyperloop tube design shown in the initial alpha-level Hyperloop design concept document released in 2013.[8] The Hypertube test track is designed to enable competitors who implement a wide array of designs and build pods that will test a variety of subsystem technologies that are important to new vehicle transport systems. This will include Hyperloop-specific pods—with air-bearing suspension and low-pressure compressor designs—as well as wheeled vehicle and magnetic levitation rail designs that will support a wide array of vehicle technologies to be tested. Some pods are expected to test only particular subsystems rather than a full Hyperloop-capable pod vehicle design; as well, many pods will have no on-pod compressor to prevent the high-speed choked-flow problem, very unlike the Hyperloop alpha design.[19]

Multiple systems will be allowed for propulsion and for levitation/suspension of various team pods. Three explicit suspension types are called out: wheels, air bearings, and magnetic levitation. Pod propulsion may be On-pod—as envisioned in the alpha Hyperloop design—or for the Hypertube test track, may use a SpaceX-provided Pusher to accelerate pods up to speed in the first 15 percent of track length, or even be unique (team-specific) Off-pod propulsion systems that would need to be integrated into the Hypertube for that Pod's specific test run.[19]

Specifications

The test track specifications as of January 2016 include:[19]

  • Outer diameter: 1.83 meters (72.0 in)[19] (vs. approximately 2.3–3.4 m (90–132 in) for the tube in the initial alpha Hyperloop design document)[8]
  • Inner diameter: 1.79 meters (70.6 in)
  • Wall thickness: 18 millimeters (0.70 in)[19] (vs. 20–25 mm (0.80–1.0 in) for the tube in the initial alpha Hyperloop design)[8]
  • Length: 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) (approximate)
  • Materials
  • Subtrack thickness: 25 millimeters (1.0 in) for first and last 61 meters (200 ft); 13 millimeters (0.5 in) for remainder of tube
  • Internal pressure: 0.14–100 kilopascals (0.02–14.7 psi) (competitors may select tube operating pressure "in order to support various types of propulsion systems, compressors (if applicable), and outer mold lines"
  • Pumpdown time is expected to be as long as 30 minutes to reach the minimum pressure rating.
  • Thermal control system: none provided in the Hypertube. Tube temperature is expected to vary based on time of day and weather, and competitors will need to design their pods accordingly, mitigating thermal hotspots during pumpdown and test runs.
  • Braking system: the only Hypertube-provided braking is the emergency foam pit at the end of the mile-long tube. Pods are expected to provide their own pod-specific braking system, one that will react force to the Hypertube by one of four methods: either against the steel tube, or concrete base, or aluminum subtrack, or central rail. Tube requirements limit friction braking against the subtrack or rail to specified limits.
  • Power: none provided on the test track during testing; 240VAC/50A and 120VAC/15A power provided in the pod waiting area up through the pre-launch phase within the tube
  • Communications: SpaceX will provide a standard Network Access Panel (NAP) device (approximately 250 mm × 200 mm × 38 mm (10 in × 8 in × 1.5 in)) for mounting on each pod which will communicate to the in-tube network via two, redundant, 1–25 GHz, wave blade antennas. The NAP will also record temperature, acceleration, vibration and shock of each pod in real time during each test run.
  • Navigation aids: The tube will include a series of circumferential reflective stripes applied to the inner circumference of the tube, located on the top of the tube, to be used for optical pod navigation, and in particular, awareness of the last 300 meters (1,000 ft) of the tube so pod braking may be safely effected.

Vehicle pods

Three different variations of exterior design of the vehicle pods for the Hyperloop are being explored. One Pod design uses Magnetic levitation; this design was used by the winner of the “Best Overall Design Award” MIT.[27] The other major design variation is the Air bearing design. This design relies on a system to create a bed of air for the Pod to glide on and is the basis of Elon Musk’s original Hyperloop idea.[8] The third design is used by University of Colorado, Denver's Hyperlynx team. Their design utilizes high speed wheels for speed under 100 Miles Per Hour and air bearings for higher speeds.[28][29]

The inside design of the pods vary by team. Some of the teams are solely building pods designed for cargo transport. Other teams designed pods to transport passengers, while other designs would allow adjustments to be made to the pod to allow both, while MIT's team's initial design did not have room for a passenger or cargo and solely relied on the engineering of the pod.[30] The University of Colorado, Denver's team incorporated a removable capsule that allows it to be exchanged for a cargo hold or passenger space.[28][29] New York University's team has created a vehicle that only allows cargo transportation.[31]

Competition I: January 2016 and January 2017

Competing teams

Teams advancing to the prototype hardware build stage for 2016 include representatives from four continents and at least six countries. The selected teams include: Hyperloop Poland Universoty of Wroclaw and University of Warsaw

Phase 1: Design weekend (January 2016)

Five design awards were assigned following the January design weekend.[3]

MIT Hyperloop Team's design was awarded received the "Best Overall Design Award",[3] among the 23 designs selected to move to the prototype stage. The design proposes a 250 kg (551 lb) pod with a carbon fiber and polycarbonate sheet exterior. It is elevated by a passive magnetic levitation system comprising 20 neodymium magnets that will maintain a 15 mm (0.6 in) distance above the track.[27] The team says with air pressure at 140 Pascals, the pod could accelerate at 2.4 G and have 2 Newton aerodynamic drag when traveling at 110 m/s. The design includes a fail-safe braking system that automatically halts the pod should the actuators or computers fail, and low speed emergency drive wheels that can move the pod 1 m/s.[27]

Delft Hyperloop received a "Pod Innovation Award",[3] while Badgerloop, Hyperloop at Virginia Tech, and HyperXite at UC Irvine each received a "Pod Technical Excellence Award".[3]

In addition to the five pod awards above, nine subsystem awards and three "design only" awards were given to teams, most to teams that were not chosen to continue on to the on-track competition. Technical awards for outstanding technical merit in subsystem and design, based on "innovation and uniqueness of subsystem design, full Hyperloop system applicability and economics; level of design detail; strength of supporting analysis and tests; and quality of documentation and presentation." [81]

Best Overall Subsystem Award: Auburn University Hyperloop Team,[82] Auburn University; Special Innovation Award in the Other Subsystem: RIT Imaging, Rochester Institute of Technology; :Levitation Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: TAMU Aerospace Hyperloop, Texas A&M; Braking Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: VicHyper, RMIT University; Propulsion/Compression Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: Makers UPV Team, Universitat Politècnica de València; Safety Subsystem Technical Excellence Award: UWashington Hyperloop, University of Washington (linked above); Subsystem Technical Excellence Awards: Hyped,[83] University of Edinburgh; Conant Hyperloop Club, Conant High School;[84] Subsystem Innovation Award: Ryerson’s International Hyperloop Team, Ryerson University.[81] Top Design Concept Award: Makers UPV Team (see above); Design Concept Innovation Award: Nova Hyperloop Team, University of Cairo; Design Concept Innovation Award: Auburn University Hyperloop Team (see above).[81]

Phase 2: Test track runs (January 2017)

Phase 2 of the competition ran 27–29 January 2017[1][85][86][87][88][2] after previously being planned for as early as August 2016.[89] 27 teams competed in two overall categories and five subcategories. Each pod in the competition needed to progress through ten sequential tests, only the last of which would be a vacuum-environment speed run in the mile-long Hypertube. Problems with dust and misalignment of the track limited performance and caused widespread problems.[90] Just three of the competition pods successfully completed the nine tests that enabled them to make a vacuumized tube run on 29 January. The winning teams were:[91][92][93][94]

Overall
Subcategory awards

Competition II (mid-year 2017)

SpaceX has indicated that a "Hyperloop Pod Competition II" would occur in mid-year 2017, approximately six months after the Phase 2 runs on the test track for the 2016-2017 Competition I.[95] The rules for Competition II were released in August 2016.Unlike Competition I—where multiple judging criteria were used and multiple classes of vehicles and vehicle subsystems were judged—Competition II will be judged by only a single criterium: "maximum speed with successful deceleration (i.e. without crashing)."[96]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Muoio, Danielle (27 January 2017). "Elon Musk's Hyperloop contest is happening this weekend — here's a look at all the competing pods". Business Insider. Retrieved 28 January 2017. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  2. ^ a b c "This week student Hyperloop teams visited @SpaceX for vacuum/track tests. See you at Competition Weekend, Jan 27-29!" (Press release). SpaceX. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017 – via Twitter.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Hawkins, Andrew J. (30 January 2016). "MIT wins SpaceX's Hyperloop competition, and Elon Musk made a cameo". The Verge. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Klein, JoAnna (3 February 2016). "Eight New Teams Added to Hyperloop Competition This Summer". Inverse. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  5. ^ a b Morris, David Z. (31 January 2016). "MIT Wins Hyperloop Competition, And Elon Musk Drops In". Fortune. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d Elon Musk. Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony. Event occurs at 13:25–14:20.
  7. ^ a b Dodson, Brian (22 August 2013). "Beyond the hype of Hyperloop: An analysis of Elon Musk's proposed transit system". Gizmag.com. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e Musk, Elon (12 August 2013). "Hyperloop Alpha" (PDF). SpaceX. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  9. ^ Mercury News Editorial (13 August 2013). "Mercury News editorial: Elon Musk's Hyperloop is hypercool". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  10. ^ Wolverton, Troy (13 August 2013). "Wolverton: Elon Musk's Hyperloop hype ignores practical problems". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  11. ^ "Musk announces plans to build Hyperloop demonstrator". Gizmag.com. 13 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  12. ^ "The Future of Transport: No loopy idea". The Economist. Vol. Print edition. 17 August 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  13. ^ a b Boyle, Alan (15 June 2015). "Elon Musk's SpaceX Plans Hyperloop Pod Races at California HQ in 2016". NBC. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  14. ^ "Spacex Hyperloop Pod Competition" (PDF). SpaceX. June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  15. ^ "Hyperloop". SpaceX. Space Exploration Technologies. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  16. ^ Thompson, Cadie (23 June 2015). "More than 700 people have signed up to help Elon Musk build a Hyperloop prototype". Business Insider. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  17. ^ "Hyperloop Competition Rules, v2.0" (PDF). SpaceX. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  18. ^ a b "SpaceX Design Weekend at Texas A&M University". Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texax A&M. Texas A&M University. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b c d e f g "SpaceX Hyperloop Test-Track Specification" (PDF) (4.0 ed.). SpaceX. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b Boyle, Alan (15 December 2015). "More than 120 teams picked for SpaceX founder Elon Musk's Hyperloop contest". Geekwire.com. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  21. ^ a b Hawkins, Andrew J. (26 January 2016). "Elon Musk's Hyperloop is getting a helping hand from serious construction experts". The Verge. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  22. ^ "Sign up for our second student Hyperloop competition by Sept 30 to race your pods in 2017" (Press release). SpaceX. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016 – via Twitter.
  23. ^ Etherington, Darrell (2 September 2016). "Here's a first look at the SpaceX Hyperloop test track". TechCrunch. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  24. ^ a b Chee, Alexander (30 November 2015). "The Race to Create Elon Musk's Hyperloop Heats Up". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  25. ^ Lambert, Fred (6 October 2016). "SpaceX's 1-mile Hyperloop test track is now up along its HQ and Tesla's Design Studio". Electrek. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  26. ^ 1370 Aluminum, MatWeb.
  27. ^ a b c Lavars, Nick (31 January 2016). "MIT engineers win Hyperloop pod competition, will test prototype in mid-2016". www.gizmag.com. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  28. ^ a b c "Team HyperLynx Final Design - University of Colorado Denver - Facebook".
  29. ^ a b c "What are we building?". kickstarter.com. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  30. ^ Koch, Wendy (23 February 2016). "Elon Musk's Hyperloop Idea for Sonic Tubular Travel Gets Real". National Geographic. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  31. ^ a b "Tandon Team Advances in International Hyperloop Design Competition". NYU Tandon School of Engineering. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  32. ^ "UW-Madison places among top teams in SpaceX Hyperloop competition". news.wisc.edu. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  33. ^ University of Wisconsin-Madison BadgerLoop. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016 – via YouTube.
  34. ^ "Berkeley Hyperloop". Berkeley Hyperloop. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  35. ^ In It To Win It, The Piper, 16 December 2015, accessed 4 February 2016.
  36. ^ Carnegie Mellon Hyperloop, overview video, 7 December 2015.
  37. ^ "Up against global competition, ORU team races to prove high-speed pod travel viable". Tulsa World. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
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