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* [[Yigal Carmon]] – MEMRI's founder and President. Carmon is fluent in Arabic. He served as Colonel in the [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)]] from 1968 to 1988. He was Acting Head of Civil Administration in the [[West Bank]] and the adviser on Arab affairs to the civil administration from 1977 to 1982. He advised Prime Ministers [[Yitzhak Shamir|Shamir]] and [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]] on countering [[Palestinian militants]] from 1988 to 1993. In 1991 and 1992 Carmon was a senior member of the Israeli delegation at peace negotiations with [[Syria]] in [[Madrid]] and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref name="jpint">{{cite news |last=Leibowitz |first=Ruthie Blum |date=November 15, 2006 |title=One on One with Yigal Carmon: If MEMRI serves... |url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/One-on-One-with-Yigal-Carmon-If-MEMRI-serves |newspaper=Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
* [[Yigal Carmon]] – MEMRI's founder and President. Carmon is fluent in Arabic. He served as Colonel in the [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)]] from 1968 to 1988. He was Acting Head of Civil Administration in the [[West Bank]] and the adviser on Arab affairs to the civil administration from 1977 to 1982. He advised Prime Ministers [[Yitzhak Shamir|Shamir]] and [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]] on countering [[Palestinian militants]] from 1988 to 1993. In 1991 and 1992 Carmon was a senior member of the Israeli delegation at peace negotiations with [[Syria]] in [[Madrid]] and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref name="jpint">{{cite news |last=Leibowitz |first=Ruthie Blum |date=November 15, 2006 |title=One on One with Yigal Carmon: If MEMRI serves... |url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/One-on-One-with-Yigal-Carmon-If-MEMRI-serves |newspaper=Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
*[[Alberto M. Fernandez]] - Vice President of MEMRI since June 2015. Ambassador Fernandez is a fluent Arabic speaker and was a career foreign service officer with the US Department of State from 1983 to 2015, serving mostly in the Middle East and Africa.
*[[Alberto M. Fernandez]] - Vice President of MEMRI since June 2015. Ambassador Fernandez is a fluent Arabic speaker and was a career foreign service officer with the US Department of State from 1983 to 2015, serving mostly in the Middle East and Africa.
* [[Steven Stalinsky]] – Executive Director of MEMRI. Stalinsky holds a [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in Middle Eastern Studies and a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in Religious Studies.<ref name="memri.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.memri.org/content/en/about.htm|title=About MEMRI - The Middle East Media Research Institute|author=|date=|work=MEMRI - The Middle East Media Research Institute}}</ref> Stalinsky writes articles on the Middle East for [[National Review]] and the [[New York Sun]].<ref name="national review.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/author/steven-stalinsky|title=Steven Stalinsky|author=|date=|work=National Review Online}}</ref><ref name="nysun.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/authors/Steven+Stalinsky|title=Steven Stalinsky - Archive - The New York Sun|author=|date=|work=nysun.com}}</ref>
* [[Steven Stalinsky]] – Executive Director of MEMRI. Stalinsky holds a [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in Middle Eastern Studies and a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in Religious Studies.<ref name="memri.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.memri.org/content/en/about.htm |title=About MEMRI - The Middle East Media Research Institute |author= |date= |work=MEMRI - The Middle East Media Research Institute |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430053840/http://www.memri.org/content/en/about.htm |archivedate=2011-04-30 |df= }}</ref> Stalinsky writes articles on the Middle East for [[National Review]] and the [[New York Sun]].<ref name="national review.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/author/steven-stalinsky|title=Steven Stalinsky|author=|date=|work=National Review Online}}</ref><ref name="nysun.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nysun.com/authors/Steven+Stalinsky|title=Steven Stalinsky - Archive - The New York Sun|author=|date=|work=nysun.com}}</ref>
* Nimrod Raphaeli – Senior Analyst and editor of MEMRI's Economic Blog. An Iraqi-born U.S. citizen, Raphaeli has a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in development planning from the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="memri.org"/>
* Nimrod Raphaeli – Senior Analyst and editor of MEMRI's Economic Blog. An Iraqi-born U.S. citizen, Raphaeli has a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in development planning from the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="memri.org"/>
* [[Menahem Milson]] – Board of Advisors chairman. Milson has been a professor of [[Arabic literature]] at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] since 1963, and is currently the head of its Arabic-Hebrew Dictionary project.<ref>[http://education.academy.ac.il/english/CommitteMemberResume.aspx?MemberID=104&CommitteeID=17&AreaID=16&QuestionID=-1&FromHomepage=True&IsPronunciationCommittee=False ''Initiative for Applied Education Research''], Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities</ref>{{verify source|date=December 2012}}<ref>Lesley Pearl, [http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/2454/edition_id/41/format/html/displaystory.html ''Ex-West Bank `mayor' in Berkeley visit, says Jews must study Arab culture''], Jewish news weekly of Northern California, November 24, 1995</ref> In November 1981, Milson was the first head of the "civil administration" that Israel imposed on the occupied territories to replace the purely military administration that had been there since 1967.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921215-1,00.html Growing Doubts at Home] Time Magazine, May 17, 1982</ref>
* [[Menahem Milson]] – Board of Advisors chairman. Milson has been a professor of [[Arabic literature]] at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] since 1963, and is currently the head of its Arabic-Hebrew Dictionary project.<ref>[http://education.academy.ac.il/english/CommitteMemberResume.aspx?MemberID=104&CommitteeID=17&AreaID=16&QuestionID=-1&FromHomepage=True&IsPronunciationCommittee=False ''Initiative for Applied Education Research''], Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities</ref>{{verify source|date=December 2012}}<ref>Lesley Pearl, [http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/2454/edition_id/41/format/html/displaystory.html ''Ex-West Bank `mayor' in Berkeley visit, says Jews must study Arab culture''], Jewish news weekly of Northern California, November 24, 1995</ref> In November 1981, Milson was the first head of the "civil administration" that Israel imposed on the occupied territories to replace the purely military administration that had been there since 1967.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921215-1,00.html Growing Doubts at Home] Time Magazine, May 17, 1982</ref>

Revision as of 21:55, 10 June 2017

Middle East Media Research Institute
Founded1998; 26 years ago (1998)
FounderYigal Carmon
Type501(c)(3) non-profit, think tank
FocusArabic, Farsi, Urdu, Pashtu, Turkish, and Russian media.
Location
ProductMedia research, translation, original analysis.
MethodMedia monitoring
Key people
Yigal Carmon (President)
Websitewww.memri.org

The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) is a not for profit press monitoring and analysis organization with headquarters in Washington, DC. MEMRI publishes and distributes free English language translations of Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, and Turkish media reports.[1]

MEMRI states that its goal is to "bridge the language gap between the Middle East and the West."[2] It has been praised as an "invaluable" resource[3] and for helping to "shine a spotlight on hate speech wherever it appears".[4] Critics charge that despite portraying itself as neutral,[5] it aims to portray the Arab and Muslim world in a negative light through the production and dissemination of incomplete translations and by selectively translating views of extremists while deemphasizing or ignoring mainstream opinions.[6]

History

The institute was co-founded in 1998 by Yigal Carmon, a former Israeli military intelligence officer and Meyrav Wurmser, an Israeli-born American political scientist.

Staff

Based in Washington, D.C. with branch offices in Jerusalem, Berlin, London, Rome, Shanghai, Baghdad, and Tokyo[citation needed], MEMRI was founded in 1998 by Yigal Carmon and Meyrav Wurmser. Wurmser, who later left MEMRI in 2001, is an Israeli-born American scholar of the Arab world. She is also a Senior Fellow at the US think tank, the Hudson Institute,[7] who participated in a study that led to the report, A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm, a paper prepared for Likud party leader and then-incoming Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

MEMRI's founding staff of seven included three who had formerly served in military intelligence in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF).[8][9] MEMRI president and founder Yigal Carmon states that MEMRI's current staff includes "people of the Jewish, Christian and Muslim faiths [who] hold a range of political views".[10]

  • Yigal Carmon – MEMRI's founder and President. Carmon is fluent in Arabic. He served as Colonel in the Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel) from 1968 to 1988. He was Acting Head of Civil Administration in the West Bank and the adviser on Arab affairs to the civil administration from 1977 to 1982. He advised Prime Ministers Shamir and Rabin on countering Palestinian militants from 1988 to 1993. In 1991 and 1992 Carmon was a senior member of the Israeli delegation at peace negotiations with Syria in Madrid and Washington.[11]
  • Alberto M. Fernandez - Vice President of MEMRI since June 2015. Ambassador Fernandez is a fluent Arabic speaker and was a career foreign service officer with the US Department of State from 1983 to 2015, serving mostly in the Middle East and Africa.
  • Steven Stalinsky – Executive Director of MEMRI. Stalinsky holds a M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies and a B.A. in Religious Studies.[12] Stalinsky writes articles on the Middle East for National Review and the New York Sun.[13][14]
  • Nimrod Raphaeli – Senior Analyst and editor of MEMRI's Economic Blog. An Iraqi-born U.S. citizen, Raphaeli has a Ph.D. in development planning from the University of Michigan.[12]
  • Menahem Milson – Board of Advisors chairman. Milson has been a professor of Arabic literature at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem since 1963, and is currently the head of its Arabic-Hebrew Dictionary project.[15][verification needed][16] In November 1981, Milson was the first head of the "civil administration" that Israel imposed on the occupied territories to replace the purely military administration that had been there since 1967.[17]
  • Tufail Ahmad – South Asia Studies Project Director. A British journalist of Indian origin, Ahmad studied Social Systems for an M.A. at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University and received an M.A. in War Studies from King's College London.[18]
  • Mansour Al-Hadj – Director of MEMRI's "Reform in The Arab and Muslim World project". A Saudi Arabian journalist.[12]
  • Mirza A. B. Baig – Senior Analyst at MEMRI's South Asia Studies Project. He is an Indian researcher who studied at the Jamia Millia Islamia for two master's degrees and obtained an MPhil in comparative literature and a PhD from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.[19]

Board of Directors[20]

Objectives and projects

MEMRI's original mission statement read: "In its research, the institute puts emphasis on the continuing relevance of Zionism to the Jewish people and to the state of Israel."[21] In September 2001, MEMRI replaced it with the current mission statement, which states that the organization "explores the Middle East through the region's media. MEMRI bridges the language gap which exists between the West and the Middle East, providing timely translations of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu-Pashto media, as well as original analysis of political, ideological, intellectual, social, cultural, and religious trends in the Middle East."[2][22] MEMRI's goals and emphasis have evolved over the years; it originally translated articles in both Arabic and Hebrew.[23]

Concerning this change in their 'mission statement,' Political Research Associates (PRA), which studies the US political right, notes that it occurred three weeks after the September 11 attacks, and considers MEMRI "was previously more forthcoming about its political orientation in its self-description and in staff profiles on its website". PRA considers that "MEMRI's slogan, 'Bridging the Language Gap Between the Middle East and the West,' does not convey the institute's stridently pro-Israel and anti-Arab political bias." It further notes, that MEMRI's founders, Wurmser and Carmon, "are both hardline pro-Israel ideologues aligned with Israel's Likud party".[23] Carmon, in a public letter to Juan Cole that included a threat with a lawsuit over his comments on MEMRI, stated that he has never been affiliated with Likud. Cole answered that he hadn't alleged that, but that memri would campaign for Likud goals such as the rejection of the Oslo peace process.[24]

The organization indirectly gained public prominence as a source of news and analysis about the Muslim world, following the September 11 attacks and the subsequent war on terrorism by the Bush administration. According to MEMRI, its translations and reports are distributed to "congresspersons, congressional staff, policy makers, journalists, academics, and interested parties". According to PRA, MEMRI's translated articles and its commentary are routinely cited in national media outlets in the United States, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times, while analyses by MEMRI staff and officers are frequently published by right-wing and neoconservative media outlets such as National Review, Fox News, Commentary, and the Weekly Standard. PRA writes that both critics and supporters of MEMRI note its increasing influence in shaping perceptions of the Middle East.[23] It has maintained longstanding relations with law enforcement agencies.[25]

In 2012, Haaretz reported that Israeli intelligence agencies have reduced their monitoring the Palestinian media with MEMRI and Palestinian Media Watch now providing the Israeli government with coverage of "anti-Israel incitement" in social media, blogs and other online sources. The Prime Minister's Bureau has stated that before the government cites information provided by the two sources, the source of the material and its credibility is confirmed.[26]

Projects

MEMRI's work is organized into projects, each with a specific focus. The main subjects the organization addresses are jihad and terrorism; relations between the U.S. and Middle East; pro-democracy and pro-civil rights views; inter-Arab relations; and anti-semitism.[27]

The Reform Project, according to MEMRI, focuses on monitoring, translating, and amplifying media from Muslim figures and movements with progressive viewpoints in the Arab and Muslim world.[28][29][30] The project also aims to provide a platform for those sources to expand their reach. MEMRI has stated that this is the organization's flagship project.[29][30]

The MEMRI Lantos Archives on Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial, a joint project with the Lantos Foundation for Human Rights and Justice launched in 2009, is a repository of translated Arabic and Farsi material on anti-Semitism.[31] The project is sponsored by the U.S. State Department.[32] Through its translations and research, the project aims to document anti-Semitic trends in the Middle East and South Asia.[33] The project provides policymakers with translations and footage of anti-Semitic comments made by media personalities, academics, and government and religious leaders.[34] MEMRI holds an annual Capitol Hill gathering through the project, and publishes an annual report on Antisemitism and Holocaust denial. The archives were named for Tom Lantos, the only Holocaust survivor to serve in United States Congress.[35]

Arab and Iranian television programming is monitored, translated, and analyzed through the MEMRI TV Monitoring Project.[36] Established in 2004,[36] the project's translated video clips are available to the media and general public.[37]

Activity by terrorist and violent extremist organizations is tracked through the Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM).[38] The project disseminates jihadi-associated social media content and propaganda released by various Islamic State media companies.[39][40][41]

The organization's Cyber and Jihad Lab (CJL) tracks cyberterrorism.[42] According to MEMRI, the CJL's goal is to inform and make recommendations to legislators and the business community about the threat of cyberterrorism.[43] Initiatives have included encouraging social media companies to remove terrorist accounts and sought legislation to prevent terrorist entities from using their platforms.[44]

MEMRI's other projects include the Russian Media Studies Project, which translates Russian media and publishes reports analyzing Russian political ideology,[45] the Iran Studies Project,[46] the South Asia Studies Project,[47] and the 9/11 Documentation Project.[48]

Languages

According to its website, MEMRI provides translations and analysis of Arabic, Farsi, Dari, Urdu, Pashto, and Turkish media.[49][50] It has recently added a Russian media translation project.[51]

MEMRI provides translations into and analysis in English, French, Polish, Japanese, Spanish, and Hebrew.[52]

Financial support

MEMRI is registered in the US with the IRS as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.[2] They have a policy of not accepting money from governments, relying instead on around 250 private donors, including other organizations and foundations.[53]

MediaTransparency, an organization[54] that monitors the financial ties of conservative think tanks to conservative foundations in the United States, reported that for the years 1999 to 2004, MEMRI received $100,000 from The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, Inc., $100,000 from The Randolph Foundation, and $5,000 from the John M. Olin Foundation.[55]

MEMRI's U.S. income statement of June 2004 stated that its total U.S. revenue was US$2,571,899, its total US functional expenses were $2,254,990, and that it possessed net assets of $700,784. Charity Navigator, an organization[56] that evaluates the financial health of America's largest charities, has given MEMRI a four-star (exceptional) rating, meaning that it "...exceeds industry standards and outperforms most charities in its Cause" when rated on its financial health.[57][58]

In August 2011, the United States Department of State's Office of International Religious Freedom in the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, awarded MEMRI a $200,000 grant.[59]

Reception

The organization's translations are regularly quoted by major international newspapers, and its work has generated strong criticism and praise. Critics have accused MEMRI of producing inaccurate, unreliable translations with undue emphasis and selectivity in translating and disseminating the most extreme views from Arabic and Persian media, which portray the Arab and Muslim world in a negative light, while ignoring moderate views that are often found in the same media outlets. Other critics charge that while MEMRI does sometimes translate pro-US or pro-democracy voices in the regional media, it systematically leaves out intelligent criticism of Western-style democracy, US and Israeli policy and secularism.[8][60][61][62]

MEMRI's work has been criticized on three grounds: that their work is biased; that they choose articles to translate selectively so as to give an unrepresentative view of the media they are reporting on; and that some of their translations are inaccurate.[10] MEMRI has responded to the criticism, stating that their work is not biased; that they in fact choose representative articles from the Arab media that accurately reflect the opinions expressed, and that their translations are highly accurate.[10]

Accusations of bias

Brian Whitaker, the Middle East editor for The Guardian newspaper at the time, wrote in a public email debate with Carmon in 2003, that his problem with MEMRI was that it "poses as a research institute when it's basically a propaganda operation".[10] Earlier, Whitaker had charged that MEMRI's role was to "further the political agenda of Israel." and that MEMRI's website does not mention Carmon's employment for Israeli intelligence, or Meyrav Wurmser's political stance, which he described as an "extreme brand of Zionism".[8] Carmon responded to this by stating that his employment history is not a secret and was not political, as he served under opposing administrations of the Israeli government and that perhaps the issue was that he was Israeli: "If your complaint is that I am Israeli, then please say so." Carmon also questioned Whitaker's own biases, wondering if Whitaker's is biased in favor of Arabs—as his website on the Middle East is named "Al-Bab" ("The Gateway" in Arabic)—stating: "I wonder how you would judge an editor whose website was called "Ha-Sha-ar" ("The Gateway" in Hebrew)?[10]

Norman Finkelstein has described MEMRI as "a main arm of Israeli propaganda". In 2006, Finkelstein accused MEMRI of editing a television interview he gave in Lebanon in order to falsely impute that he was a Holocaust denier. In an interview with the newspaper In Focus in 2007, he said MEMRI uses "the same sort of propaganda techniques as the Nazis" and "take[s] things out of context in order to do personal and political harm to people they don't like".[63]

Selectivity

Several critics have accused MEMRI of selectivity. They state that MEMRI consistently picks for translation and dissemination the most extreme views, which portray the Arab and Muslim world in a negative light, while ignoring moderate views that are often found in the same media outlets.[8][60][61][62] Juan Cole, a professor of Modern Middle East History at the University of Michigan, argues MEMRI has a tendency to "cleverly cherry-pick the vast Arabic press, which serves 300 million people, for the most extreme and objectionable articles and editorials... On more than one occasion I have seen, say, a bigoted Arabic article translated by MEMRI and when I went to the source on the web, found that it was on the same op-ed page with other, moderate articles arguing for tolerance. These latter were not translated."[64] Former head of the CIA's counterintelligence unit, Vincent Cannistraro, said that MEMRI "are selective and act as propagandists for their political point of view, which is the extreme-right of Likud. They simply don't present the whole picture."[65][66] Laila Lalami, writing in The Nation, states that MEMRI "consistently picks the most violent, hateful rubbish it can find, translates it and distributes it in email newsletters to media and members of Congress in Washington".[60] As a result, critics such as UK Labour politician Ken Livingstone state, MEMRI's analyses are "distortion".[67][68]

A report by Center for American Progress, titled "Fear, Inc. The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America" lists MEMRI as promoting Islamophobic propaganda in the USA through supplying selective translations that are relied upon by several organisations "to make the case that Islam is inherently violent and promotes extremism".[69]

MEMRI argues that they are quoting the government-controlled press and not obscure or extremist publications, a fact their critics acknowledge, according to Marc Perelman: "When we quote Al-Ahram in Egypt, it is as if we were quoting The New York Times. We know there are people questioning our work, probably those who have difficulties seeing the truth. But no one can show anything wrong about our translations."[65]

In August 2013, the Islamic Da'wah Centre of South Australia questioned the "reliability, independence and veracity" of the Middle East Media Research Institute after it posted what the centre called a "sensational de-contextualised cut-and-paste video clip... put together in a suggestive manner" of a sermon by the Sheikh Sharif Hussein on an American website. According to the two-minute video, which was a heavily condensed version of the Sheikh's 36-minute speech delivered in Adelaide on 22 March, Hussein called Australian and American soldiers "crusader pigs" and stated "O Allah, count the Buddhists and the Hindus one by one. O Allah, count them and kill them to the very last one." According to MEMRI's translation, he also described US President Barack Obama as an "enemy of Allah, you who kiss the shoes and feet of the Jews" and predicted that "The day will come when you are trampled upon by the pure feet of the Muslims."[70] MEMRI's rendition moved leading Liberal senator Cory Bernardi to write to the Police Commissioner charging that under Australia's anti-terrorism laws, the video clip was "hate speech", and requesting that action be taken against Hussein. The South Australian Islamic Society and the Australian Buddhist Councils Federation also condemned Hussein's speech. Widespread calls from the public for the deportation of Hussein and his family followed news reports of the video. A police spokeswoman stated "Police will examine the entire content of the sermon to gain the full context and determine whether any crime has been committed." Hussein himself declined any comment on the contents of the video. However, the Da'wah Centre charged that by omitting the context of Hussein's statements, MEMRI had distorted the actual intent of the speech. While admitting that the Sheikh was emotional and used strong words, the Centre stated that the speech was delivered in relation to rape cases in Iraq, the birth defects due to use of depleted uranium and the Burmese Buddhist massacre. This, the Centre claimed, was omitted from the edited MEMRI video.[71][72][73][74][75]

Alleged translation inaccuracy

See also: Tomorrow's Pioneers § Translation controversy

The accuracy of MEMRI's translations are considered "usually accurate" though occasionally disputed and highly selective in what it chooses to translate and in which context it puts things,[76] as in the case of MEMRI's translation of a 2004 Osama bin Laden video, which MEMRI defended.[10][68][77][78][79]

Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, Al Jazeera invited Hani al-Sebai, an Islamist living in Britain, to take part in a discussion on the event. Al-Sibai is listed as a Specially Designated National by the US Treasury Department because of alleged support for al-Qaida.[80] For one segment of the discussion in regard to the victims, MEMRI provided the following translation of al-Sebai's words:

the term civilians does not exist in Islamic religious law. Dr Karmi is sitting here, and I am sitting here, and I’m familiar with religious law. There is no such term as civilians in the modern Western sense. People are either at war or not.[81]

Al-Sebai subsequently claimed that MEMRI had mistranslated his interview, and that among other errors, he had actually said:

there is no term in Islamic jurisprudence called civilians. Dr Karmi is here sitting with us, and he's very familiar with the jurisprudence. There are fighters and non-fighters. Islam is against the killing of innocents. The innocent man cannot be killed according to Islam.

By leaving out the condemnation of the "killing of innocents" entirely, Mohammed El Oifi writing in Le Monde diplomatique argued that this translation left the implication that civilians (the innocent) are considered a legitimate target.[67] Several British newspapers subsequently used MEMRI's translation to run headlines such as "Islamic radical has praised the suicide bomb attacks on the capital"[82] prompting al-Sebai to demand an apology and take legal action. In his view, MEMRI's translation was also "an incitement to have me arrested by the British authorities".[83]

Halim Barakat described MEMRI as "a propaganda organization dedicated to representing Arabs and Muslims as anti-semites". Barakat claims an essay he wrote for the Al-Hayat Daily of London titled The Wild Beast that Zionism Created: Self-Destruction, was mistranslated by MEMRI and retitled as Jews Have Lost Their Humanity. Barakat further stated "Every time I wrote Zionism, MEMRI replaced the word by Jew or Judaism. They want to give the impression that I'm not criticizing Israeli policy, but that what I'm saying is anti-Semitic."[63][66][67] According to Barakat, he was subject to widespread condemnation from faculty and his office was "flooded with hatemail".[84][85] Fellow Georgetown faculty member Aviel Roshwald accused Barakat in an article he published of promoting a "demonization of Israel and of Jews".[86] Supported by Georgetown colleagues, Barakat denied the claim,[87] which Roshwald had based on MEMRI's translation of Barakat's essay.[86]

In 2007, CNN correspondent Atika Shubert and Arabic translators accused MEMRI of mistranslating portions of a Palestinian children's television programme.

Media watchdog MEMRI translates one caller as saying – quote – 'We will annihilate the Jews'," said Shubert. "But, according to several Arabic speakers used by CNN, the caller actually says 'The Jews are killing us.'[88][89]

CNN's Glenn Beck later invited Yigal Carmon onto his program to comment on the alleged mistranslation. Carmon criticized CNN's translators understanding of Arabic stating: "Even someone who doesn't know Arabic would listen to the tape and would hear the word 'Jews' is at the end, and also it means it is something to be done to the Jews, not by the Jews. And she insisted, no the word is in the beginning. I said: 'Octavia, you just don't get it. It is at the end.'" He was referring to Arabic native speaker Octavia Nasr, a Greek-orthodox Christian from Lebanon, who was later fired by CNN for a tweet praising late Ayatollah Hussein Fadlallah.[90] Brian Whitaker, a Middle East editor for the British Guardian newspaper later pointed out that the word order in Arabic is not the same as in English: "the verb comes first and so a sentence in Arabic which literally says 'Are shooting at us the Jews' means 'The Jews are shooting at us.'"[76]

Naomi Sakr, a professor of Media Policy at the University of Westminster has charged that specific MEMRI mistranslations, occurring during times of international tension, have generated hostility towards Arab journalists.[91]

Brian Whitaker wrote in a blog for The Guardian newspaper that in the translation of the video, showing Farfour eliciting political comments from a young girl named Sanabel, the MEMRI transcript misrepresents the segment. Farfour asks Sanabel what she will do and, after a pause says "I'll shoot", MEMRI attributed the phrase said by Farfour, ("I'll shoot"), as the girl's reply while ignoring her actual reply ("I'm going to draw a picture").[92] Whitaker and others commented that a statement uttered by the same child, ("We're going to [or want to] resist"), had been given an unduly aggressive interpretation by MEMRI as ("We want to fight"). Also, where MEMRI translated the girl as saying the highly controversial remark ("We will annihilate the Jews"), Whitaker and others, including Arabic speakers used by CNN, insist that based on careful listening to the low quality video clip, the girl is saying "Bitokhoona al-yahood", variously interpreted as, "The Jews [will] shoot us"[92] or "The Jews are killing us."[93]

MEMRI stands by their translation of the show, saying: "Yes, we stand by the translation by the very words, by the context, by the syntax, and every measure of the translation."[93]

In response to accusations of inaccuracies and distortion, Yigal Carmon, said:

As an institute of research, we want MEMRI to present translations to people who wish to be informed on the ideas circulating in the Middle East. We aim to reflect reality. If knowledge of this reality should benefit one side or another, then so be it.

In an email debate with Carmon, Whitaker asked about MEMRI's November 2000 translation of an interview given by the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem to Al-Ahram al-Arabi. One question asked by the interviewer was: "How do you deal with the Jews who are besieging al-Aqsa and are scattered around it?" which was translated as: "How do you feel about the Jews?" MEMRI cut out the first part of the reply and combined it with the answer to the next question, which, Whitaker claimed, made "Arabs look more anti-semitic than they are". Carmon admitted this was an error in translation but defended combining the two replies as both questions referred to the same subject. Carmon rejected other claims of distortion by Whitaker, saying: "it is perhaps reassuring that you had to go back so far to find a mistake... You accused us of distortion by omission but when asked to provide examples of trends and views we have missed, you have failed to answer." Carmon also accused Whitaker of "using insults rather than evidence" in his criticism of MEMRI.[10]

Whitaker claims that although Memri's translations are usually accurate, they are selective and often out of context. He stated: "When errors do occur, it's difficult to attribute them to incompetence or accidental lapses... there appears to be a political motive."[76]

Response by MEMRI

MEMRI responds to criticism by saying that the media had a tendency to whitewash statements of Arab leaders,[11] and regularly defends its translations as being representative of actual ME viewpoints, even when the translations themselves are disputed: "MEMRI has never claimed to 'represent the view of the Arabic media', but rather to reflect, through our translations, general trends which are widespread and topical."[10]

Praise for MEMRI

John Lloyd has defended MEMRI in the New Statesman:

One beneficial side effect of the focus on the Middle East is that we now have available much more information on the discourse of the Arab world. The most powerful medium for this is (naturally) a Washington-based think-tank, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), started in 1998 by the former Israeli intelligence officer and Arabist Yigal Carmon. MEMRI aimed to bring the previously largely enclosed and unknown Arab talk about the west to western eyes and ears: it is a sobering experience to read on the internet MEMRI's vast store of translations from many media, and to note how much of what is written is conspiratorial, vicious and unyieldingly hateful. MEMRI and Carmon have been accused of selecting the worst of a diverse media: however, the sheer range of what is available weakens that criticism, as does support for the initiative by Arab liberals. The Iraqi exile Kanan Makiya, for example, wrote in the spring 2002 issue of Dissent that Arab intellectuals have allowed a mixture of victimhood and revenge to take hold of popular culture, with few if any dissenting voices.[94]

Thomas L. Friedman, a political opinion columnist for The New York Times, has praised MEMRI, and has credited MEMRI with helping to "shine a spotlight on hate speech wherever it appears".[4] Friedman has written in The New York Times that "what I respect about Memri is that it translates not only the ugly stuff but the courageous liberal, reformist Arab commentators as well." In addition, he has cited MEMRI's translations in his op-eds.[95]

Brit Hume of Fox News said, "These people tell you what's going on in pulpits and in the state-controlled TV. If you have indoctrination, it's important to know about it."[96][verification needed]

One of MEMRI's strongest supporters is Jay Nordlinger, the managing editor of National Review, who wrote in 2002:

Wading or clicking through MEMRI's materials can be a depressing act, but it is also illusion-dispelling, and therefore constructive. This one institute is worth a hundred reality-twisting Middle Eastern Studies departments in the U.S. Furthermore, listening to Arabs—reading what they say in their newspapers, hearing what they say on television—is a way of taking them seriously: a way of not condescending to them, of admitting that they have useful things to tell us, one way or the other. Years ago, Solzhenitsyn exhorted, "Live not by lies." We might say, in these new circumstances, "Live not by ignorance about lies, either." Anyone still has the right to avert his eyes, of course. But no one can say that that is not a choice.[97]

Nordlinger also wrote:

It seemed imperative to learn more about the Arabs—to learn, for example, what they were saying to one another, in their media, in their schools, and in their mosques, The Arab world had always been dark this way; it needed to come into the light. And this is where www.memri.org proved "invaluable", as everyone has said... In fact "'invaluable' was written so often before MEMRI's name that one could have been forgiven for thinking the word was part of the name. MEMRI served as an antidote to darkness, as a way not to be ignorant.[97]

According to Nordlinger, one of MEMRI's early notable successes was its exposure of Muhammad al-Gamei'a. Al-Gamei'a had served as head of the Islamic Cultural Center of New York and as Al-Azhar University's representative to the United States and frequently participated in interreligious services. However, upon returning to Egypt in October 2001, Al-Gamei'a gave an interview to an Islamic website in which he stated, among other things, that Israel was responsible for 9/11 and that "If it became known to the American people, they would have done to the Jews what Hitler did!" and that "[the Jews] are riding on the back of the world powers."[97][98][99][100][101] MEMRI's translation of Al-Gamei'a's interview was later cited by The New York Times, which hired two independent translators to confirm the MEMRI translation.[102] Nordlinger wrote that MEMRI's work has "never been found to be anything but honest, accurate, and meticulous" and that because of MEMRI's work: "the sheikh was exposed."[97]

Moreover, the Anne Frank Foundation lists MEMRI along the Nizkor project as "websites with reliable information about Holocaust denial and Holocaust deniers."[103]

See also

References

  1. ^ "MEMRI homepage". Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  2. ^ a b c "About The Middle East Media Research Institute TV Monitor Project". MEMRITV - The Middle East Media Research Institute. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2006. The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) was founded in 1998 in Washington, DC to bridge the language gap between the Middle East and the West by monitoring, translating, and studying Arab, Iranian and Turkish media, schoolbooks, and religious sermons. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Fathi 2010, p. 194
  4. ^ a b Friedman, Thomas L (July 22, 2005), "Giving the Hatemongers No Place to Hide", The New York Times, retrieved March 23, 2009.
  5. ^ Fathi 2010, p. 202: "But what about using MEMRI what about the various accusations? There is no monolithic answer. As a translation service it is of great value. As a research tool the evaluation is more complex as it demands good background information in order to contextualize the information obtained due to the organization's lack of transparency and attempt to pose as something different than what they are. The problem is that many of the journalists, politicians and lay persons who use MEMRI cannot and will not do this. And this is where the main objection to MEMRI comes into play It presents itself as an independent research institute but it acts as a tool geared toward shaping opinion by "producing an orient" - in the true sense of Edward Said's usage - and through this it has an increasing influence in shaping perceptions of the Middle East. MEMRI has understood that politics today is waged in the media and it fulfills its role as a public relations, lobbying and policy-making instrument with the highest professional standard."
  6. ^ Fathi 2010, p. 188-190.
  7. ^ "Meyrav Wurmser". BBC News. May 16, 2003.
  8. ^ a b c d Whitaker, Brian (12 August 2002). "Selective Memri". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Memri.org Mission Statement". Archived from the original on December 2, 1998. Retrieved 2001-06-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Email debate: Yigal Carmon and Brian Whitaker". The Guardian. London. January 28, 2003. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  11. ^ a b Leibowitz, Ruthie Blum (November 15, 2006). "One on One with Yigal Carmon: If MEMRI serves..." Jerusalem Post.
  12. ^ a b c "About MEMRI - The Middle East Media Research Institute". MEMRI - The Middle East Media Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Steven Stalinsky". National Review Online.
  14. ^ "Steven Stalinsky - Archive - The New York Sun". nysun.com.
  15. ^ Initiative for Applied Education Research, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
  16. ^ Lesley Pearl, Ex-West Bank `mayor' in Berkeley visit, says Jews must study Arab culture, Jewish news weekly of Northern California, November 24, 1995
  17. ^ Growing Doubts at Home Time Magazine, May 17, 1982
  18. ^ "Tufail Ahmad - Journalist and commentator on South Asian affairs". Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  19. ^ "About MEMRI". Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  20. ^ www.memri.org. "About MEMRI | The Middle East Media Research Institute". MEMRI - The Middle East Media Research Institute. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  21. ^ Richard Bonney False Prophets: The 'Clash of Civilizations' and the Global War on Terror Peter Lang 2008 Pg 308
  22. ^ "Memri.org Mission Statement". Archived from the original on June 4, 2001. Retrieved 2001-06-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b c "Middle East Media Research Institute". Right Web - Institute for Policy Studies. 9 November 2011.
  24. ^ "Intimidation By Israeli Linked". Informed Comment.
  25. ^ John Baron: Israeli Web site Debka.com at center of New York ‘dirty bomb’ tip The Jewish Journal, August 16, 2007. Accessed March 5, 2009.
  26. ^ "Officials: Israel outsources monitoring of Palestinian media after IDF lapse" Haaretz February 02, 2012
  27. ^ Greer Fay Cashman (16 April 2009). "Impacting the collective global MEMRI". The Jerusalem Post. The main topics MEMRI deals with are: Jihad and Terrorism Studies; The US and the Middle East; Reforms in the Arab and Muslim World; Inter-Arab relations; Economic Studies; The Anti-Semitism Documentation Project and the Islamist Web sites Monitoring Project. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  28. ^ Rowan Scarborough (12 September 2016). "Group exposing the drumbeat of Islamic State's propaganda machine". The Washington Times. Retrieved 26 October 2016. created its own self-titled "Reform Project" that features videos of Muslims preaching a moderate form of Islam." "'We support and amplify voices of Muslim reformists.'
  29. ^ a b Greer Fay Cashman (16 April 2009). "Impacting the collective global MEMRI". The Jerusalem Post. 'Reforms in the Muslim and Arab world constitute our flagship project,' he said. 'We are big on reforms. We have helped several reform initiatives, and in 2001 we monitored and distributed dissident voices in the aftermath of the bombing of the World Trade Centre. When these voices were small and weak, we were able to amplify them by publishing them - and we keep doing that without support from any quarter. We even helped reform Web sites to operate.' {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  30. ^ a b Jay Nordlinger (6 May 2002). "Thanks For The Memri (.Org)". The National Review. Retrieved 26 October 2016. Carmon and his team are most eager to stress that a major part of their mission is to highlight the "good guys" in the Middle East: the democrats, or near democrats; the liberals, or near liberals–anyone who evinces the slightest interest in reform.
  31. ^ Richard Greenberg (30 April 2009). "Denying the deniers". Washington Jewish Week. The translated article was the first document officially released by MEMRI's Lantos Archive on Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial"; "The formal dedication of the renamed archive was held a week ago Wednesday in the U.S. Capitol.";"The archive project brings together MEMRI and the Lantos Foundation for Human Rights and Justice";"The archive that now bears the Lantos name is the world's largest repository of translated Arabic and Farsi material on anti-Semitism from the past decade {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  32. ^ Ruth Ellen Gruber (15 August 2011). "State Dept. gives $200,000 grants to MEMRI, Centropa". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 25 October 2016. The U.S. State Department awarded $200,000 grants each to the Middle East Media Research Institute, or MEMRI, and the Central Europe Center for Research and Documentation, known as Centropa."; "MEMRI, a Washington-based group that translates and researches anti-Semitic trends in the Middle East and South Asia, was awarded the grant to document and translate anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial in the Middle East.
  33. ^ Ruth Ellen Gruber (15 August 2011). "State Dept. gives $200,000 grants to MEMRI, Centropa". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 25 October 2016. MEMRI, a Washington-based group that translates and researches anti-Semitic trends in the Middle East and South Asia, was awarded the grant to document and translate anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial in the Middle East.
  34. ^ Marieke van der Vaart (27 July 2011). "Fight against Holocaust denial 'far from over'". The Washington Times. Retrieved 20 September 2016. Mrs. Ros-Lehtinen was one of several human rights advocates who reviewed anti-Semitism in the Middle East and in Sudan at a Capitol briefing organized by the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) and the Lantos Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial Archives"; "MEMRI, which translates Middle East news reports, released a 15-minute video archive of TV programming at the briefing that showed anti-Semitic comments from television personalities, government officials, academics and clerics in the past year.
  35. ^ Ariel Ben Solomon (16 April 2015). "At MEMRI's Washington event, McCain says world seeing resurgence in anti-Semitism". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 29 August 2016. The sixth annual Lantos Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial Archives Commemoration was sponsored by Speaker of the House of Representatives John Boehner. The late Tom Lantos, born in Hungary, was a 14-term member of the House of Representatives from California and the only Holocaust survivor to serve in congress."; "MEMRI also presented its annual report on anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial in the Arab and Muslim world
  36. ^ a b Susan Jones (7 July 2008). "Israel Is 'Stealing Palestinian Children's Eyes,' Iranian TV Series Says". CNSNews.com. Retrieved 29 August 2016. Launched on July 1, 2004 the MEMRI TV Monitoring Project tracks and translates Arab and Iranian TV channels
  37. ^ Mariam Lau (23 April 2005). "A window on the Middle East". Die Welt. Retrieved 26 October 2016. Memri also has an 'Arab TV Monitoring Project.' It is accessible - for television journalists even in broadcastable quality - via www.memritv.org, and shows stunning examples of discourse in the Arabic world in the translated sound bites.
  38. ^ Anthony Kimery (10 September 2014). "Apparent New Al Qaeda-Linked Magazine Is Being Published". Homeland Security Today. Retrieved 29 August 2016. The publication was disclosed by the Middle East Media Research Institute's (MEMRI) Jihad and Terrorism Threat Monitor, which scrutinizes Islamist terrorism and violent extremism worldwide, with special focus on activity within and emanating from the Arab world, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran.
  39. ^ Neal Ungerleider (14 May 2013). "Virtual Jihad: Chechnya's Instagram Insurgency". Fast Company. Retrieved 26 October 2016. One of the only studies to date, Online Jihadis Embrace Instagram, was published in March by the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI).";"the report primarily studied Arabic-language propaganda on Instagram along with English-language captions aimed at the outside world. Although the bulk of the content in MEMRI's report came from Syria and Iraq, photographs of dead Chechen fighters were also included.
  40. ^ Amanda Vincinanzo (October 2014). "Countering Cyber Jihad: A Look inside the Middle East Media Research Institute's Cyber Jihad Lab". Homeland Security Today Magazine. One of MEMRI's most important projects, the Jihadist and Terrorism Threat Monitor (JTTM), scrutinizes the main online jihadi websites and forums 24/7. Since the project began, it has expanded to incorporate social media as well. MEMRI has reported on multiple quiet attempts over the past decade of different jihadi groups - mostly associated with Al Qaeda - conducting or attempting to conduct cyber attacks on the websites of the White House, CIA, and FBI. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  41. ^ Andrea Chang and David Paresh (20 August 2014). "Social networks crack down on terror posts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 August 2016. The images and videos get posted to social media websites and then are immediately saved on Internet Archive, a nonprofit digital library.
  42. ^ Myra Iqbal (11 June 2015). "The Islamic State Casts a Shadow in Pakistan". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  43. ^ Ariel Ben Solomon (12 December 2014). "US Tech Firms urged to help combat cyber jihad". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 31 August 2016. 'One of the missions of MEMRI's new Cyber Jihad Lab is to explore ways to challenge cyber jihad, including by working and assisting both Western government agencies and the tech community to come up with proper strategies to do this,' he said.
  44. ^ Amanda Vincinanzo (October 2014). "Countering Cyber Jihad: A Look inside the Middle East Media Research Institute's Cyber Jihad Lab". Homeland Security Today Magazine. The Cyber Jihad Lab has worked to advance legislature to hold American social media companies responsible for failing to remove accounts associated with designated terrorist organizations. MEMRI has also issued reports on American companies who host jihadi websites.The Cyber Jihad Lab also offers companies, as well as members of government agencies and the military, the ability to contact MEMRI with questions or for help translating through MEMRI's Assisting America program. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 212 (help)
  45. ^ Jed Babbin (25 August 2016). "A New Window Into Russia". The American Spectator. Retrieved 30 August 2016. "Now, our friends at MEMRI have opened another window, this time on Vladimir Putin's Russia through MEMRI's 'Russian Media Studies Project.' Like MEMRI's studies of Middle Eastern media, MEMRI-Russia provides a lot more than propaganda published at home to the Russian people. It gives considerable insight into what Russian leaders are arguing to each other and to the Russian oligarchy." ; "Which brings us to a report by MEMRI-Russia entitled "Understanding Russian Political Ideology and Vision."
  46. ^ Dan Verten (23 August 2013). "Global Growing Concern About Iran's Offensive Cyber Capabilities". Homeland Security Today. Retrieved 1 February 2017. 'We believe this is a real threat because they have institutionalized their offensive cyber efforts,' said Ayelet Savyon, director of MEMRI's Iran Studies Project, in an interview
  47. ^ "Urdu media has radicalised Muslims, feels ex-BBC scribe". The New Indian Express. 14 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. Speaking at the launch of his book 'Jihadist Threat to India', the author and director of the South Asia Studies Project, the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), US said that Islamism is a methodolgy and that Jihadism is the weaponised version of Islamism.
  48. ^ MEMRI. "9/11 Documentation Project". memri.org. MEMRI. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  49. ^ MEMRI. "About Us". memri.org. MEMRI. Retrieved 27 January 2017. Exploring the Middle East and South Asia through their media, MEMRI bridges the language gap between the West and the Middle East and South Asia, providing timely translations of Arabic, Farsi, Urdu-Pashtu, Dari, and Turkish media, as well as original analysis of political, ideological, intellectual, social, cultural, and religious trends.
  50. ^ MEMRI. "About Us". memri.org. MEMRI. Retrieved 27 January 2017. Highly trained staff thoroughly translate and analyze open-source materials that include television programming, radio, newspapers, textbooks, and websites.
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  70. ^ Australian Sheik Sharif Hussein to Obama: Oh Enemy of Allah, You Will Be Trampled upon by Pure Muslim Feet (transcript) (clip), MEMRI TV, July 3, 2013.
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Bibliography

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