Martinian (emperor): Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Roman emperor |
{{Infobox Roman emperor |
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| name = |
| name =Martinianus |
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| title=[[Roman emperor|Emperor]] of the [[Roman Empire]] |
| title=[[Roman emperor|Emperor]] of the [[Roman Empire]] |
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| image= Martinian - Follis cyzicus RIC 016.jpg |
| image= Martinian - Follis cyzicus RIC 016.jpg |
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| caption =[[Follis]] of |
| caption =[[Follis]] of Martinianus. He is shown wearing the 'radiate crown' associated with solar deities. The reverse shows the god Jupiter holding a winged victory. This is a visual example of the conservative political and religious stance of the Licinian regime. |
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| reign =July – September 18, 324 (nominally as [[Augustus (honorific)#In the divided Roman Empire|Augustus]] in the west, with [[Licinius]] as Augustus in the east) |
| reign =July – September 18, 324 (nominally as [[Augustus (honorific)#In the divided Roman Empire|Augustus]] in the west, with [[Licinius]] as Augustus in the east) |
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| predecessor =[[Constantine I]] |
| predecessor =[[Constantine I]] |
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| place of burial = |
| place of burial = |
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|}} |
|}} |
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''' |
'''Mar. Martinianus'''<ref>Some coins of Martinianus have the legend IM CS MAR MARTINIANVS P F AVS. The letters '''CS''' represent the abbreviated title C(AESA)R. '''MAR''' stands for either Marcius, Marinus or another name. '''AVS''' stands for AV(GVSTV)S.</ref>, who died in 325, was [[Roman Emperor]] from July to September 18, 324. He had been appointed co-emperor by [[Licinius]]. |
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==Elevation== |
==Elevation== |
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In 324, as the second civil war between Licinius and [[Constantine I]] was at its height, the situation for Licinius was not promising. Following his defeat at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]], he decided to replace Constantine (in name only) as western ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]''. As his replacement he named |
In 324, as the second civil war between Licinius and [[Constantine I]] was at its height, the situation for Licinius was not promising. Following his defeat at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]], he decided to replace Constantine (in name only) as western ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]''. As his replacement he named Martinianus co-emperor, as he had previously appointed [[Valerius Valens|Valens]]<ref>Grant (1993), pp. 42–43. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Valens was raised by Licinius to the position of Augustus in 316, following his defeat Licinius appeased Constantine by deposing and executing Valens.</ref> during his earlier war with Constantine. Prior to his elevation, which took place some time after the [[battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]] (July 3, 324), Martinianus was serving as ''[[magister officiorum]]'' at Licinius' court.<ref>Jones, pg. 563</ref> Licinius lacked the aid of a loyal deputy that Constantine possessed in the person of his eldest son [[Crispus]]; Licinius appointed Martinianus, though not a relative, to make up this deficiency.<ref>Lenski, p.76</ref> |
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==Military activities== |
==Military activities== |
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In the wake of his defeat at [[Adrianople]] Licinius sent |
In the wake of his defeat at [[Adrianople]] Licinius sent Martinianus, with an army including [[Visigothic]] auxiliaries,<ref>Grant (1993), p. 57</ref> to [[Lampsacus]] (on the Asiatic shore of the [[Hellespont]] or [[Dardanelles]]) to prevent Constantine from using his fleet to effect a crossing from [[Thrace]] into [[Mysia]] and [[Bithynia]] in [[Asia Minor]].<ref>Canduci, pg. 126</ref> A naval battle in the [[Battle of the Hellespont|Hellespont]] resulted in the destruction of Licinius' navy by Constantine's son Crispus.<ref>DiMaio, Michael, "Licinius (308 – 324 A.D.)"</ref> Following this defeat Licinius withdrew his forces from [[Byzantium]], which was being besieged by Constantine, to [[Chalcedon]] on the Asiatic shore of the [[Bosphoros]]. Constantine then crossed the Bosphoros to Asia Minor, using a flotilla of light transports he had built independently from his main fleet on the Hellespont, in order to evade the forces of Martinianus.<ref>Grant (1985), p. 236</ref> Licinius recalled Martinianus from Lampsacus to reinforce his main army.<ref>Grant (1993), pp. 46–47</ref><ref>Odahl, p. 180</ref> It is not clear whether Martinian's forces reached Licinius before September 18 when Licinius was defeated for the last time at the [[Battle of Chrysopolis]].<ref>DiMaio, Michael, "Martinianus (324 A.D.)"</ref><ref>Lenski, p. 76</ref> |
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==Fate== |
==Fate== |
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Due to the intervention of [[Flavia Julia Constantia]], Constantine's sister and also Licinius' wife, both Licinius and |
Due to the intervention of [[Flavia Julia Constantia]], Constantine's sister and also Licinius' wife, both Licinius and Martinianus were initially spared, Licinius being imprisoned in [[Thessalonica]], Martinianus in [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]]; however, Constantine seems to have soon regretted his leniency as both former emperors were subsequently executed. Martinianus was probably executed in the spring of 325,<ref>Grant (1993), pp. 47–48</ref> in Cappadocia.<ref>Canduci, p. 126</ref> |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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{{Roman Emperors}} |
{{Roman Emperors}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT: |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Martinianus}} |
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[[Category:325 deaths]] |
[[Category:325 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Executed Roman emperors]] |
[[Category:Executed Roman emperors]] |
Revision as of 09:23, 6 July 2017
Martinianus | |
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Emperor of the Roman Empire | |
![]() Follis of Martinianus. He is shown wearing the 'radiate crown' associated with solar deities. The reverse shows the god Jupiter holding a winged victory. This is a visual example of the conservative political and religious stance of the Licinian regime. | |
Reign | July – September 18, 324 (nominally as Augustus in the west, with Licinius as Augustus in the east) |
Predecessor | Constantine I |
Successor | Constantine I |
Died | 325 Cappadocia, Pontus |
Mar. Martinianus[1], who died in 325, was Roman Emperor from July to September 18, 324. He had been appointed co-emperor by Licinius.
Elevation
In 324, as the second civil war between Licinius and Constantine I was at its height, the situation for Licinius was not promising. Following his defeat at the Battle of Adrianople, he decided to replace Constantine (in name only) as western Augustus. As his replacement he named Martinianus co-emperor, as he had previously appointed Valens[2] during his earlier war with Constantine. Prior to his elevation, which took place some time after the Battle of Adrianople (July 3, 324), Martinianus was serving as magister officiorum at Licinius' court.[3] Licinius lacked the aid of a loyal deputy that Constantine possessed in the person of his eldest son Crispus; Licinius appointed Martinianus, though not a relative, to make up this deficiency.[4]
Military activities
In the wake of his defeat at Adrianople Licinius sent Martinianus, with an army including Visigothic auxiliaries,[5] to Lampsacus (on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont or Dardanelles) to prevent Constantine from using his fleet to effect a crossing from Thrace into Mysia and Bithynia in Asia Minor.[6] A naval battle in the Hellespont resulted in the destruction of Licinius' navy by Constantine's son Crispus.[7] Following this defeat Licinius withdrew his forces from Byzantium, which was being besieged by Constantine, to Chalcedon on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphoros. Constantine then crossed the Bosphoros to Asia Minor, using a flotilla of light transports he had built independently from his main fleet on the Hellespont, in order to evade the forces of Martinianus.[8] Licinius recalled Martinianus from Lampsacus to reinforce his main army.[9][10] It is not clear whether Martinian's forces reached Licinius before September 18 when Licinius was defeated for the last time at the Battle of Chrysopolis.[11][12]
Fate
Due to the intervention of Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine's sister and also Licinius' wife, both Licinius and Martinianus were initially spared, Licinius being imprisoned in Thessalonica, Martinianus in Cappadocia; however, Constantine seems to have soon regretted his leniency as both former emperors were subsequently executed. Martinianus was probably executed in the spring of 325,[13] in Cappadocia.[14]
Notes
- ^ Some coins of Martinianus have the legend IM CS MAR MARTINIANVS P F AVS. The letters CS represent the abbreviated title C(AESA)R. MAR stands for either Marcius, Marinus or another name. AVS stands for AV(GVSTV)S.
- ^ Grant (1993), pp. 42–43. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Valens was raised by Licinius to the position of Augustus in 316, following his defeat Licinius appeased Constantine by deposing and executing Valens.
- ^ Jones, pg. 563
- ^ Lenski, p.76
- ^ Grant (1993), p. 57
- ^ Canduci, pg. 126
- ^ DiMaio, Michael, "Licinius (308 – 324 A.D.)"
- ^ Grant (1985), p. 236
- ^ Grant (1993), pp. 46–47
- ^ Odahl, p. 180
- ^ DiMaio, Michael, "Martinianus (324 A.D.)"
- ^ Lenski, p. 76
- ^ Grant (1993), pp. 47–48
- ^ Canduci, p. 126
References
- Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8
- DiMaio, Michael, "Martinianus (324 A.D.)", DIR (1996).
- DiMaio, Michael, "Licinius (308 – 324 A.D.)", DIR (1997).
- Grant, Michael (1985), The Roman Emperors: A biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 BC-AD 476, London. ISBN 0-297-78555-9
- Grant, Michael (1993), The Emperor Constantine, London. ISBN 0-7538-0528-6
- Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395, Cambridge University Press, 1971
- Lenski, Noel E. (2011) The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, Cambridge University Press.
- Odahl, C.M., (2004) Constantine and the Christian Empire, Routledge 2004. ISBN 0-415-17485-6