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When [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Adrienne Clarkson]] was hospitalized for a [[cardiac pacemaker]] operation on July 8, 2005, Chief Justice McLachlin served as the [[Deputy of the Governor General of Canada]] and performed the duties of the Governor General as the [[Administrator of Canada]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Canada’s Chief Justice lays down the law {{!}} The Journal|url = http://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2006-01-17/features/canadas-chief-justice-lays-down-law/|website = www.queensjournal.ca|accessdate = 2015-10-13}}</ref> In her role as Administrator, she gave [[royal assent]] to the [[Civil Marriage Act]], effectively legalizing [[same-sex marriage in Canada]].<ref name=":0" /> She relinquished that task when the Governor General returned to good health in late July.
When [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Adrienne Clarkson]] was hospitalized for a [[cardiac pacemaker]] operation on July 8, 2005, Chief Justice McLachlin served as the [[Deputy of the Governor General of Canada]] and performed the duties of the Governor General as the [[Administrator of Canada]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Canada’s Chief Justice lays down the law {{!}} The Journal|url = http://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2006-01-17/features/canadas-chief-justice-lays-down-law/|website = www.queensjournal.ca|accessdate = 2015-10-13}}</ref> In her role as Administrator, she gave [[royal assent]] to the [[Civil Marriage Act]], effectively legalizing [[same-sex marriage in Canada]].<ref name=":0" /> She relinquished that task when the Governor General returned to good health in late July.


She is the Chairperson of the [[Canadian Judicial Council]], on the Board of Governors of the National Judicial Institute, and on the Advisory Council of the [[Order of Canada]]. She is a Member of the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]]. She was made a Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]] by the Government of France in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-11-24/pdf/g1-14147.pdf|format=PDF|title=Canada Gazette Part I|volume=141, No. 47|website=Gazette.gc.ca|accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-ca.org/spip.php?article1876&var_recherche=Beverley%20McLachlin|title=La France décore la Juge en chef du Canada|work=La France au Canada/France in Canada}}</ref> On December 15, 2006 she was appointed Commander of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-04-28/pdf/g1-14117.pdf|format=PDF|title= Canada Gazette Part I, |volume=141, No. 17|website=Gazette.gc.ca|accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
She is the Chairperson of the [[Canadian Judicial Council]], on the Board of Governors of the National Judicial Institute, and on the Advisory Council of the [[Order of Canada]]. She is a Member of the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]]. She was made a Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]] by the Government of France in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-11-24/pdf/g1-14147.pdf|format=PDF|title=Canada Gazette Part I|volume=141, No. 47|website=Gazette.gc.ca|accessdate=2016-02-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522213038/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-11-24/pdf/g1-14147.pdf|archivedate=May 22, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-ca.org/spip.php?article1876&var_recherche=Beverley%20McLachlin|title=La France décore la Juge en chef du Canada|work=La France au Canada/France in Canada}}</ref> On December 15, 2006 she was appointed Commander of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-04-28/pdf/g1-14117.pdf|format=PDF|title=Canada Gazette Part I,|volume=141, No. 17|website=Gazette.gc.ca|accessdate=2016-02-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522213631/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-04-28/pdf/g1-14117.pdf|archivedate=May 22, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>


McLachlin has defined her function as one that requires ''conscious objectivity'', which she describes as follows:<ref name=np23>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/conscious-objectivity-thats-how-the-chief-justice-defines-the-top-courts-role-harper-might-beg-to-differ |title=‘Conscious objectivity’: That’s how the chief justice defines the top court’s role. Harper might beg to differ &#124; National Post |website=News.nationalpost.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
McLachlin has defined her function as one that requires ''conscious objectivity'', which she describes as follows:<ref name=np23>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/conscious-objectivity-thats-how-the-chief-justice-defines-the-top-courts-role-harper-might-beg-to-differ |title=‘Conscious objectivity’: That’s how the chief justice defines the top court’s role. Harper might beg to differ &#124; National Post |website=News.nationalpost.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
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| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''June 1995''' || [[University of Toronto]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf |format=PDF |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |website=Governingcouncil.utoronto.ca |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''June 1995''' || [[University of Toronto]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf |format=PDF |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |website=Governingcouncil.utoronto.ca |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''Spring 1999''' || [[York University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|author=Current Students |url=http://secretariat.info.yorku.ca/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/ |title=Honorary Degree Recipients &#124; University Secretariat |website=Secretariat.info.yorku.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''Spring 1999''' || [[York University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |author=Current Students |url=http://secretariat.info.yorku.ca/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/ |title=Honorary Degree Recipients &#124; University Secretariat |website=Secretariat.info.yorku.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318112748/http://secretariat.info.yorku.ca/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/ |archivedate=March 18, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''2000''' || [[Law Society of Upper Canada]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca/with.aspx?id=762 |title=Honorary LLD &#124; The Law Society of Upper Canada |website=Lsuc.on.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''2000''' || [[Law Society of Upper Canada]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsuc.on.ca/with.aspx?id=762 |title=Honorary LLD &#124; The Law Society of Upper Canada |website=Lsuc.on.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
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| {{Flagu|Quebec}} || '''2003''' || [[Université de Montréal]] || Doctorate <ref>http://droit.umontreal.ca/en/faculty/graduates/honorary-doctorates/</ref>
| {{Flagu|Quebec}} || '''2003''' || [[Université de Montréal]] || Doctorate <ref>http://droit.umontreal.ca/en/faculty/graduates/honorary-doctorates/</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Flagu|Nova Scotia}} || '''2004''' || [[Dalhousie University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dal.ca/academics/convocation/ceremonies/honorary_degree_recipients/hon_degree_2000_2009.html |title=2000 ‑ 2009 Honorary Degree Recipients - Convocation - Dalhousie University |website=Dal.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
| {{Flagu|Nova Scotia}} || '''2004''' || [[Dalhousie University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dal.ca/academics/convocation/ceremonies/honorary_degree_recipients/hon_degree_2000_2009.html |title=2000 ‑ 2009 Honorary Degree Recipients - Convocation - Dalhousie University |website=Dal.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210717/http://www.dal.ca/academics/convocation/ceremonies/honorary_degree_recipients/hon_degree_2000_2009.html |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{Flagu|Northern Ireland}} || '''2004''' || [[Queen's University Belfast]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/Discover/About-Queens/Leadership-and-structure/Registrars-Office/FileStore/Filetoupload,671298,en.pdf</ref>
| {{Flagu|Northern Ireland}} || '''2004''' || [[Queen's University Belfast]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/Discover/About-Queens/Leadership-and-structure/Registrars-Office/FileStore/Filetoupload,671298,en.pdf</ref>

Revision as of 06:24, 19 July 2017

The Right Honourable
Beverley McLachlin
PC
17th Chief Justice of Canada
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 7, 2000
Nominated byJean Chrétien
Appointed byAdrienne Clarkson
Prime MinisterJean Chrétien
Paul Martin
Stephen Harper
Justin Trudeau
Governor GeneralAdrienne Clarkson
Michaelle Jean
David Johnston
Preceded byAntonio Lamer
Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
In office
March 30, 1989 – January 7, 2000
Nominated byBrian Mulroney
Appointed byJeanne Sauvé
Preceded byWilliam McIntyre
Succeeded byLouis LeBel
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia
In office
1988–1989
Appointed byJeanne Sauvé
Personal details
Born
Beverley Gietz

(1943-09-07) September 7, 1943 (age 81)
Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada
CitizenshipCanadian
Spouses
Roderick McLachlin
​
​
(m. 1967; died 1988)​
Frank McArdle
​
(m. 1992)​
ChildrenAngus McLachlin (b. 1976)
Alma materUniversity of Alberta
ProfessionJurist

Beverley McLachlin, PC (born September 7, 1943) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold this position, and the longest serving Chief Justice of Canada in history. In her role as Chief Justice, she also serves as a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada.

McLachlin announced on June 12, 2017 that she will be retiring from the bench effective December 15, 2017, nine months before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.[1]

Her successor will be appointed under a new process introduced by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2016 that permits "any Canadian lawyer or judge who fits a specified criteria" to apply.[2][3] The application process opened on July 14, 2017 and will end on September 15, 2017.[4]

Early life and family

McLachlin was born Beverley Gietz in Pincher Creek, Alberta, the eldest child of Eleanora Marian (née Kruschell) and Ernest Gietz. Her parents, who were of German descent, were "fundamentalist Christians"[5][6] of the Pentecostal Church.[7] She received a B.A. and an M.A. in philosophy and an LL.B. degree (winning the gold medal as top student and serving as Editor-in-Chief of the Alberta Law Review) from the University of Alberta. She was called to the Bar of Alberta in 1969 and to the Bar of British Columbia in 1971. She practiced law from 1969 until 1975. From 1974 to 1981, she was an Associate Professor and Professor with tenure at the University of British Columbia.

She has one son, Angus (born 1976), from her first marriage to Roderick McLachlin, who took care of much of Angus' upbringing.[7] Her first husband died of cancer in 1988, a few days after she was appointed chief justice of the B.C. Supreme Court.[7] In 1992 she married Frank McArdle, a lawyer and executive director of the Canadian Superior Courts Judges Association.[7]

Career as a judge

In 1980, she was appointed to the County Court of Vancouver and then to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. In 1985 she was appointed to the British Columbia Court of Appeal, three years later in 1988 she was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia. She was appointed by Brian Mulroney as a Puisne Justice to the Supreme Court of Canada on March 30, 1989,[7] and was made Chief Justice of Canada on January 7, 2000 by Jean Chretien.

Upon being sworn into the Supreme Court of Canada, she also became a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada together with the other justices of the Supreme Court.

When Governor General Adrienne Clarkson was hospitalized for a cardiac pacemaker operation on July 8, 2005, Chief Justice McLachlin served as the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada and performed the duties of the Governor General as the Administrator of Canada.[8] In her role as Administrator, she gave royal assent to the Civil Marriage Act, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada.[8] She relinquished that task when the Governor General returned to good health in late July.

She is the Chairperson of the Canadian Judicial Council, on the Board of Governors of the National Judicial Institute, and on the Advisory Council of the Order of Canada. She is a Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. She was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France in 2008.[9][10] On December 15, 2006 she was appointed Commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John.[11]

McLachlin has defined her function as one that requires conscious objectivity, which she describes as follows:[7]

What you have to try to do as a judge, whether you’re on charter issues or any other issue, is by an act of the imagination put yourself in the shoes of the different parties, and think about how it looks from their perspective, and really think about it, not just give it lip service... As a judge, and I’ve been a judge for a long time, I have always resolved to just try to judge the issues as honestly as I can, and not to think about things in too strategic a manner. My job is simply to listen to what the parties have to say, and to do my best to understand the position, the ramifications of deciding one way or the other, to think about what’s best for Canadian society on this particular problem that’s before us, and give it my best judgment after listening to, also, my eight other colleagues. So there’s a consensual element there.

McLachlin has stated that "I think the court belongs to the Canadian people and it should reflect the Canadian people." In the opinion of an interviewer, this is "not only to convey an impression of balance, but to bring in perspectives that were so long absent from the judicial imagination. To her, judgment is not a coldly neutral evaluation of competing positions, robotically free of passion or perspective. It is an engaged, human act of imagination."[7]

The Supreme Court, under McLachlin, ruled against the former Conservative government of Stephen Harper on several important issues, including prostitution, assisted suicide, mandatory minimum gun crime sentences, Senate reform, whether Taliban fighter Omar Khadr deserved an adult sentence, and whether Federal Court judge Marc Nadon could be elevated to the Supreme Court.[7]

McLachlin surpassed Sir William Johnstone Ritchie as the longest-serving Chief Justice of Canada in history on September 22, 2013.

Judgments

Main article: Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Chief Justice McLachlin

During her early years on the Supreme Court, she was characterized as a judge with libertarian leaning after her dissent in R. v. Keegstra, finding that the hate-speech criminal offences were unconstitutional, and her judgment in R. v. Zundel where she struck down the criminal offence of spreading false news. This was also seen to an extent in her decision of R. v. Sharpe where she upheld the child pornography criminal provisions, but limited it by excluding imaginative works that are for private use. During this, she also ruled that the laws should apply to fictional depictions, declaring that 'person' would include fictional people as well as real people:[12]

Interpreting "person" in accordance with Parliament's purpose of criminalizing possession of material that poses a reasoned risk of harm to children, it seems that it should include visual works of the imagination as well as depictions of actual people. Notwithstanding the fact that 'person' in the charging section and in s. 163.1(1)(b) refers to a flesh-and-blood person, I conclude that "person" in s. 163.1(1)(a) includes both actual and imaginary human beings.

— Supreme Court of Canada, R. v. Sharpe, Paragraph 38

Among her more controversial decisions was her ruling in R. v. Seaboyer, in which she struck down the rape shield law because it violated the right to a fair trial of those accused of sexual assault.

McLachlin has tried to forge additional consensus in the court's decisions, often writing controversial decisions herself to forge that consensus. In doing so, she is widely recognized for "still writing lots of judgments in her own clear style."[13]

The Supreme Court unanimously ruled on February 6, 2015 that the prohibition on assisted suicide was unconstitutional and overturned its own prior decision on the subject from 1993, Rodriguez v British Columbia (AG). McLachlin wrote the dissent in the 1993 case and was the only Justice from that era remaining on the court in 2015.[14]

Controversies

Nadon Incident (2014)

In July 2013, during the consultation period prior to appointment for Marc Nadon, Chief Justice McLachlin contacted justice minister Peter MacKay and the Prime Minister's Office regarding the eligibility of Marc Nadon for a Quebec seat on the Supreme Court.[15] Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that he had refused a phone call from McLachlin on the Attorney General's advice. Harper's comments were criticized by the legal community and a complaint was forwarded to the International Commission of Jurists in Switzerland.[16][17] The International Commission of Jurists concluded that Beverly McLachlin deserved an apology from Harper, but none had been given as of July 2014.[18]

McLachlin charges Canada with cultural genocide (2015)

In May 2015, McLachlin was invited to speak at the Global Centre for Pluralism, and said that Canada attempted to commit “cultural genocide” against aboriginal peoples in what she called the worst stain on Canada’s human-rights record.[19] University of Regina academic Ken Coates was quick to support McLachlin, and said that she was "only stating what is clearly in the minds of judges, lawyers and aboriginal people across the country."[20]

Others were far less sympathetic. Columnist Lysiane Gagnon called the comments "unacceptable" and "highly inflammatory" and suggested that McLachlin had opened herself up to accusations of prejudice.[21] Gordon Gibson, another columnist, said the use of the word "genocide" was incendiary and disproportionate and that the Chief Justice's comments made her sound like a legislator.[22]

Honorary Degrees and other awards

She is the Honorary Patron of the Institute of Parliamentary and Political Law. She has also been awarded the Yes She Can Award from Balmoral Hall School in 2005. She is currently the Visitor of Massey College, an interdisciplinary graduate college for students of distinguished ability at the University of Toronto.[23] She has been awarded with over 31 Honorary Degrees from various universities, which include:

Honorary Degrees
Province Date School Degree
 British Columbia 1990 University of British Columbia Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[24][25]
 Alberta 1991 University of Alberta Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[26]
 Ontario June 1995 University of Toronto Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[27]
 Ontario Spring 1999 York University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[28]
 Ontario 2000 Law Society of Upper Canada Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[29]
 British Columbia 2000 Simon Fraser University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[30]
 Alberta 2000 University of Calgary [31]
 Ontario 2000 University of Ottawa Doctor of the University (D.Univ)[32][33]
 Ontario June 8, 2000 Brock University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[34]
 British Columbia November 2000 University of Victoria Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[35]
 Alberta Spring 2001 University of Lethbridge Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[36]
 Nova Scotia 2002 Mount Saint Vincent University Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[37]
 Quebec 2003 Université de Montréal Doctorate [38]
 Nova Scotia 2004 Dalhousie University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[39]
 Northern Ireland 2004 Queen's University Belfast Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[40]
 Manitoba May 27, 2004 University of Manitoba Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[41]
 Ontario November 14, 2004 Carleton University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[42][43]
 Maine May 7, 2005 University of Maine at Fort Kent Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[44][45]
 Philippines 2006 Ateneo de Manila University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[46]
 Ontario June 18, 2010 University of Windsor Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)[47][48]
 Ontario 2010 Ryerson University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[49]
 Nova Scotia 2010 Cape Breton University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[50][51]
 Ontario 2011 Queen's University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[52]
 Quebec June 2011 Concordia University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[53]
 Ontario October 26, 2012 University of Western Ontario Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)[54]
 Ontario 2012 Lakehead University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[55]
 Scotland 2014 University of Edinburgh Doctorate[56]
 Quebec   University of Montreal Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
 Massachusetts   Bridgewater State College Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
 Quebec 2016 McGill University Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
 Alberta April 28 2017 Lethbridge College Bachelor of Applied Arts [57] [58]
Ribbon bar of The Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin


See also

References

  1. ^ MacCharles, Tonda (June 12, 2017). "Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin to retire from Supreme Court of Canada". Toronto Star.
  2. ^ Justin Trudeau (August 2, 2016). "Why Canada has a new way to choose Supreme Court judges". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  3. ^ "New process for judicial appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada" (Press release). Government of Canada. August 2, 2016.
  4. ^ "Prime Minister opens the process to select the next justice of the Supreme Court of Canada" (Press release). Government of Canada. July 14, 2017.
  5. ^ "'Justice lies at the heart of what Canada is'". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  6. ^ Philip Slayton (September 7, 1943). Mighty Judgment: How The Supreme Court Of Canada Runs Your Life. Retrieved February 17, 2016. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "'Conscious objectivity': That's how the chief justice defines the top court's role. Harper might beg to differ | National Post". News.nationalpost.com. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Canada's Chief Justice lays down the law | The Journal". www.queensjournal.ca. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  9. ^ "Canada Gazette Part I" (PDF). Gazette.gc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "La France décore la Juge en chef du Canada". La France au Canada/France in Canada.
  11. ^ "Canada Gazette Part I," (PDF). Gazette.gc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 22, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - R. v. Sharpe". Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/1150605.html. Retrieved November 1, 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
  14. ^ Macfarlane, Emmett (February 6, 2015). "On assisted suicide, the Supreme Court confronts Parliament's cowardice". Maclean's. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  15. ^ "News Release - SCC Cases (Lexum)". Scc-csc.lexum.com. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  16. ^ "Stephen Harper lashes out at top judge on Supreme Court". Toronto Star. May 2, 2014.
  17. ^ "Legal community demands Stephen Harper withdraw criticism of Beverley McLachlin". Toronto Star. May 13, 2014.
  18. ^ "International Commission of Jurists demands Stephen Harper apologize to Beverley McLachlin". CBC News. July 25, 2014.
  19. ^ Canada. "Chief Justice says Canada attempted 'cultural genocide' on aboriginals". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  20. ^ Ken Coates. "McLachlin said what many have long known". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  21. ^ Lysiane, Gagnon (June 10, 2015). "McLachlin's comments a disservice to her court, and to aboriginals". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  22. ^ Gibson, Gordon (June 10, 2015). "It is bad for democracy when nine unelected people can make law". National Post. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  23. ^ http://www.masseycollege.ca/about/governance/
  24. ^ "University of British Columbia Library - University Archives". Library.ubc.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  25. ^ "UBC Archives - Honorary Degree Citations - 1989-1991". Library.ubc.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  26. ^ "Past Honorary Degree Recipients - University of Alberta". Senate.ualberta.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  27. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Governingcouncil.utoronto.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  28. ^ Current Students. "Honorary Degree Recipients | University Secretariat". Secretariat.info.yorku.ca. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Honorary LLD | The Law Society of Upper Canada". Lsuc.on.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  30. ^ "Past Honorary Degree Recipients - Ceremonies and Events - Simon Fraser University". Sfu.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  31. ^ "University of Calgary : Honorary Degree Recipients". Ucalgary.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  32. ^ "Distinguished Canadian Leadership Award (DCLA) | Awards & Achievements | Media Room". Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "McLAUGHLIN, Beverly | Office of the President | University of Ottawa". Uottawa.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  34. ^ "BROCK UNIVERSITY HONORARY DEGREE AND AWARD RECIPIENTS" (PDF). Brocku.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  35. ^ "University of Victoria -Honorary degree recipients - University of Victoria". Uvic.ca. December 8, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  36. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Uleth.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  37. ^ "Our honorary degree recipients". Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ http://droit.umontreal.ca/en/faculty/graduates/honorary-doctorates/
  39. ^ "2000 ‑ 2009 Honorary Degree Recipients - Convocation - Dalhousie University". Dal.ca. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/Discover/About-Queens/Leadership-and-structure/Registrars-Office/FileStore/Filetoupload,671298,en.pdf
  41. ^ "University of Manitoba - University Governance - The Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin, LL.D., May 27, 2004". Umanitoba.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  42. ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded Since 1954 - Senate". Carleton.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  43. ^ "Comic | Carleton Now". Carletonnow.carleton.ca. February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  44. ^ "Chief Justice of Canada's Supreme Court to speak at UMFK commencement and receive honorary degree - University of Maine at Fort Kent". Umfk.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  45. ^ "Honorary Degree Past Recipients". Umfk.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  46. ^ "Honorary Degree | Ateneo de Manila University". Ateneo.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  47. ^ "Honorary Degree Conferred" (PDF). Uwindsor.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 28, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ "University of Windsor - Law - Breaking News - Chief Justice McLachlin to receive Honorary Degree". Web4.uwindsor.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  49. ^ "Ryerson University : Ryerson Honorary Doctorates and Fellowships". Ryerson.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  50. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients | Cape Breton University - HAPPEN". Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "The Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin | Cape Breton University - HAPPEN". Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Honorary Degrees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  53. ^ "Honorary Degree Citation - Beverley McLachlin | Concordia University Archives". Archives.concordia.ca. January 7, 2000. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  54. ^ "The University of Western Ontario : Honorary Degrees Awarded, 1881-present" (PDF). Uwo.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  55. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Lakeheadu.ca. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  56. ^ "Honorary Graduates of the University of Edinburgh". Scripts.sasg.ed.ac.uk. January 7, 2000. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  57. ^ http://www.fortmacleodgazette.com/2017/chief-justice-of-canada-to-receive-honorary-degree-from-lethbridge-college/
  58. ^ http://lethbridgeherald.com/news/lethbridge-news/2017/03/10/college-to-honour-chief-justice-mclachlin/
Order of precedence
Preceded byas Prime Minister Order of Precedence of Canada
as Chief Justice 		Succeeded byas Former Governor General
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley_McLachlin&oldid=791276339"