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System psychology is a branch of both theoretical psychology and applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience in complex systems. It is inspired by system theory and systems thinking, and based on the theoretical work of Roger Barker, Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana and others.^[1] Groups and individuals are considered as systems in homeostasis. Alternative terms here are "systemic psychology", "systems behavior", and "systems-based psychology".^{[citation needed]}

Types

In the scientific literature different kind of systems psychology have been mentioned:

Applied system psychology: In the 1970s the term applied system psychology was being used as a specialism directly related to engineering psychology and human factor.^[2]^[3]

Cognitive systems theory: Cognitive systems psychology is a part of cognitive psychology and like existential psychology, attempts to dissolve the barrier between conscious and the unconscious mind.^[4]

Concrete system psychology: Concrete system psychology is the study of human systems across the varied biological contexts and situations of everyday life.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Contract-system psychology: Contract-system psychology is about the human systems actualization through participative organizations.^[8]

Family system psychology: Family system psychology is a more general name for the subfield of family therapists. E.g. Murray Bowen, Michael E. Kerr, and Baard^[9] and researchers have begun to theorize a psychology of the family as a system.^[10]

Organismic-system psychology: Through the application of organismic-systems biology to human behavior Ludwig von Bertalanffy conceived and developed the organismic-system psychology, as the theoretical prospect needed for the gradual comprehension of the various ways human personalities may evolve and how they could evolve properly, being supported by a holistic interpretation of human behavior.^[11]

Related fields

Ergonomics

Ergonomics, also called "human factors", is the application of scientific information concerning objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). Ergonomics is commonly described as the way companies design tasks and work areas to maximize the efficiency and quality of their employees’ work. However, ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well designed.^{[citation needed]}

Equipment design is intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. The field is also called human engineering and human factors engineering. Ergonomic research is primarily performed by ergonomists who study human capabilities in relationship to their work demands. Information derived from ergonomists contributes to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and limitations of people.^{[citation needed]}

Family systems therapy

Family systems therapy, also referred to as "family therapy" and "couple and family therapy", is a branch of psychotherapy related to relationship counseling that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. It tends to view the family as a system, family relationships as an important factor in psychological health. As such, family problems have been seen to arise as an emergent property of systemic interactions, rather than to be blamed on individual members. Marriage and Family Therapists (MFTs) are the most specifically trained in this type of psychotherapy.^{[citation needed]}

Organizational psychology

Industrial and organizational psychology also known as "work psychology", "occupational psychology" or "personnel psychology" concerns the application of psychological theories, research methods, and intervention strategies to workplace issues. Industrial and organizational psychologists are interested in making organizations more productive while ensuring workers are able to lead physically and psychologically healthy lives. Relevant topics include personnel psychology, motivation and leadership, employee selection, training and development, organization development and guided change, organizational behavior, and job and family issues.^{[citation needed]}

Perceptual control theory

Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a psychological theory of animal and human behavior originated by William T. Powers. In contrast with other theories of psychology and behavior, which assume that behavior is a function of perception — that perceptual inputs determine or cause behavior — PCT postulates that an organism's behavior is a means of controlling its perceptions. In contrast with engineering control theory, the reference variable for each negative feedback control loop in a control hierarchy is set from within the system (the organism), rather than by an external agent changing the setpoint of the controller.^[12] PCT also applies to nonliving autonomic systems.^[13]

References

^ Jeanne M. Plas (1986) System psychology in the schools. p.xvi
^ Kenyon B. De Greene, Earl A. Alluisi (1970), System Psychology, McGraw-Hill. p.44
^ Ronald John Beishon, Geoff Peters (1976) Systems behaviour. p.144
^ David Parrish (2006), "Nothing I See Means Anything: Quantum Questions, Quantum Answers", p.29
^ Miller, J.G. (1971). A theoretical review of individual and group psychological reaction to stress, in Grosser G.H. The threat of impending disaster: contributions to the psychology of stress. Mit Press. ISBN 0262570270.
^ Stamps, J (1980). Holonomy: A Human System Theory. Intersystyems publications. ISBN 0914105175.
^ Tapu, C.S. (2001). Hypostatic personality: psychopathology of doing and being made. Premier. ISBN 9738030595.
^ Marcia Guttentag and Elmer L Struening (1975), Handbook of Evaluation Research. Sage. ISBN 0-8039-0429-0. page 200.
^ Michael B. Goodman (1998), Corporate Communications for Executives, SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-3761-2. Page 72.
^ Sara E. Cooper (2004), The Ties That Bind: Questioning Family Dynamics and Family Discourse, University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-2649-1. Page 13.
^ "Organsmic System Psychology". Bertalanffy Center for the Study of System Science. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Engineering control theory also makes use of feedforward, predictive control, and other functions that are not required to model the behavior of living organisms.
^ For an introduction, see the Byte articles on robotics and the article on the origins of purpose in this collection.

External links

Media related to System psychology at Wikimedia Commons
Association for Process Psychology

[1] Jeanne M. Plas (1986) System psychology in the schools. p.xvi

[2] Kenyon B. De Greene, Earl A. Alluisi (1970), System Psychology, McGraw-Hill. p.44

[3] Ronald John Beishon, Geoff Peters (1976) Systems behaviour. p.144

[4] David Parrish (2006), "Nothing I See Means Anything: Quantum Questions, Quantum Answers", p.29

[5] Miller, J.G. (1971). A theoretical review of individual and group psychological reaction to stress, in Grosser G.H. The threat of impending disaster: contributions to the psychology of stress. Mit Press. ISBN 0262570270.

[6] Stamps, J (1980). Holonomy: A Human System Theory. Intersystyems publications. ISBN 0914105175.

[7] Tapu, C.S. (2001). Hypostatic personality: psychopathology of doing and being made. Premier. ISBN 9738030595.

[8] Marcia Guttentag and Elmer L Struening (1975), Handbook of Evaluation Research. Sage. ISBN 0-8039-0429-0. page 200.

[9] Michael B. Goodman (1998), Corporate Communications for Executives, SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-3761-2. Page 72.

[10] Sara E. Cooper (2004), The Ties That Bind: Questioning Family Dynamics and Family Discourse, University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-2649-1. Page 13.

[11] "Organsmic System Psychology". Bertalanffy Center for the Study of System Science. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.

[CT_disfunctions-12] Engineering control theory also makes use of feedforward, predictive control, and other functions that are not required to model the behavior of living organisms.

[Byte-13] For an introduction, see the Byte articles on robotics and the article on the origins of purpose in this collection.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Systems psychology''' is a branch of both [[theoretical psychology]] and [[applied psychology]] that studies [[human behaviour]] and [[experience]] in [[complex system]]s. It is inspired by [[systems theory]] and [[systems thinking]], and based on the theoretical work of [[Roger Barker]], [[Gregory Bateson]], [[Humberto Maturana]] and others.<ref>Jeanne M. Plas (1986) ''Systems psychology in the schools''. p.xvi</ref> Groups and individuals are considered as [[systems]] in [[homeostasis]]. Alternative terms here are "systemic psychology", "systems behavior", and "systems-based psychology".{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
+'''System psychology''' is a branch of both [[theoretical psychology]] and [[applied psychology]] that studies [[human behaviour]] and [[experience]] in [[complex system]]s. It is inspired by [[system theory]] and [[systems thinking]], and based on the theoretical work of [[Roger Barker]], [[Gregory Bateson]], [[Humberto Maturana]] and others.<ref>Jeanne M. Plas (1986) ''System psychology in the schools''. p.xvi</ref> Groups and individuals are considered as [[systems]] in [[homeostasis]]. Alternative terms here are "systemic psychology", "systems behavior", and "systems-based psychology".{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
 == Types ==
 In the scientific literature different kind of systems psychology have been mentioned:
-;Applied systems psychology
+;Applied system psychology
-:In the 1970s the term applied systems psychology was being used as a specialism directly related to [[engineering psychology]] and [[human factor]].<ref>Kenyon B. De Greene, Earl A. Alluisi (1970), ''Systems Psychology'', McGraw-Hill. p.44</ref><ref>Ronald John Beishon, Geoff Peters (1976) ''Systems behaviour''. p.144</ref>
+:In the 1970s the term applied system psychology was being used as a specialism directly related to [[engineering psychology]] and [[human factor]].<ref>Kenyon B. De Greene, Earl A. Alluisi (1970), ''System Psychology'', McGraw-Hill. p.44</ref><ref>Ronald John Beishon, Geoff Peters (1976) ''Systems behaviour''. p.144</ref>
 ;Cognitive systems theory
 :Cognitive systems psychology is a part of [[cognitive psychology]] and like [[existential psychology]], attempts to dissolve the barrier between conscious and the unconscious mind.<ref>David Parrish (2006), "Nothing I See Means Anything: Quantum Questions, Quantum Answers", p.29</ref>
-;Concrete systems psychology
+;Concrete system psychology
-:Concrete systems psychology is the study of human systems across the varied biological contexts and situations of everyday life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=J.G.|title=A theoretical review of individual and group psychological reaction to stress, in Grosser G.H. The threat of impending disaster: contributions to the psychology of stress|year=1971|publisher=Mit Press|isbn=0262570270}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stamps|first=J|title=Holonomy: A Human Systems Theory|year=1980|publisher=Intersystyems publications|isbn=0914105175}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tapu|first=C.S.|title=Hypostatic personality: psychopathology of doing and being made|year=2001|publisher=Premier|isbn=9738030595}}</ref>
+:Concrete system psychology is the study of human systems across the varied biological contexts and situations of everyday life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=J.G.|title=A theoretical review of individual and group psychological reaction to stress, in Grosser G.H. The threat of impending disaster: contributions to the psychology of stress|year=1971|publisher=Mit Press|isbn=0262570270}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stamps|first=J|title=Holonomy: A Human System Theory|year=1980|publisher=Intersystyems publications|isbn=0914105175}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tapu|first=C.S.|title=Hypostatic personality: psychopathology of doing and being made|year=2001|publisher=Premier|isbn=9738030595}}</ref>
-;Contract-systems psychology
+;Contract-system psychology
-:Contract-systems psychology is about the human systems actualization through participative organizations.<ref>Marcia Guttentag and Elmer L Struening (1975), ''Handbook of Evaluation Research''. Sage. {{ISBN|0-8039-0429-0}}. page 200.</ref>
+:Contract-system psychology is about the human systems actualization through participative organizations.<ref>Marcia Guttentag and Elmer L Struening (1975), ''Handbook of Evaluation Research''. Sage. {{ISBN|0-8039-0429-0}}. page 200.</ref>
-;Family systems psychology
+;Family system psychology
-:Family systems psychology is a more general name for the subfield of [[family systems therapy|family therapists]]. E.g. [[Murray Bowen]], Michael E. Kerr, and Baard<ref>Michael B. Goodman (1998), ''Corporate Communications for Executives'', SUNY Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3761-2}}. Page 72.</ref> and researchers have begun to theorize a psychology of the family as a system.<ref>Sara E. Cooper (2004), ''The Ties That Bind: Questioning Family Dynamics and Family Discourse'', University Press of America. {{ISBN|0-7618-2649-1}}. Page 13.</ref>
+:Family system psychology is a more general name for the subfield of [[family systems therapy|family therapists]]. E.g. [[Murray Bowen]], Michael E. Kerr, and Baard<ref>Michael B. Goodman (1998), ''Corporate Communications for Executives'', SUNY Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3761-2}}. Page 72.</ref> and researchers have begun to theorize a psychology of the family as a system.<ref>Sara E. Cooper (2004), ''The Ties That Bind: Questioning Family Dynamics and Family Discourse'', University Press of America. {{ISBN|0-7618-2649-1}}. Page 13.</ref>
-;Organismic-systems psychology
+;Organismic-system psychology
-:Through the application of organismic-systems biology to human behavior [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] conceived and developed the organismic-systems psychology, as the theoretical prospect needed for the gradual comprehension of the various ways human personalities may evolve and how they could evolve properly, being supported by a holistic interpretation of human behavior.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_22.html | title = Organsmic Systems Psychology | accessdate = 21 March 2008 | publisher = Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081001203159/http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_22.html
+:Through the application of organismic-systems biology to human behavior [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] conceived and developed the organismic-system psychology, as the theoretical prospect needed for the gradual comprehension of the various ways human personalities may evolve and how they could evolve properly, being supported by a holistic interpretation of human behavior.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_22.html | title = Organsmic System Psychology | accessdate = 21 March 2008 | publisher = Bertalanffy Center for the Study of System Science | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081001203159/http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_22.html
 | archivedate = 1 October 2008}}</ref>
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 * [[Critical theory]]
 * [[Environmental psychology]]
-* [[Living systems theory]]
+* [[Living system theory]]
 * [[New Cybernetics]]
 * [[Neuro cybernetics]]
 * [[Process-oriented psychology]]
 * [[Social psychology]]
-* [[Sociotechnical systems theory]]
+* [[Sociotechnical system theory]]
 * [[Somatic psychology]]
 {{Col-break}}
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 == Further reading ==
 * Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), ''Organismic Psychology and System Theory'', Worcester, Clark University Press.
-* Brennan (1994), ''History and Systems Psychology'', Prentice Hall, {{ISBN|0-13-182668-9}}
+* Brennan (1994), ''History and System Psychology'', Prentice Hall, {{ISBN|0-13-182668-9}}
 * Molly Young Brown, [http://www.mollyyoungbrown.com/psychosynthesissystems_article.htm ''Psychosynthesis – A “Systems” Psychology?''],
-* Kenyon B. De Greene, Earl A. Alluisi (1970), ''Systems Psychology'', McGraw-Hill.
+* Kenyon B. De Greene, Earl A. Alluisi (1970), ''System Psychology'', McGraw-Hill.
-* W. Huitt (2003), [http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/materials/sysmdlo.html "A systems model of human behavior"], in: ''Educational Psychology Interactive'', Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.
+* W. Huitt (2003), [http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/materials/sysmdlo.html "A system model of human behavior"], in: ''Educational Psychology Interactive'', Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.
 * [http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block5/Medicus_engl_Cover.pdf Gerhard Medicus (2015). Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind. Berlin: VWB]
 * [[Jon Mills (psychologist)|Jon Mills]] (2000), [http://www.processpsychology.com/new-articles/Process-Psychology.htm "Dialectical Psychoanalysis: Toward Process Psychology"], in: ''Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought'', 23(3), 20-54.
 * Alexander Zelitchenko (2009), [http://russkiysvet.narod.ru/eng/clos-open.mht "Is 'Mind-Body-Environment' Closed or Open System?"] Preprint.
-* Linda E. Olds (1992), ''Metaphors of Interrelatedness: Toward a Systems Theory of Psychology'', SUNY Press, {{ISBN|0-7914-1011-0}}
+* Linda E. Olds (1992), ''Metaphors of Interrelatedness: Toward a System Theory of Psychology'', SUNY Press, {{ISBN|0-7914-1011-0}}
-* Jeanne M. Plas (1986), ''Systems Psychology in the Schools'', Pergamon Press {{ISBN|0-08-033144-0}}
+* Jeanne M. Plas (1986), ''System Psychology in the Schools'', Pergamon Press {{ISBN|0-08-033144-0}}
 * David E. Roy (2000),  ''Toward a Process Psychology: A Model of Integration''. Fresno, CA, Adobe Creations Press, 2000
 * David E. Roy (2005), [http://www.ctr4process.org/publications/SeminarPapers/28_3%20Process%20Psychology.pdf ''Process Psychology and the Process of Psychology Or, Developing a Psychology of Integration While Leaving Home''], Seminar paper, 2005.
-* Wolfgang Tschacher and Jean-Pierre Dauwalder (2003) (eds.), ''The Dynamical Systems Approach to Cognition: Concepts and Empirical Paradigims Based on Self-Organization, Embodiment, and Coordination Dynamics'', World Scientific. {{ISBN|981-238-610-6}}.
+* Wolfgang Tschacher and Jean-Pierre Dauwalder (2003) (eds.), ''The Dynamical System Approach to Cognition: Concepts and Empirical Paradigims Based on Self-Organization, Embodiment, and Coordination Dynamics'', World Scientific. {{ISBN|981-238-610-6}}.
 * W. T. Singleton (1989), ''The Mind at Work: Psychological Ergonomics'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-26579-7}}.
 ==External links==
-* {{Commons category inline|Systems psychology}}
+* {{Commons category inline|System psychology}}
 * [http://www.processpsychology.org/ Association for Process Psychology]
@@ Line 139: / Line 139: @@
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
-[[Category:Systems psychology| ]]
+[[Category:System psychology| ]]
 [[Category:Applied psychology]]
 [[Category:Branches of psychology]]
-[[Category:Systems science]]
+[[Category:System science]]

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