Robert F. Kennedy

"Robert Kennedy" redirects here. For other uses, see Robert Kennedy (disambiguation).

"RFK" redirects here. For other uses, see RFK (disambiguation).

Robert F. Kennedy
File:Robertkennedy.jpg
Class 1 Senator from New York
In office January 4, 1965 – June 6, 1968
Preceded by	Kenneth Keating
Succeeded by	Charles Goodell
Personal details
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Ethel Skakel Kennedy

Robert F. Kennedy
65th Attorney General of the United States
In office January 20, 1961 – September 3, 1964
Preceded by	William P. Rogers
Succeeded by	Nicholas Katzenbach

Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was one of two younger brothers of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and served as United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964. He was one of President Kennedy's most trusted advisors and worked closely with the president during the Cuban Missile Crisis. His contribution to the African-American Civil Rights Movement is sometimes considered his greatest legacy. After his brother's assassination in late 1963, Kennedy continued as Attorney General under President Johnson for nine months. He resigned in September 1964 and was elected to the United States Senate from New York that November. He was assassinated mere moments after delivering a speech celebrating his victory in the 1968 California Democratic presidential primary at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Three days later, on June 9, 1968, President Johnson declared an official day of national mourning in response to the public outpouring of grief following Kennedy's death.

Career until 1960

Robert Francis Kennedy was born on November 20, 1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts, the seventh child of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Kennedy. While growing up, he was raised amid the competitive yet loyal Kennedy family culture.

Kennedy served briefly in the Navy and underwent the officer training (V-12) at Bates College, then went on to attend Harvard. He was a three-year letterman for the football team and graduated in 1948. He then enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law and earned his degree in 1951. Following law school, Kennedy managed his brother John's successful 1952 Senate campaign.

Kennedy began his career at the end of 1951 working for the Internal Security Division of the Department of Justice, which investigates Soviet agents. In December 1952, at the behest of his father, he was appointed by Republican Senator Joe McCarthy as assistant counsel of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. He resigned in July 1953 but "retained a fondness for McCarthy." After a spell as an assistant to his father on the Hoover commission, Kennedy rejoined the Senate committee staff as chief counsel for the Democratic minority in February 1954. When the Democrats gained the majority in January 1955, he became chief counsel. Kennedy was a background figure in the televised McCarthy Hearings of 1954 into the conduct of McCarthy.

Kennedy soon made a name for himself as the chief counsel of the 1957-59 Senate Labor Rackets Committee under chairman John L. McClellan. In a dramatic scene, Kennedy squared off with Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony. Kennedy left the Rackets Committee in late 1959 in order to run his brother John's successful presidential campaign.

Attorney General

Kennedy speaking to a Civil Rights crowd in front of the Justice Department building, June 1963.

After the 1960 election, he was appointed Attorney General by President Kennedy. As Attorney General, he continued his crusade against organized crime, often at the resistance of FBI head J. Edgar Hoover. Convictions against notorious organized crime figures rose by 800% during his term. Kennedy was relentless in his pursuit of Teamster's President Jimmy Hoffa resulting from widespread knowledge of Hoffa's corruption in financial and electoral actions, both personally and organizationally.

He expressed the Administration's commitment to civil rights during a 1961 speech at the University of Georgia Law School: "We will not stand by or be aloof. We will move. I happen to believe that the 1954 Supreme Court school desegregation decision was right. But my belief does not matter. It is the law. Some of you may believe the decision was wrong. That does not matter. It is the law." Responding to allegations that Martin Luther King, Jr. was a communist whose close confidantes were insurrectionists, Kennedy as Attorney General issued written approvals to the FBI in order for the Bureau to track and eavesdrop on Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King's civil rights organization. The source of these allegations was none other than J. Edgar Hoover, who had a burning hatred for King, whom he viewed as an upstart troublemaker. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wire-tapping the Bureau, as was common under Hoover's leadership, extended the clearance to encompass whichever areas of King's life they deemed worthy of examination - without Kennedy's knowledge.

Kennedy remained committed to Civil Rights enforcement to such a degree that he commented, in 1962, that it seemed to envelop almost every area of his public and private life — from prosecuting corrupt southern electoral officials to answering late night calls from Mrs King concerning the imprisonment of her husband for demonstrations in Alabama. During his tenure as Attorney General he undertook the most energetic and persistent desegregation of the administration that Capitol Hill had ever experienced. He demanded that every area of government begin recruiting realistic levels of black and other ethnic workers, going so far as to criticise Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson for his failure to desegregate his own office staff.

In September 1962, he sent U.S. Marshals and troops to Oxford, Mississippi, to enforce a Federal court order admitting the first African American student, James Meredith, to the University of Mississippi. Riots ensued during the period of Meredith's admittance, which resulted in hundreds of injuries and two deaths. Yet Kennedy remained adamant concerning the rights of black students to enjoy the benefits of all levels of the educational system. The Office of Civil Rights also hired its first African American lawyer and began to work cautiously with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Robert Kennedy saw voting as the key to racial justice, and collaborated with Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to create the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, which helped bring an end to Jim Crow laws.

He was to maintain his commitment to racial equallity into his presidential campaign, extending his firm sense of social justice to all areas of national life and into matters of foreign and economic policy. At Ball State University Kennedy was to question the student body as to what kind of life America wished for herself; whether Americans had earned the great luxury she so enjoyed and whether Americans had an obligation to those in society and across the world who had so little by comparison.

As his brother's confidante, Kennedy oversaw the CIA's anti-Castro activities after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, and he also helped develop the strategy to blockade Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis instead of initiating a military air strike that might have led to nuclear war.

Although Kennedy's proximity to his brother was renowned, he was not always quite so involved in the decision making process as has sometimes been assumed. Indeed, Kennedy felt strongly that government departments ought to have clear separation of powers and responsibilities without the Attorney General's office having the final word on matters not pertaining to its remit. To a greater extent, it was President Kennedy who sought the advice and counsel of his younger brother, and it is to this extent that Robert Kennedy remained the President's closest political advisor.

President Kennedy once remarked on his brother that, "If I want something done and done immediately I rely on the Attorney General. He is very much the do-er in this administration, and has an organisational gift I have rarely if ever seen surpassed."

The assassination of JFK

The assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963, was a brutal shock to the world, the nation, and of course to Robert and the rest of the Kennedy family. Robert was absolutely devastated, and was described by many as being a completely different man after his brother's death.

As Kennedy was introduced prior to the showing of a memorial film dedicated to JFK at the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey thousands of delegates and others broke into thunderous applause for 22 minutes.

Kennedy remained as Attorney General for President Johnson, but the bad blood between them forced him to make new plans, running in New York for the U.S. Senate.

Senator for New York

Nine months after President John F. Kennedy's assassination, Robert Kennedy left the Cabinet to run for a seat in the United States Senate, representing New York.

President Johnson and Robert Kennedy were often at severe odds with each other, both politically and personally, yet Johnson gave considerable support to RFK's campaign, as he was later to recall in his memoir of the White House years.

His opponent in the 1964 race was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger. Kennedy emerged victorious in the November election, helped in part by Johnson's huge victory margin in New York.

In June 1966, Kennedy visited apartheid-ruled South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel Kennedy, and a small number of aides. At the University of Cape Town he delivered the Annual Day of Affirmation Speech. A quote from this address appears on his gravestone at Arlington National Cemetery. ("Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope....")

During his years as a senator, Kennedy also helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn in New York City, visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of 'War on Poverty' programs and, reversing his prior stance, called for a halt in further escalation of the Vietnam War.

As Senator, Robert endeared himself to African Americans, and other minorities such as Native Americans and immigrant groups. He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the "disaffected," the impoverished, and "the excluded," thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in a pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels. Kennedy supported busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African-Americans.

Kennedy's presidential campaign was powered by an aggressive vision on behalf of African Americans, who flocked to his banner.

The administration of President Kennedy had backed U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world, in response to Soviet-sponsored Communist aggression. Robert Kennedy vigorously supported President Kennedy's earlier efforts, but, like President Kennedy, RFK never advocated commitment of ground troops. Senator Kennedy cautioned President Johnson against commitment of U.S. ground troops as early as 1965, but Lyndon Johnson chose to commit ground troops. RFK did not strongly advocate withdrawal from Vietnam until 1967, within a week of Martin Luther King taking the same public stand. Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, Senator Kennedy placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.S. foreign policy.

Presidential candidacy

File:RobertKennedy.jpg

RFK, with security in tow.

In 1968 President Johnson began to run for reelection. In January 1968, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent President, Senator Kennedy stated he would not seek the presidency. After the Tet Offensive, in early February 1968, Kennedy received a letter from writer Pete Hamill (later acclaimed author of the novel Snow in August). Hamill wrote an anguished letter to Kennedy noting that poor people kept pictures of JFK on their walls and that Robert Kennedy had an "obligation of staying true to whatever it was that put those pictures on those walls." Kennedy traveled to California, to meet with César Chávez who was on a hunger strike. The weekend before the New Hampshire primary Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade Eugene McCarthy to withdraw from the presidential race. Johnson won an astonishingly narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968, against little-known Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota. Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16 stating, "I do not run for the Presidency merely to oppose any man but to propose new policies. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can." McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist, and thus the anti-war movement was split between McCarthy (whose base was among intellectuals, students and the upper middle class) and Kennedy (whose base was among working class Catholics and blacks). On March 31 Johnson stunned the nation by dropping out of the race. Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, long a champion of labor unions and civil rights, entered the race with the support of the party "establishment," including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, and labor unions. He entered the race too late to enter any primaries, but had the support of the president and many Democratic insiders. Robert Kennedy, like his brother before him, planned to win the nomination through popular support in the primaries.

Kennedy stood on a ticket of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social improvement. A crucial element to his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality.

Kennedy's policy objectives did not sit well with the business world, in which he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, given that the tax increases necessary to fund such programs of social improvement would be a threat to sustained economic growth. When verbally attacked at a speech he gave during his tour of the universities he was asked, "And who's going to pay for all this, senator?" to which Kennedy replied with typical candor, "You are." It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which Kennedy was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democrat ideals or initiatives. It has been widely commented that Robert Kennedy's campaign for the American presidency far outstripped, in its vision of social improvement, that of President Kennedy; Robert Kennedy's bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the President's term in office, but also an extension of these programs through what Robert Kennedy viewed as an honest questioning of the progress that had been made in the 5 years since the President's death.

On April 4 Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. and gave a heartfelt, impromptu speech in Indianapolis' inner city, in which Kennedy called for a reconciliation between the races. Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of this speech. Kennedy openly challenged young people who supported the war while benefiting from draft deferments, visited numerous small towns, and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches (often in troubled inner-cities). Kennedy made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia.The City of Indianapolis honors the speech with a monument. It depicts RFK and Martin Luther King as part of two seperate slabs of metal. They are reaching out towards each other in an atempt to bridge the gap between the two symbolizing their efforts to bridge the gap between races. A link that unified them in both life and death. The monument is located at Kennedy King Park in Indianapolis.

Tired, but still intense in the last days before his Oregon defeat, RFK speaks from the platform of a campaign train.

Kennedy won the Indiana and Nebraska Democratic primaries, but lost the Oregon primary. If he could defeat McCarthy in the California primary, the leadership of the campaign thought, he would knock McCarthy out of the race and set up a one-on-one against Hubert Humphrey ( whom he bested in the primary held on the same day as the California primary in Humphrey's birth state, South Dakota ) at the Chicago convention in August.

Assassination

Main article: Robert F. Kennedy assassination

On June 4, 1968, Kennedy scored a major victory when he won the California primary. He addressed his supporters in the early morning hours of June 5 in a ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. He left the ballroom through a service area to greet supporters working in the hotel's kitchen. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan B. Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22 caliber revolver and shot Kennedy in the head at close range (although some have questioned this account). Following the shooting, Kennedy was rushed to The Good Samaritan Hospital where he died, at the age of 42. A funeral mass was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. His brother, Senator Edward M. Kennedy eulogized him with the words, "My brother need not be idolized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life, to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it."

Robert Kennedy's Grave in Arlington National Cemetery

Senator Kennedy concluded his eulogy, paraphrasing his deceased brother Robert, by quoting George Bernard Shaw: "Some men see things as they are and say 'Why?' I dream things that never were and say, 'Why not?'"

Immediately following the Mass, Kennedy's body was transported by special train to Washington, D.C. Thousands of mourners crowded the tracks and stations.

Kennedy was buried near his brother, John, in Arlington National Cemetery. He had always maintained that he wished to be buried in Massachusetts, but his family believed that, since the brothers had been so close in life, they should be near each other in death. In accordance with his wishes, Kennedy was buried with the bare minimum military escort and ceremony.

Robert Kennedy's burial at Arlington National Cemetery was the only one to ever take place at night.

After Kennedy's assassination, the mandate of the Secret Service was altered to include protection of presidential candidates.

Personal life

See also: Kennedy family

In 1950, he married Ethel Skakel, who would eventually give birth to 11 children:

• Kathleen Hartington (b.1951)
• Joseph Patrick II (b.1952)
• Robert Francis, Jr. (b.1954)
• David Anthony (1955-1984)
• Mary Courtney (b.1956)
• Michael LeMoyne (1958-1997)

The Kennedy brothers: John, Robert, and Edward (Ted)

• Mary Kerry (b.1959)
• Christopher George (b.1963)
• Matthew Maxwell Taylor (b.1965)
• Douglas Harriman (b.1967)
• Rory Elizabeth Katherine (b.1968)

The last child, Rory, was born several months after her father's assassination.

Despite the fact that his father's most ambitious dreams centered around his older brothers, Kennedy maintained the code of personal loyalty which seemed to enfuse the life of the Kennedy family as a whole. His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close. A rather timid child, Robert was often the target of his father's dominating temperament.

Working on the campaigns of John Kennedy, Robert was more involved, passionate and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with every detail, fighting out every battle and taking workers to task. Robert had, all his life, been closer to older brother Jack than the other members of the Kennedy family.

Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegialist magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner. His professional life was dominated by the selfsame attitudes which governed his family life - a certainty that good humor and leisure must be balanced by service and accomplishment. Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians - at once both temperamental and yet forgiving. In this, Kennedy was very much his father's son; lacking truly lasting emotional independence and yet possessing a great desire to contribute. He lacked the inate self-confidence of his contemporaries and yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience which he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena.

Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was "ruthless", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, "If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him." And yet he also openly confessed to possessing a bad temper which required self-control: "My biggest problem as counsel, is to keep my temper. I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth. To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside. But you can't lose your temper - if you do, the witness has gotten the best of you"

Again in contrast to his brother, Kennedy lacked a natural flair for public speaking, and instead relied upon a passion for the issues of social justice which resonated deeply with his own fervour.

Central to Kennedy's politics and personal attitude to life, and its purpose, remained the heritage of Kennedy's Catholicism. Throughout his life, he made constant reference to his faith having informed every area of his life and having given him the strength to re-enter the political landscape following the assassination of his elder brother. Yet his was by no means an unresponsive and staid faith, but rather the faith of a Catholic Radical — perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history.

Robert Kennedy was easily the most religious of his brothers. Whereas John F. Kennedy maintained an aloof sense of his faith Robert approached his duties to mankind through the looking glass of his Catholicism. In the last years of his life, he found great solace in the metaphysical poets of ancient Greece, most especially in the writings of Aeschylus. At his announcement of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Kennedy quoted these lines from Aeschylus in a speech which was to become one of his most memorable moments:

"He who learns must suffer. And even in our sleep, pain that cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart. And in our own despair, and against our will, comes Wisdom by the awful Grace of God".

Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, but spent most of his time at his estate in Virginia, known as Hickory Hill, located just outside Washington, D.C.. His widow, Ethel, and his children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death in 1968. Ethel Kennedy now lives full time at the family's vacation home in Hyannis Port.

Honors

Justice Department building being renamed for Robert Kennedy

1998 Robert Kennedy special dollar coin

D.C. Stadium in Washington, D.C. was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969.

In 1978, the United States Congress posthumously awarded Kennedy its Gold Medal of Honor. In 1998, the United States Mint released a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse.

In Washington, D.C. on November 20, 2001, U.S President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring RFK on what would have been his 76th birthday. They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph II.

Numerous roads, public schools and other facilities across the United States were named in memory of Robert F. Kennedy in the months and years after his death. The Robert F. Kennedy Memorial organization[1] was founded in 1968, with an international award program to recognize human rights activists. In a further effort to not just remember the late Senator, but continue his work helping disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in 1969, which today helps more than 800 abused and neglected children each year. A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law, from where he obtained his law degree.

Writing

Considered an eloquent speaker generally, RFK also wrote extensively on politics and issues confronting his generation:

• The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960)
• To Seek a Newer World (1967)
• Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1969)

Quotes

"Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly." [2]

"The problem of power is how to achieve its responsible use, rather than its irresponsible and indulgent use- how to make people of power live for the public, rather than off the public."

"Few men are willing to brave the disapproval of their fellows, the censure of their colleagues, the wrath of society. Moral courage is a rarer commodity than bravery in battle or great intelligence. Yet it is the one essential, vital, quality for those who seek to change a world which yields most painfully to change."

"The sharpest criticism often goes hand in hand with the deepest idealism and love of country." Address, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 24, 1967.[3]

"How do you tell if Lyndon is lying? If he wiggles his ears, that doesn't mean he's lying. If he raises his eyebrows, that doesn't mean he's lying. But when he moves his lips, he's lying." (On President Johnson)

"Men without hope, resigned to despair and oppression, do not make revolutions. It is when expectation replaces submission, when despair is touched with the awareness of possibility, that the forces of human desire and the passion for justice are unloosed." (Berkeley, Oct-22-1966)

"There are those who look at things the way they are, and ask why... I dream of things that never were and ask why not." (RFK quoting Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw)

"Few will have the greatness to bend history; but each of us can work to change a small portion of events, and in the total of all those acts will be written the history of this generation ... It is from numberless diverse acts of courage and belief that human history is thus shaped. Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring, those ripples build a current which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance." Robert F. Kennedy, University of Cape Town, South Africa, N.U.S.A.S. "Day of Affirmation" Speech June 6th, 1966

"Like it or not we live in interesting times." Robert F. Kennedy, University of Cape Town, South Africa, N.U.S.A.S. "Day of Affirmation" Speech June 6th, 1966

"At the University of Natal in Durban, I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity. A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be, because God created Negroes to serve. "But suppose God is black", I replied. "What if we go to Heaven and we, all our lives, have treated the Negro as an inferior, and God is there, and we look up and He is not white? What then is our response?" There was no answer. Only silence." (Article for LOOK Magazine following visit to South Africa, 1966)

"Fear not the path of truth for the lack of people walking on it." June 6th, 1968 (From the last speech he gave)[4]

"Laws can embody standards; governments can enforce laws--but the final task is not a task for government. It is a task for each and every one of us. Every time we turn our heads the other way when we see the law flouted--when we tolerate what we know to be wrong--when we close our eyes and ears to the corrupt because we are too busy, or too frightened--when we fail to speak up and speak out--we strike a blow against freedom and decency and justice." June 21, 1961 (ROBERT F. KENNEDY, attorney general, remarks before the Joint Defense Appeal of the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League of the B’nai B’rith, Chicago, Illinois)

Bibliography

• Altschuler, Bruce E. "Kennedy Decides to Run: 1968." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1980) 10(3): 348-352. ISSN 0360-4918
• Brown, Stuart Gerry. The Presidency on Trial: Robert Kennedy's 1968 Campaign and Afterwards. U. Press of Hawaii, 1972. 155 pp.
• Burner, David and West, Thomas R. The Torch Is Passed: The Kennedy Brothers and American Liberalism. Atheneum, 1984. 307 pp.
• DiEugenio, James and Lisa Pease, The Assassinations (2003).
• Dooley, Brian. Robert Kennedy: The Final Years. St. Martin's, 1996. 191 pp.
• Goldfarb, Ronald. Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War against Organized Crime. Random House, 1995. 357 pp.
• Hilty, James M. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector (1997), vol. 1 to 1963. Temple U. Press., 1997. 642 pp.
• Murphy, John M. Title: "'A Time of Shame and Sorrow': Robert F. Kennedy and the American Jeremiad." Quarterly Journal of Speech 1990 76(4): 401-414. ISSN 0033-5630. RFK's speech after the death of Martin Luther King in 1968
• Navasky, Victor S. Kennedy Justice (1972). Argues the policies of RFK's Justice Department show the conservatism of justice, the limits of charisma, the inherent tendency in a legal system to support the status quo, and the counterproductive results of many of Kennedy's endeavors in the field of civil rights and crime control.
• Niven, David. The Politics of Injustice: The Kennedys, the Freedom Rides, and the Electoral Consequences of a Moral Compromise. U. of Tennessee Press 2003. 269 pp.
• Palermo, Joseph A. In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Columbia U. Press, 2001. 349 pp.
• Schlesinger Jr. Arthur M. Robert Kennedy and His Times (1978).
• Shesol, Jeff. Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade (1997).
• Thomas, Evan. Robert Kennedy: His Life (2002) 509pp
• Zimmermann, Karl R., The Remarkable GG1 (1977).
• RFK (Documentary Film from the Public Broadcasting Service, USA)
• Grubin, David, director and producer, RFK. Video. (DVD, VHS). 2hr. WGBH Educ. Found. and David Grubin Productions, 2004. Distrib. by PBS Video

External links

• Text and Audio of Robert Kennedy's Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. AmericanRhetoric.com
• Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Robert Kennedy's Address at Cape Town University AmericanRhetoric.com
• Text, Audio of Edward Kennedy's Eulogy for Robert Kennedy AmericanRhetoric.com
• American Experience: RFK -- From PBS
• American Experience: RFK People & Events -- From PBS
• IMDB entry on Robert F. Kennedy
• Edward Kennedy eulogy to Robert Kennedy (text and audio)
• Official website for the motion picture "Bobby"