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In light of numerous privacy and security concerns,<ref>{{cite news|first1=Kari|last1=Paul|accessdate=2020-04-05|title='Zoom is malware': why experts worry about the video conferencing platform|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-technology-security-coronavirus-video-conferencing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 April 2020|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-04-05|title=Is Zoom safe and can it be hacked?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/zoom-safe-hack-how-secure-encryption-a9440461.html|date=2 April 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref> in March 2020 the [[New York State Attorney General]], [[Letitia James]], launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices.<ref name="nytimes-hakim-singer">{{cite news|first1=Danny|last1=Hakim|first2=Natasha|last2=Singer|accessdate=2020-04-04|title=New York Attorney General Looks Into Zoom's Privacy Practices|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 March 2020|issn=0362-4331|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name="ft-murphy">{{cite web|accessdate=2020-04-05|title=Privacy concerns grow over Zoom videoconferencing platform|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bdedc70b-e559-489e-bfa0-445b9c882f7b|website=www.ft.com}}</ref> Following these inquiries, Zoom was banned from New York City schools by the [[New York City Department of Education]] due to security and privacy issues with the platform.<ref name="FastCo">{{cite news|first1=Ainsley |last1=Harris|accessdate=2020-04-05|title=Zoom banned from New York City schools due to privacy and security flaws|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90486586/zoom-banned-from-new-york-city-schools-due-to-privacy-and-security-flaws|newspaper=Fast Company|date=5 April 2020}}</ref>
In light of numerous privacy and security concerns,<ref>{{cite news|first1=Kari|last1=Paul|accessdate=2020-04-05|title='Zoom is malware': why experts worry about the video conferencing platform|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-technology-security-coronavirus-video-conferencing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 April 2020|issn=0261-3077|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-04-05|title=Is Zoom safe and can it be hacked?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/zoom-safe-hack-how-secure-encryption-a9440461.html|date=2 April 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref> in March 2020 the [[New York State Attorney General]], [[Letitia James]], launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices.<ref name="nytimes-hakim-singer">{{cite news|first1=Danny|last1=Hakim|first2=Natasha|last2=Singer|accessdate=2020-04-04|title=New York Attorney General Looks Into Zoom's Privacy Practices|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 March 2020|issn=0362-4331|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name="ft-murphy">{{cite web|accessdate=2020-04-05|title=Privacy concerns grow over Zoom videoconferencing platform|url=https://www.ft.com/content/bdedc70b-e559-489e-bfa0-445b9c882f7b|website=www.ft.com}}</ref> Following these inquiries, Zoom was banned from New York City schools by the [[New York City Department of Education]] due to security and privacy issues with the platform.<ref name="FastCo">{{cite news|first1=Ainsley |last1=Harris|accessdate=2020-04-05|title=Zoom banned from New York City schools due to privacy and security flaws|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90486586/zoom-banned-from-new-york-city-schools-due-to-privacy-and-security-flaws|newspaper=Fast Company|date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

Due to the various privacy and security concerns, the governments of [[Taiwan]] and [[Canada]] have banned its officials from using Zoom when conducting government business. Taiwan has also banned Zoom's use in schools.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2020-04-08|title=Taiwan joins Canada in banning Zoom for government video conferencing|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/taiwan-zoom-video-conference-1.5524384|website=CBC News|date=7 April 2020}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 06:28, 8 April 2020

Zoom Video Communications, Inc.
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: ZM (Class A)
Founded2011; 13 years ago (2011)
FounderEric Yuan
Headquarters
San Jose, California, U.S.
Key people
Eric Yuan, founder and CEO
ServicesZoom Meetings
Zoom Premium Audio
Zoom Business IM
Zoom Video Webinar
Zoom Rooms
Zoom H.323/SIP Connector
Zoom Developer Platform
Revenue4,392,960,000 United States dollar (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
245,429,000 United States dollar (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
103,711,000 United States dollar (2022) Edit this on Wikidata
Number of employees
1,958 (2019)
Websitezoom.us Edit this at Wikidata
Zoom advertisement at Denver International Airport

Zoom Video Communications is an American remote conferencing services company headquartered in San Jose, California. It provides a remote conferencing service that combines video conferencing, online meetings, chat, and mobile collaboration.[1]

Zoom's namesake software is among the most popular remote meeting solutions in many countries. It is noted for its reliability and ease of use, especially when compared to competitors.[2] Zoom has faced significant controversy due to the revelation of a number of security vulnerabilities found in its software, as well as allegations during the recent coronavirus pandemic of poor privacy and security practices.[3]

History

Zoom was founded in 2011 by Eric Yuan, a lead engineer from Cisco Systems and its collaboration business unit WebEx.[1] The service started in January 2013, and by May 2013 it claimed one million participants.[4] During the first year of its release, Zoom established partnerships with B2B collaboration software providers, such as Redbooth (then Teambox),[5] and also created a program named "Works with Zoom", which established partnerships with multiple hardware and software vendors such as Logitech, Vaddio,[6] and InFocus.[7][8][9]

By June 2014, Zoom had 10 million users.[10] In February 2015, the number of participants utilizing Zoom Video Communication's chief product, Zoom Meetings, reached 40 million individuals, with 65,000 organizations subscribed. The company had hosted a total of 1 billion meeting minutes since it was established.[11]

On February 4, 2015, Zoom Video Communications received US$30 million in Series C funding. Participants in this funding round include Emergence Capital, Horizons Ventures (Li Ka-shing), Qualcomm Ventures, Jerry Yang, and Patrick Soon-Shiong.[12] In November 2015, former president of RingCentral David Berman was named president of Zoom Video Communications, and the founder and CEO of Veeva Systems, Peter Gassner, joined Zoom's board of directors.[13]

In January 2017, Zoom had officially entered the unicorn club (US$1 billion valuation) and attracted US$100 million in Series D funding from Sequoia Capital at a billion dollar valuation.

In September 2017, Zoom hosted Zoomtopia 2017, Zoom's first annual user conference. Zoom announced a series of new products and partnerships, including Zoom's Partnership with Meta to integrate Zoom with Augmented Reality, integration with Slack and Workplace by Facebook, and first steps towards an artificial intelligence speech-to-text converter.[14]

In March 2019, Zoom filed to go public on the NASDAQ;[15] on April 18, 2019, the company went public, with shares up more than 72%, with an Initial public offering of US$36 a share.[16] The company was valued at just under US$16 billion by the end of its IPO.[16]

Use during the COVID-19 pandemic

See also: Teleconferencing in the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

In 2020, usage of Zoom rose 67% from the start of the year to mid-March as schools and companies adopted the platform for remote work in response to the coronavirus pandemic.[17] Since the pandemic intensified, thousands of educational institutions switched to online classes using Zoom.[18][19] The company offered its services to K–12 schools free of charge in many countries.[20] In one day, the Zoom app was downloaded 343,000 times with about 18% of those downloads originating in the United States.[20] Zoom gained over 2.22 million users in the first months of 2020—more users than it amassed in the entirety of 2019.[21] Consequently, by March 2020, Zoom shares increased to US$160.98 per share, a 263% increase from initial share prices when it first went public.[22]

Zoom also became a popular social platform over the course of the pandemic.[23][24] Gen Z and Millennials have connected with each other through events such as "Zoom Blind Dates", and "Zoom Recess".[23] Zoom as a company has developed into an Internet meme and students at a number of colleges and universities have spread memes about its use as "Zoom University".[25][26] Zoom has also gained popularity amongst older users and families separated by ongoing social distancing guidelines and mandates. These virtual social gatherings are often referred to as "Zoom Parties".[27]

With the rise of videoconferencing, incidents of "Zoombombing", the practice of participants unexpectedly appearing in conferences and sending pornography or other offensive material to other attendees, have occurred,[28][29][30] causing some organizations to abandon the use of Zoom.[31] To combat this, Zoom introduced a new feature which requires users to input a password as they join a meeting.[32] Additionally, they published a guide to reduce the chances of such incidents.[33]

Zoom's data security and privacy practices have also come under increased scrutiny.[34] Consequently, Zoom's CEO released a statement apologizing for the security issues.[35] Some of the issues were a result of Zoom having been designed for "large institutions with full IT support."[35] To combat these issues, Zoom has said it will focus on data privacy and issue a transparency report.[36][37]

Products

Zoom provides video conferencing for up to 100 participants, with a 40-minute time limit. Beyond this, paid subscriptions are available to allow more participants, increase the time limit, and obtain more advanced features. Zoom claims that its closed source software is compliant with FedRAMP,[38] HIPAA,[39] PIPEDA and PHIPA,[40] and the GDPR, however these claims cannot be verified by security researchers around the world as the applications are closed source.[41] Zoom has received various industry recognitions for its products.[42]

Initially, Zoom could host conferences with up to 15 video participants,[43] increased to 25 in January 2013, to 100 with version 2.5 in October 2015,[44][45] and later to 1,000 for business customers.[46] Between 2015 and mid-2016, Zoom Video Communications announced native support for Skype for Business and integration with Slack.[47][48]

In September 2015, Zoom announced integration of Zoom video conferencing with Salesforce's customer relationship management platform, allowing salespeople to initiate such conferences with their sales leads without leaving the application.[49] In April 2017, Zoom launched Telehealth, a scalable telehealth product allowing doctors to remotely visit their patients through video for consultation.[50][51] In May 2017, Zoom announced a partnership with Polycom that integrated Zoom's video meetings into Polycom's conferencing systems, enabling features such as multiple screen and device meetings, HD and wireless screen sharing, and calendar integration with Microsoft Outlook, Google Calendar, and iCal.[52]

Criticism

Privacy

Zoom has been criticized for its data hoarding practices,[53] which include its collection and storage of "the content contained in cloud recordings, and instant messages, files, whiteboards" as well as its enabling employers to monitor workers remotely;[54][55] the Electronic Frontier Foundation warned that administrators can join any call at any time "without in-the-moment consent or warning for the attendees of the call."[56] The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence banned its use,[57][58] as did SpaceX[59] and NASA.[60] During signup for a Zoom free account, Zoom requires users to permit it to identify users with their personal information on Google and also offers to permanently delete their Google contacts.

Widespread use of Zoom for online education during the novel coronavirus pandemic increased concerns regarding students' data privacy and, in particular, their personally identifiable information.[19] According to the FBI, students’ IP addresses, browsing history, academic progress, and biometric data may be at risk during the use of similar online learning services.[19] Privacy experts are also concerned that the use of Zoom by schools and universities may raise issues regarding unauthorized surveillance of students and possible violations of students’ rights under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).[61] The company claims that the video services are FERPA-compliant, and also claims that it collects and stores user data only to "provide technical and operational support".[61]

The company's iOS app was found to be sending device analytics data to Facebook on startup, regardless of whether a Facebook account was being used with the service, and without mentioning it to the user.[62] On March 27, Zoom stated that it had been "recently made aware that the Facebook SDK was collecting unnecessary device data", and that it had patched the app to remove the SDK (which was primarily used for social login support) in order to address these concerns. The company stated that the SDK was only collecting information on the user's device specifications (such as model names and operating system versions), and was not collecting personal information.[63] In April 2020, The New York Times reported that a data-mining feature on Zoom automatically sent user names and email addresses to LinkedIn via a tool meant to match user profiles, allowing some participants to surreptitiously access LinkedIn profile data about other users.[64]

In March 2020, Zoom was sued in U.S. Federal Court for illegally disclosing personal data to third parties including Facebook. According to the suit, Zoom's privacy policy does not explain to users that its app contains code that discloses information to Facebook and potentially other third parties. The company's "wholly inadequate program design and security measures have resulted, and will continue to result, in unauthorized disclosure of its users’ personal information," according to the complaint.[65] The same month, the New York State Attorney General, Letitia James launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices.[66][67]

In April 7 of 2020, Malaysia's Ministry of Education had banned all schools across the nation from using zoom remote conferencing application to carry out online lessons as it has numerous safety and privacy issues.[citation needed]

Security

Zoom claims to use TLS 1.2 with Advanced Encryption Standard 256-bit (AES-256) for the Zoom client. In details, Zoom uses TLS 1.2 with AES-256 to protect signaling, and uses AES-128 to protect audio and video streams. [68]Zoom claims to use "end-to-end encryption" in its marketing materials,[69] but later clarified it meant "from Zoom end point to Zoom end point" (meaning effectively between Zoom servers and Zoom clients), which is misleading and has been described as "dishonest".[70] Citizenlab researchers also discovered that in reality a single, server-generated AES-128 key is being shared between all participants in ECB mode, which is deprecated due to its pattern-preserving characteristics of the ciphertext. During test calls between participants in Canada and USA the key was provisioned from servers located in China.[71]

In November 2018, a security vulnerability (CVE-2018-15715) was discovered[72] that allowed a remote unauthenticated attacker to spoof UDP messages from a meeting attendee or Zoom server in order to invoke functionality in the target client. This would allow the attacker to remove attendees from meetings, spoof messages from users, or hijack shared screens. Another vulnerability allowing the client unprompted access to camera and microphone was made public on April 1st, 2020, and was fixed by the evening (CVE-2020-11470).[73]

In July 2019, security researcher Jonathan Leitschuh disclosed[74] a zero-day vulnerability allowing any website to forcibly join a macOS user to a Zoom call, with their video camera activated, without the user's permission. In addition, attempts to uninstall the Zoom client on macOS would prompt the software to re-install automatically in the background, using a hidden web server that was set up on the machine during the first installation and remained active even after attempting to remove the client. After receiving public criticism, Zoom updated their software to remove the vulnerability and the hidden webserver, allowing complete uninstallation.[75]

In Spring 2020, the increased use of Zoom during the coronavirus pandemic caused increased scrutiny of Zoom's security, including cases where Windows users' credentials could be exposed.[76][77][78] Zoom-related phishing scams also emerged, such as an increase of fake Zoom websites and links created to steal personal information.[79] "Zoombombing", when an unwanted participant joins a meeting to cause disruption, also increased, prompting a warning from the FBI.[80][81]

A report by The Intercept criticized Zoom's claim that it uses end-to-end encryption, claiming that the company uses its own definition of the term, one that lets Zoom itself breach the privacy and security of video and audio in meetings. [82]

In April 2020, Zoom admitted that some Zoom calls were being routed through Chinese servers. Zoom Video Communications offered an apology but only a partial explanation.[83] In April, the New York Attorney General has issued a number of official and explicit questions about Zoom.[84] Further, in April 2020, security researchers with The Citizen Lab issued a report that concluded that Zoom features significant security and encryption weaknesses. [85]

In light of numerous privacy and security concerns,[86][87] in March 2020 the New York State Attorney General, Letitia James, launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices.[66][67] Following these inquiries, Zoom was banned from New York City schools by the New York City Department of Education due to security and privacy issues with the platform.[88]

Due to the various privacy and security concerns, the governments of Taiwan and Canada have banned its officials from using Zoom when conducting government business. Taiwan has also banned Zoom's use in schools.[89]

See also

References

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  70. ^ Lee, Micah; Grauer, Yael (March 31, 2020). "Zoom Meetings Aren't End-to-End Encrypted, Despite Misleading Marketing". The Intercept. Retrieved March 31, 2020. Currently, it is not possible to enable E2E encryption for Zoom video meetings. (...) When we use the phrase 'End to End' in our other literature, it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  76. ^ DAN GOODIN (April 1, 2020). "Attackers can use Zoom to steal users' Windows credentials with no warning". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 2, 2020. The vulnerability was first described last week by a researcher who uses the Twitter handle @_g0dmode. He wrote: "#Zoom chat allows you to post links such as \\x.x.x.x\xyz to attempt to capture Net-NTLM hashes if clicked by other users.
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  • Official website
  • Business data for Zoom Video Communications, Inc.:
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