1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert: Difference between revisions
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Stepanakert, located in the [[Karabakh Plateau]], was the capital of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO), with an [[Armenians|Armenian]] majority, and an Azerbaijani minority. According to the [[Soviet Census (1979)|1979 Soviet census]], the city had a population of 38,980 people, mostly of Armenians, who constituted 87% of the total population, and more than four thousand Azerbaijanis.<ref>Yamskov A. N., Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh, Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union,(Oct., 1991), p. 645, "According to the estimates of T. Sarkisian, A. Vartanov, and G. Starovoitova, by early 1987 there were 133,200 Armenians in Nagomo-Karabakh (74 percent of the population) and 43,900 Azeris (24.4 percent of the population). The Azeris represented the following percentages of the population in the raions of Nagomo-Karabakh: Mardakertskii -— 14.8% (6,800), Askeranskii - 16.7% (3,000), Shushinskii - 90.1% (19,000), Martuninskii -— 22.7% (6,200), Gadrutskii -— 14.6% (2,100); Stepanakert City -— 12.8% (6,800)".}}</ref>. |
Stepanakert, located in the [[Karabakh Plateau]], was the capital of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO), with an [[Armenians|Armenian]] majority, and an Azerbaijani minority. According to the [[Soviet Census (1979)|1979 Soviet census]], the city had a population of 38,980 people, mostly of Armenians, who constituted 87% of the total population, and more than four thousand Azerbaijanis.<ref>Yamskov A. N., Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh, Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union,(Oct., 1991), p. 645, "According to the estimates of T. Sarkisian, A. Vartanov, and G. Starovoitova, by early 1987 there were 133,200 Armenians in Nagomo-Karabakh (74 percent of the population) and 43,900 Azeris (24.4 percent of the population). The Azeris represented the following percentages of the population in the raions of Nagomo-Karabakh: Mardakertskii -— 14.8% (6,800), Askeranskii - 16.7% (3,000), Shushinskii - 90.1% (19,000), Martuninskii -— 22.7% (6,200), Gadrutskii -— 14.6% (2,100); Stepanakert City -— 12.8% (6,800)".}}</ref>. |
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On March 1, Armenian refugees from [[Sumgayit]] arrived in Stepanakert, following a [[Sumgait pogrom|pogrom]].<ref name="records" /> During the Summer-autumn of 1988 the wave of mutual violence in the NKAO grows. On September 18, 1988 a clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis occured near the Azerbaijani village of [[Khojaly]] (NKAO); several Armenians received gunshot wounds, one Armenian was killed.<ref name="records" /> According to [[Thomas de Waal]], "the violence heralded disaster for the minority communities of Karabakh's two main towns, as all the Armenians were driven from Shusha and the Azerbaidjanis were expelled from Stepanakert"<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Black_Garden/0OOgBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Stepanakert++1988+violence&pg=PA69&printsec=frontcover ]</ref>. In Stepanakert Armenians burned Azerbaijani houses, while in Shusha Azerbaijanis burned Armenian houses.<ref>[https://books.google.ru/books?id=aRJJ9qs6PeQC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%AB+1988+septembe8&source=bl&ots=0fZ9YjRmKl&sig=ACfU3U0yap0bAVscHJlyMgoTPlK24UL-Iw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit2sH-4pPsAhVxBhAIHUniDZUQ6AEwCXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%AB%201988%20septembe8&f=false Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia, By Mark Malkasian, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 143-144]</ref> |
On March 1, Armenian refugees from [[Sumgayit]] arrived in Stepanakert, following a [[Sumgait pogrom|pogrom]].<ref name="records" /> During the Summer-autumn of 1988 the wave of mutual violence in the NKAO grows. On September 18, 1988 a clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis occured near the Azerbaijani village of [[Khojaly]] (NKAO); several Armenians received gunshot wounds, one Armenian was killed.<ref name="records" /> According to [[Thomas de Waal]], "the violence heralded disaster for the minority communities of Karabakh's two main towns, as all the Armenians were driven from Shusha and the Azerbaidjanis were expelled from Stepanakert"<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Black_Garden/0OOgBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Stepanakert++1988+violence&pg=PA69&printsec=frontcover Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 69]</ref>. In Stepanakert Armenians burned Azerbaijani houses, while in Shusha Azerbaijanis burned Armenian houses.<ref>[https://books.google.ru/books?id=aRJJ9qs6PeQC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%AB+1988+septembe8&source=bl&ots=0fZ9YjRmKl&sig=ACfU3U0yap0bAVscHJlyMgoTPlK24UL-Iw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit2sH-4pPsAhVxBhAIHUniDZUQ6AEwCXoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%AB%201988%20septembe8&f=false Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia, By Mark Malkasian, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 143-144]</ref> |
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Since May 1988 this was the first anti-Armenian violence in Shusha. Armenian population of Shusha were subjected to cruel tension<ref>[https://artsakhlib.am/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Abrahamyan-Hrant-1988t.-Shushii-voxbergutyuny.pdf Hrant Abrahamyan, Tragedy of Shushi in 1988, Scientific Readings of ArSU, 2016, #1, pp. 4-6]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ru/books?id=A8Z2zB-ceSsC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=armenians+expelled+from+shusha+1988&source=bl&ots=sogcf5iHwt&sig=ACfU3U2w-iKDJJqkGR020U6j4rGkDNDuZA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJyf29y5PsAhVgAxAIHdBxCdw4ChDoATAJegQICBAC#v=onepage&q=armenians%20expelled%20from%20shusha%201988&f=false Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 47]</ref>. A crowd of 600 people threatened to burn down houses of Armenians, destroyed their property<ref>[https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Media/Galleries/Shushi-Shusha-living-in-a-symbol/Albert-Kachaturyan-e-Larisa-Gazaryan Shushi/Shusha, living in a symbol, OBC Transeuropa, 2020]</ref>. |
Since May 1988 this was the first anti-Armenian violence in Shusha. Armenian population of Shusha were subjected to cruel tension<ref>[https://artsakhlib.am/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Abrahamyan-Hrant-1988t.-Shushii-voxbergutyuny.pdf Hrant Abrahamyan, Tragedy of Shushi in 1988, Scientific Readings of ArSU, 2016, #1, pp. 4-6]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ru/books?id=A8Z2zB-ceSsC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=armenians+expelled+from+shusha+1988&source=bl&ots=sogcf5iHwt&sig=ACfU3U2w-iKDJJqkGR020U6j4rGkDNDuZA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJyf29y5PsAhVgAxAIHdBxCdw4ChDoATAJegQICBAC#v=onepage&q=armenians%20expelled%20from%20shusha%201988&f=false Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 47]</ref>. A crowd of 600 people threatened to burn down houses of Armenians, destroyed their property<ref>[https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Media/Galleries/Shushi-Shusha-living-in-a-symbol/Albert-Kachaturyan-e-Larisa-Gazaryan Shushi/Shusha, living in a symbol, OBC Transeuropa, 2020]</ref>. |
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The expulsion of Azerbaijanis in [[Stepanakert]] also began on September 18, 1988.<ref name="BBC" /> The violence was accompanied by beatings and arson of houses. On September 21, the Soviet troops stationed in the city imposed a curfew to preserve the situation.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm |title=Карабах: хронология конфликт |trans-title=Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict |date=August 29, 2005 |archive-url=http://archive.is/N7Cn |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website=[[BBC Russian Service|BBC Russian]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=ru }}</ref> |
The expulsion of Azerbaijanis in [[Stepanakert]] also began on September 18, 1988.<ref name="BBC" /> The violence was accompanied by beatings and arson of houses. On September 21, the Soviet troops stationed in the city imposed a curfew to preserve the situation.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm |title=Карабах: хронология конфликт |trans-title=Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict |date=August 29, 2005 |archive-url=http://archive.is/N7Cn |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |access-date=September 17, 2020 |website=[[BBC Russian Service|BBC Russian]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=ru }}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 19:02, 1 October 2020
| 1988 Violence in Shusha and Stepanakert | |
|---|---|
| Part of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | |
 Map of Nagorno-Karabakh, with Stepanakert in the center. | |
| Location | Shusha and Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union |
| Date | September 18–20, 1988 (2 days) |
| Target | Local Armenian and Azerbaijani population |
Attack type | expulsion |
| Deaths | 1 |
| Injured | 49 |
1988 Violence in Shusha and Stepanakert, was the expulsion of the ethnic Armenians population of Shusha and the ethnic Azerbaijani population of Stepanakert, in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in the Azerbaijani SSR, Soviet Union, from September 18 to 20, 1988.[1][2][3] During the violence, 33 Armenians and 16 Azerbaijanis were wounded, more than 30 houses hed been set on fire, and a 61-year-old Armenian was killed.[4]
The events was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, carried out along the demands of the Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh to secede from Azerbaijan and unify with Armenia.
Background
Throughout modern history the city of Shusha mainly fostered a mixed Armenian–Azerbaijani population. Following the Shusha massacre in 1920, the Armenian population of the city was mostly killed or expelled, and the city reduced to a town with a dominant Azerbaijani population.[5]
Stepanakert, located in the Karabakh Plateau, was the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), with an Armenian majority, and an Azerbaijani minority. According to the 1979 Soviet census, the city had a population of 38,980 people, mostly of Armenians, who constituted 87% of the total population, and more than four thousand Azerbaijanis.[6].
On March 1, Armenian refugees from Sumgayit arrived in Stepanakert, following a pogrom.[2] During the Summer-autumn of 1988 the wave of mutual violence in the NKAO grows. On September 18, 1988 a clash between Armenians and Azerbaijanis occured near the Azerbaijani village of Khojaly (NKAO); several Armenians received gunshot wounds, one Armenian was killed.[2] According to Thomas de Waal, "the violence heralded disaster for the minority communities of Karabakh's two main towns, as all the Armenians were driven from Shusha and the Azerbaidjanis were expelled from Stepanakert"[7]. In Stepanakert Armenians burned Azerbaijani houses, while in Shusha Azerbaijanis burned Armenian houses.[8]
Since May 1988 this was the first anti-Armenian violence in Shusha. Armenian population of Shusha were subjected to cruel tension[9][10]. A crowd of 600 people threatened to burn down houses of Armenians, destroyed their property[11].
The expulsion of Azerbaijanis in Stepanakert also began on September 18, 1988.[1] The violence was accompanied by beatings and arson of houses. On September 21, the Soviet troops stationed in the city imposed a curfew to preserve the situation.[1]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c "Карабах: хронология конфликт" [Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict]. BBC Russian (in Russian). BBC. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Заключение Комитета ВС РСФСР по правам человека" [Conclusion of the Human Rights Committee of the RSFSR Supreme Council]. Karabakh Records (in Russian). April 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 10, 2019.
- ^ Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Том 1, by Uk Heo, Karl DeRouen, 2007
- ^ Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia, By Mark Malkasian, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 143-144
- ^ S. Neil MacFarlane, Oliver Thränert,, Balancing hegemony: the OSCE in the CIS, Centre for International Relations, 1997, p. 71
- ^ Yamskov A. N., Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh, Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union,(Oct., 1991), p. 645, "According to the estimates of T. Sarkisian, A. Vartanov, and G. Starovoitova, by early 1987 there were 133,200 Armenians in Nagomo-Karabakh (74 percent of the population) and 43,900 Azeris (24.4 percent of the population). The Azeris represented the following percentages of the population in the raions of Nagomo-Karabakh: Mardakertskii -— 14.8% (6,800), Askeranskii - 16.7% (3,000), Shushinskii - 90.1% (19,000), Martuninskii -— 22.7% (6,200), Gadrutskii -— 14.6% (2,100); Stepanakert City -— 12.8% (6,800)".}}
- ^ Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 69
- ^ Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia, By Mark Malkasian, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 143-144
- ^ Hrant Abrahamyan, Tragedy of Shushi in 1988, Scientific Readings of ArSU, 2016, #1, pp. 4-6
- ^ Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, By Thomas de Waal, p. 47
- ^ Shushi/Shusha, living in a symbol, OBC Transeuropa, 2020
Sources
- "Истоки конфликта". Strana I Mir (in Russian) (№ 6). München. December 1, 1988. ISSN 0178-5036.
{{cite journal}}:|issue=has extra text (help) - Chorbajian, Levon; Donabédian, Patrick; Mutafian, Claude (1994). The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1856492874.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - "Степанакерт". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 11. Yerevan: Armenian Soviet Academy of Sciences. 1985.
- Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Malkasian, Mark (1996). Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. Wayne: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2604-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Template:Cite article
- Afandizadeh, Rana Makhmudovna (1986). Архитектура Советского Азербайджана [Architecture of the Soviet Azerbaijan] (in Russian). Stroizdat.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Нагорный Карабах: разум победит [Nagorno-Karabakh: Reason Will Win] (in Russian). Baku: Azernashr. 1989. ISBN 5-552-00686-0.
- Kulieva, J., ed. (1985). "Ханкәнди". Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia (in Azerbaijani). Vol. 10. Baku: Azerbaijani Soviet Academy of Sciences. p. 49.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Kaufman, Stuart (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. ISBN 0-8014-8736-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gaffarov, Tahir, ed. (2008). "Azərbaycan tarixi". Respublikanın ictimai-siyasi həyatı (80-ci illərin II yarısı) [Socio-political life of the republic (second half of 80s)] (PDF) (in Azerbaijani). Vol. 7. Baku: Elm. ISBN 978-9952-448-48-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gasimova, Flora (September 20, 2011). "18 sentyabr: Xankəndlilərin yaddaşından silinməyən gün" [September 18: An indelible day in the memory of the people of Khankendi]. 525-ji gazet (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on September 17, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Трагедия длиною в 2 года: фотохроника событий [A tragedy lasting 2 years: Photo chronicle of events] (in Russian). Baku: Azernashr. 1990. ISBN 5-552-00717-4.
