List of antidepressants
This is a complete list of clinically approved prescription antidepressants throughout the world, as well as clinically approved prescription drugs used to augment antidepressants or mood stabilizers, by pharmacological and/or structural classification. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with brand names in parentheses. All drugs listed are approved specifically for major depressive disorder unless noted otherwise.
- Citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil)
- Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex)
- Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
- Fluvoxamine (Luvox, Faverin)
- Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat)
- Sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral)
Discontinued/withdrawn
- Indalpine (Upstene)
- Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid)
- Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
- Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
- Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
- Milnacipran (Ixel, Savella)
- Venlafaxine (Effexor)
- Vilazodone (Viibryd)
- Vortioxetine (Trintellix)
- Nefazodone (Dutonin, Nefadar, Serzone) – withdrawn/discontinued in most countries
- Trazodone (Desyrel)
Discontinued/withdrawn
- Etoperidone (Axiomin, Etonin)
- Reboxetine (Edronax)
- Teniloxazine (Lucelan, Metatone) – also a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist
- Viloxazine (Vivalan) – also a 5-HT2B receptor antagonist and 5-HT2C receptor agonist
Off-label only
- Atomoxetine (Strattera)[1][2][3][4]
- Bupropion (Wellbutrin) – also a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors[5]
Off-label only
- Amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, Dexedrine, Vyvanse) – actually norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents (NDRAs)[6][4]
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin)[7][8]
- Modafinil (Provigil) – actually a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor plus other actions[9][10][11][12]
Discontinued/withdrawn
- Amineptine (Survector, Maneon)
- Nomifensine (Merital, Alival)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
- Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
- Amitriptylinoxide (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin)
- Clomipramine (Anafranil)
- Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane)
- Dibenzepin (Noveril, Victoril)
- Dimetacrine (Istonil)
- Dosulepin (Prothiaden)
- Doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan)
- Imipramine (Tofranil)
- Lofepramine (Lomont, Gamanil)
- Melitracen (Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun)
- Nitroxazepine (Sintamil)
- Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl)
- Noxiptiline (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal)
- Opipramol (Insidon)
- Pipofezine (Azafen/Azaphen)
- Protriptyline (Vivactil)
- Trimipramine (Surmontil)
Amineptine (Survector, Maneon) and tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil) are technically TCAs but are atypical, and are grouped elsewhere.
Discontinued/withdrawn
- Butriptyline (Evadyne)
- Demexiptiline (Deparon, Tinoran)
- Fluacizine (Phtorazisin)
- Imipraminoxide (Imiprex, Elepsin)
- Iprindole (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran)
- Metapramine (Timaxel)
- Propizepine (Depressin, Vagran)
- Quinupramine (Kinupril, Kevopril)
- Tiazesim (Altinil) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant
- Tofenacin (Elamol, Tofacine) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant
Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)
- Amoxapine (Asendin)
- Maprotiline (Ludiomil)
- Mianserin (Tolvon)
- Mirtazapine (Remeron)
- Setiptiline (Tecipul)
Mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline are also sometimes described as noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs).
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Irreversible
Non-selective
- Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
- Phenelzine (Nardil)
- Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
Discontinued/withdrawn
- Benmoxin (Neuralex)
- Iproclozide (Sursum)
- Iproniazid (Marsilid)
- Mebanazine (Actomol)
- Nialamide (Niamid)
- Octamoxin (Ximaol)
- Pheniprazine (Catron)
- Phenoxypropazine (Drazine)
- Pivhydrazine (Tersavid)
- Safrazine (Safra)
Selective for MAO-B
- Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam)
Reversible
Non-selective
Discontinued/withdrawn
- Caroxazone (Surodil, Timostenil)
Selective for MAO-A
- Metralindole (Inkazan)
- Moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
- Pirlindole (Pirazidol)
These drugs are sometimes described as reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).
Discontinued/withdrawn
- Eprobemide (Befol)
- Minaprine (Brantur, Cantor)
- Toloxatone (Humoryl)
Mixed
Non-selective
- Bifemelane (Alnert, Celeport) – RIMA, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B, and weak NRI
- Amisulpride (Solian) – approved in low doses as a monotherapy for persistent depression
- Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
- Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
- Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
Others
Marketed
- Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and MT1 and MT2 receptor agonist
- Esketamine (Spravato) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist[13]
- Tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil) – weak and atypical μ-opioid receptor agonist
Off-label only
- Ketamine (Ketalar) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist[14]
Discontinued/withdrawn
- α-Methyltryptamine [αMT] (Indopan) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), and weak RIMA
- Etryptamine [α-Ethyltryptamine (αET)] (Monase) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, SNDRA, and weak RIMA
- Indeloxazine (Elen, Noin) – serotonin releasing agent (SRA), NRI, and NMDA receptor antagonist
- Medifoxamine (Clédial, Gerdaxyl) – weak serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI) and 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist
- Oxaflozane (Conflictan) – 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist
- Pivagabine (Tonerg) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action
Over-the-counter
The following antidepressants are available both with a prescription and over-the-counter:
- Ademetionine [S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)] (Heptral, Transmetil, Samyl) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis
- Hypericum perforatum [St. John's Wort (SJW)] (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – TRPC6 activator, and various other actions
- Oxitriptan [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)] (Cincofarm, Levothym, Triptum) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis
- Tryptophan (Tryptan, Optimax, Aminomine) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis
Adjunctive treatments
- Aripiprazole (Abilify) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
- Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
- Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
- Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
- Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
- Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant or mood stabilizer for major depression and bipolar depression
Off-label only
- Risperidone (Risperdal)
Off-label only
- Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)[15]
Others
Off-label only
- Buspirone (Buspar) – 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist
- Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) – mood stabilizer (mechanism of action unknown/unclear)
- Thyroxine (T4) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)
- Triiodothyronine (T3) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)
Combination products
- Amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide (Limbitrol) – TCA and benzodiazepine combination
- Amitriptyline/perphenazine (Etafron) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
- Flupentixol/melitracen (Deanxit) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
- Olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax) – SSRI and atypical antipsychotic combination – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression and treatment-resistant depression
- Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine (Parstelin, Parmodalin, Jatrosom N, Stelapar) – MAOI and typical antipsychotic combination
References
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- ^ Challman TD, Lipsky JJ (2000). "Methylphenidate: its pharmacology and uses". Mayo Clin. Proc. 75 (7): 711–21. doi:10.4065/75.7.711. PMID 10907387.
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- ^ Urban AE, Cubała WJ (February 2020). "The role of eugeroics in the treatment of affective disorders". Psychiatr Pol. 54 (1): 21–33. doi:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/90687. PMID 32447354.
- ^ Kleeblatt J, Betzler F, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S (May 2017). "Efficacy of off-label augmentation in unipolar depression: A systematic review of the evidence". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 27 (5): 423–441. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003. PMID 28318897. S2CID 3740987.
- ^ Nunez NA, Singh B, Romo-Nava F, Joseph B, Veldic M, Cuellar-Barboza A, Cabello Arreola A, Vande Voort JL, Croarkin P, Moore KM, Biernacka J, McElroy SL, Frye MA (March 2020). "Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive modafinil/armodafinil in bipolar depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Bipolar Disord. 22 (2): 109–120. doi:10.1111/bdi.12859. PMID 31643130.
- ^ Szmulewicz AG, Angriman F, Samamé C, Ferraris A, Vigo D, Strejilevich SA (June 2017). "Dopaminergic agents in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Acta Psychiatr Scand. 135 (6): 527–538. doi:10.1111/acps.12712. PMID 28256707. S2CID 3712257.
- ^ "SPRAVATO™ (esketamine) nasal spray FDA label" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
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