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Buss
The English coat of arms of the Buss family.[1] Blazon: Gules a cinquefoil pierced ermine
Pronunciation/ˈbʌs/
Origin
Word/nameOld French and others
MeaningVarious
Region of originEngland and Germany
Other names
Variant form(s)Busse, Bus, Buß, Büss, Bušs, Búss, and others

Buss is a surname of Anglo-Saxon origin, typically used by people of English or German ancestry,[1] such as biologist Leo Buss, teacher Frances Buss, and Nottingham-based sportsman Michael Field-Buss. The surname continues to be concentrated in England and Germany, as well as in the United States as a result of immigration from the two originating countries.[1][2] With a number of etymological roots and circa one thousand years of history in its present form,[3] the surname has a number of variants and cognates, most notably Busse.[2]

Etymology

Derivations and etymologies of surnames can be numerous,[4] although a common etymology is the original bearer’s occupation because, when surnames began to be adopted in England and Germany, it was typical for someone to have the same job for life and to pass down the requisite knowledge and skills to their descendants due to limited social mobility.[5] The most frequent origin of Buss is as a metonymic occupational name for a cooper,[3][6] which itself is the more popular occupational surname, Cooper. Whereas Cooper comes from Old English or Low German,[7] Buss is an apocopal form of the Old French word busse, which was brought into Middle English and means cask or barrel.[1][3] The meaning of barrel was occasionally used metaphorically for a rotund person (in reference to them being barrel-shaped), leading to Buss being used as a cognominal surname, and the meaning of barrel was also used in individual cases for someone who could drink the entire contents of a cask.[1][3][6][8][9] The Old French word busse should not be confused with the Middle Low German word büsse meaning box, gun, or rifle, which led to Busse being the metonymic occupational name for box makers and gunsmiths,[10] and which led to the names of the blunderbuss, arquebus, and Brown Bess guns, through the Dutch word for gun, buis.[11][12]

Initially, other than occupational names, surnames were often local toponymic names derived from a place name where a person held land, from where they had come, or from where they actually lived.[4] Local surnames were originally preceded by surname prepositions such as von, de, atte, by or in,[13] such as the unrelated French surnames Debus and De Bussy, both of which are habitational names from several places France, rather than altered spellings of Buss(e).[14][15] Some nobility, such as the Silesian von Busse [de] family, chose to keep these prepositions to set themselves apart from others with the Buss name. The Middle Ages were a time when most people were illiterate and a location’s address was often just a descriptive phrase that made use of a convenient landmark, such as a bush.[4][13] Buss is also a local surname that comes from the Old French word bus, meaning bush or wood, and was also used for people living or working near or in a prominent bush or wood, both of which are the more popular surnames, Bush and Wood.[2][9][13][16] The thick local dialects of the medieval period would have contributed to the change from Bush to Buss(e),[9] and may be how the wooded hill called Buss in Tübingen, Germany,[17] and the 32-resident forest-encircled hamlet called Buss in Trentino, Italy, got their names.[18]

Name researchers, known as anthroponomasticians, have speculated that because Buss was used in Middle English for a Dutch or Flemish type of ship, a Herring buss (Haringbuis in Dutch), the surname may have been an occupational surname for sailors of these ships,[3][6][13] in much the same way that Buss Island, a phantom island, was named after the type of ship that the alleged discoverers used.[19] Similarly, the surname variant Buse has this same etymology.[20]

Etymologies of surnames also include derivations from personal names and nicknames.[4] For example, it was reported in Patronymica Britannica in 1860 that Buss was a common nickname for men named Barnabas, and the patronymic surname may in some cases be derived from that.[2][8] Buss is also a patronymic surname that derives from a hypocoristic form for Old High German and Old Saxon names beginning with Burg (meaning castle), such as Burghard, Burghart, and Burghardt,[21][22] as well as personal names derived from these such as Burkhard and Burkhart.[6][23] It is also a nickname for men with the forename or surname Buster, although the surname Buster is of unrelated etymology.[24] Further, the Buss surname may also be derived from the Flemish forename Bus,[2] which is also the nickname Bus.

Forename adoption

Surnames in some instances have been derived from forenames and, in much the same way, names that were traditionally surnames are occasionally used as forenames.[25] This interchangeability between forenames and surnames arises because the use of a mononym was usual practice until mononymity slowly declined in England and Germany in the Middle Ages.[4] An example of a surname being used as a forename is the medieval English surname Gladwin, meaning good friend (derived from Old English glæd + wine),[26][27] which was used as a forename by Gladwin Kotelawala and Gladwin Hill, and became the forename Gladwyn.

However rarely, Buss has been used as a unisex forename on occasion,[28] with an estimated 253 people globally, including c. 130 people in the United States, using it as a forename.[29][30] For all of recorded history, Buss has never ranked in the top 100 masculine or feminine forenames in England and Wales,[31] and nor has it ranked in the top 1000 masculine or feminine forenames in the United States.[32] The Buss forename is similar to the male nickname Buzz, and the two have even been used interchangeably, as with Buss Warren. Examples of Buss as a nickname include Albert "Buss" Hicks, cofounder of the Iota Phi Theta fraternity,[33] and Thomas Knyvett’s daughter, Elizabeth, who was affectionately known as Buss.[34] As a given name, male and female examples respectively include Buss Courtney, a fictional character in Pistols 'n' Petticoats,[35] and Buss Laird, a mother who ran from an escaped bear at Elysian Grove Pleasure Park.[36]

Variants and cognates

Anglo-Saxon names typically have multiple variants, and even one person's name would have been spelt differently throughout their lifetime because the English language lacked a comprehensive system of spelling rules (known as orthography) for most of its history due to widespread illiteracy, with standardised spelling only beginning in the 19th century.[1][4][37] For example, Johann Bussemacher signed his name as "Jans. Busse", "Jo Buss", and other names throughout his life.[38] This interchangeability between Buss and Busse, which are pronounced the same in English, and the cognate relationship between the two, with common etymology from Old French,[1][3][9][39] leads to Busse being the most common variant of Buss.[2]

Derivations and variants from the cooper occupational name include Bus (pronounced /ˈbʌs/ ),[1][39][40] Búss (pronounced /ˈbs/ ), and Buse (pronounced multiple ways, including /ˈbjz/ , /ˈbz/ , and /ˈbzɛ/ ),[1][9][39][41] although these names also have other unrelated etymologies. The surname variant Buse is a homonym for a Turkish feminine forename meaning kiss,[42] just as Buss is a homonym for the English noun and verb buss, meaning kiss.[43] Derivations and variants from the bush local name include Bussmann (pronounced /ˈbʌs.mən/ ),[44] Busst (pronounced /ˈbst/ ),[45] Busson (pronounced /ˈbusən/ ),[46] Bussche (pronounced /ˈbʊʃə/ ),[47] Bysshe (pronounced /ˈbɪʃ/ ),[48] Bušs, Buș, Bush,[49] Bushe,[50] and Busch,[51] with the latter five pronounced /ˈbʊʃ/ because some languages using Latin script use orthographic transcription for all foreign names; for example, George Walker Bush is written Džordžs Volkers Bušs in Latvian and Corc Uoker Buş in Azerbaijani. Further, Bussing is a North German patronymic surname from Buss,[52] and the Norse female variant of the male name Buss was Bussa.[8] The Bussa surname today is usually of unrelated origin,[53] as are other homeophones and homeographs[2][37] such as Busa,[54] Busso,[55] Bussow,[56] Bussi,[57] Bussie,[58] Bussy, Bussey,[14] Bussard,[59] Bussink, Bussell,[60] Bussert,[61] Bussler,[62] Büsser,[63] Bussher,[64] Bussiki, Bussotti, Bussetti,[65] Bussaglia,[66] Bussière,[67] Bussières,[68] Bussenius, Bussian, Bauss,[69] Beus,[70] Beusse, Buhse, Booz,[71] Booze,[72] Bess,[73] Biss,[74] and Bass.[75]

Variants can arise from the fluidity of spelling across differing geographies and countries. For example, the Polish village Busewo is known as Buß is German.[76] For the surname, Germans more typically replace the double S with an Eszett (ß) to become Buß, as used by Franz Josef Ritter von Buß of Baden, for example, and this might change the pronunciation for some with the name. For example, the use of ß distinguishes the German words Buße (pronounced /ˈbsə/ , meaning penance) and Busse (pronounced /ˈbʊsə/ , meaning busses), as there is a long vowel before ß and a short vowel before ss.[77] To show that his surname used the long vowel, Franz Xaver Buß [de] also spelled his surname as Buhs when using the standard Latin alphabet, which has the same pronunciation as the surname of Johann Christoff Büss, and the Danish variant of the name, Buus, pronounced /ˈbs/ .[3][6] Variants of the Danish surname Buus include Bus[78] and Boss,[79] although these names also have other unrelated etymologies.

Heraldry

The German coat of arms of the Buss family.[13][39]
ShieldParty per fess, in chief argent a cross hummetty gules, the base per pale, in dexter base gules an eagle dimidiated and displayed sable, and in sinister base or an eagle displayed sable

Armoured men were unrecognisable in medieval battle so, from the 12th century, knights emblazoned their personal coats of arms onto their over-armour tunics, known as a surcoats, and by the 13th century heritable heraldry had developed[80]: 1–18 [81][82] alongside the development of hereditary surnames.[13] Coats of arms were primarily for and by men, with little or no involvement of women in heraldry because knights were exclusively male at the time,[83] but the reasons behind the designs of most historic coats of arms are now unknown, and the Buss coats of arms could have been influenced by women. Chevaliers would wear their lady’s colours to represent homage or fealty to her, considering themselves her vassal,[84] and chivalrous men may have similarly included allusions to their inamorata in their personal coats of arms, as this period was the height of Domnei, gynolatric courtly love,[note 1] and chivalric romance, in which knights errant would endeavour to prove their ardour and commitment, and express their unrequited but unconditional love, lifelong infatuation, and limerent adoration, by nobly subjecting themselves to self-sacrificing quests, tests, and ordeals; acting in their lady’s name; and obediently performing whatever deeds were desired by the woman that they respectfully and loyally idolised, worshipped, or considered their muse or goddess,[85] without any aspiration for carnal contact or consummation.[86][87] Although the Buss name has existed since no later than the adoption of coats of arms and of courtly love, having been used since the 11th century,[3][6][13] it is not known when individuals or families with the Buss name began using coats of arms. The most used coats of arms for Buss families are those for the English and the German branches of the family, although variant names such as Bus and Busse have their own coats of arms.[81][88]

Notably, Johannes Rietstap produced the Armorial Général, a voluminous source for European heraldic research that contains blazons of the coats of arms of more than 130,000 families, including many for the Bus surname.[81] The meaning or symbolism of some heraldic charges is unknown, such as for the cinquefoil on the pictured undifferenced English escutcheon, and on the similar arms of the town of Leicester.[80]: 267  The heraldic eagle, while rare in British heraldry, is common on German coats of arms,[89]: 92  and is used in both full and dimidiated form on the pictured German coat of arms, which is provided as from Rietstap's Armorial General in Halbert's Registry of Busses, a scam genealogical book, but is disputed by a Buss family genealogist and descendent of Robert William Buss.[90] The dimidiation shows that the German coat of arms was created by marshalling two or more coats of arms.

In one instance, a coat of arms for a Buss family was granted in Lincoln, with the blazon of a silver field charged with three black bars, and a crest of a sea wolf.[9] Other coats of arms are known to depict a buss ship;[90] however, that does not signify that the bearer had any association with such ships as it may be an example of canting arms, whereby coats of arms feature heraldic charges which represent the bearer's name or profession in a visual pun.[89]: 15–16  For example, the common heraldic charges of laurel wreaths, branches, or leaves[note 2][80]: 265–266 [91] might be used on the personal coat of arms of a knight named Lauren, which was an uncommon male name until the 20th century[92] and which derives from the Latin name for the laurel tree.[93][94] Such use is a double pun because laurel branches also appear on the coat of arms for Cooper,[80]: 265–266  an occupational surname for the same profession as for Buss.[3][6]

Geographical distribution

Whilst Buss is an Anglo-Saxon surname, it is unknown whether the first Buss surnames in England and Germany had the same origin, given the multitude of etymologies, but it is known that German surnames developed in the medieval period from impermanent bynames.[95] The German surname Buss was first found in Baden, in the South West of Germany, where the family came from humble beginnings but increased their social standing over multiple generations.[39] Since no later than the 19th century, the Buss surname in Germany has been concentrated in the North West.[96][97][98] Germany hosts c. 850,000 surnames[95] and Buss is the 1617th highest ranked,[97] below Busse, which is ranked 412th;[99] and below Buß, which is ranked 1353th.[21] When Buss and Buß are considered as one, the surname is ranked 684th most popular in Germany.[96]

Originally, the English surname was first found in Norfolk, England, where a Buss family held a family seat.[1] The byname appears in the Domesday Book of 1086, where a Siward Buss, John Buss, and Richard Buss are recorded at Brasted in Kent, in the South East of England, showing that the name has existed in this form since the late 11th century, at the latest.[3][6][13] This long history is notable because surnames were only introduced into England after the Norman conquest of 1066, and it took until 1400 for most English families to adopt the use of hereditary surnames.[4] Other early records of the name in use, in all its variations, include Richard Walter Busse, who was listed in the Pipe Rolls of Norfolk in 1195;[100] Matilda Bus, who was documented in County Oxford in 1273;[16] and Willelmus de Busse and Adam Busse, who were listed in the Yorkshire Poll Tax of 1379.[16][101] The Buss family name in England was historically concentrated in the South East and, in 1891, there were 311 Buss families living in Kent, 192 in Sussex, 171 in London, 66 in Surrey, and 53 in Essex, comprising in total over 75% of all Buss families living in the UK at the time.[3] To this day, the Buss surname in the UK remains concentrated in the South East of England.[37][102]

Records show that, as the world's third most populous country,[103] the United States now hosts the highest number of people with the Buss surname in the world, after thousands of English families travelled to the New World in the 17th and 18th centuries in search of a better life.[1][2] Early examples of such settlers include William Buss, who arrived in New England in 1640, and John Buss, who arrived in New Hampshire in 1678.[1][104] Whilst some surnames are at risk of extinction, the high number of people with the surname in the United States relative to the rest of the world is also attributable to the high growth rate, growing 670% between 1880 and 2014, compared to just 183% in England and 200% in Ireland for approximately the same period.[2] The difference in growth rates between the Buss populations in the United States and Britain is also observable in literature, with the Buss name being increasingly referred to,[105] but having a c. 5 times faster growth rate in the United States than Britain between 1880 and 2014, according to Google Ngram Viewer.[106][107] Buss is now the 3,865th most popular surname in the United States with 9,177 people using the surname according to the 2010 census, 95.65% of whom identify as being of the white race.[108] The popularity of the surname is reduced because of the large number of variants it has, as they are all recorded separately. For example, for the Busse variant name, 2,369 American descendants of just Friedrich and Johanna Busse, who emigrated from Germany in 1848, attended a then-record breaking family reunion in 1998 in Mount Prospect, Illinois, the village in which they are the most prominent family and have had roads, schools, woods, and parks named after them due to their disproportionate involvement in the community.[109][110]

Statistics for global surname popularity are not readily and precisely available as no global record-keeping system exists for surnames, but it is estimated that Buss is the 19,350th most common surname in the world, with c. 28,390 people using it.[2] The surname is searched for on Google in 186 out of 241 geographic regions,[111] and is used in at least 84 countries, including Brazil, in which c. 20% of bearers of the surname reside.[2] Although the United States hosts the most people with the Buss surname, the highest density of people with the Buss surname is in Latvia, with one Buss in every 4,076 Latvian people.[2] The relatively high proportion of people using the Buss surname in Latvia is not because of migration from Britain and Germany, but because Bušs is the local transcription of the far more popular surname Bush.

Distribution maps

Heat maps are pictured below to show the distribution of the Buss surname in selected geographies, where dark red indicates a relatively high occurrence, which transitions to light yellow for progressively lower occurrence. Grey is used where there is no known occurrence of the name in that geography.

Historical occupations

In Canada in 1921, 44% men with the Buss surname were farmers, 35% were labourers, and 5% were clerks.[3] Buss women are now closely associated with teaching due to the achievements of Frances Buss in Britain, who was the first person ever to use the title Headmistress[114][115] and, in 1921, 67% of Canadian women with the Buss surname were teachers, and the remaining 34% were farmers.[3] In the present day, Canadians bearing the Buss name earn 3.94% more than the national average.[2]

Persistently, every decade from 1841 to 1911, people with the Buss surname in England were highly likely to work as labourers, farmers, servants, and other working class jobs, although from 1851 to 1891, the most common profession was that of a scholar, and for the decade beginning in 1911 it was that of a school teacher.[37] By 1939, 10% of men with the Buss surname were general labourers, 8% were farmworkers, 7% were gardeners, and 6% were bricklayers.[3] Women, by contrast, typically did not work at this time as rising household wealth led to women leaving the labour force, with 79% supporting unpaid domestic duties and a further 4% being housewives.[3]

Similarly, in the United States in 1940, 27% of men were farmers, 15% were labourers, 4% were salesmen, and 4% were truck drivers.[3] Of women, 12% were housewives, 11% were housekeepers, 7% were stenographers, and 6% were maids.[3] Because people bearing the Buss name typically performed manual labour, their life expectancy of 36 was much lower than that of the general population, which was 42.[3] This gap increased after the United States entered World War II, with life expectancies of 26 and 42 respectively.[3] In the present day, Americans bearing the Buss name have a life expectancy higher than average due to a higher social status that leads them to earn 3.76% more than the national average.[2][3]

Bearers of the Buss surname

Notable individuals

  • Leo Buss, (born 1953), Yale University professor in evolutionary developmental biology
  • Arnold H. Buss (1924–2021), psychology professor at University of Texas at Austin
  • Uwe Buß (born 1967), German theologian and author of young adult novels
  • Robert William Buss, (1804–1875) artist, illustrator, and father of teacher Frances Buss
  • Emily Buss, American lawyer and professor at the University of Chicago Law School
  • Nick Buss (born 1986), American baseball outfielder in Major League Baseball


Notable families

Gerald “Jerry” Hatten Buss (1933–2013), son of Lydus Buss, was the patriarch of the most notable modern family with the Buss surname. He was a doctor of physical chemistry, a real estate magnate, and a sports executive who owned the Los Angeles Lakers at the time of his death.[116] It was worth $1 billion at that time,[117] so his 66% ownership[118] gave him a net worth of c. $600 million. He left an equal 11% of the sports team to each of his children:[118]

  • Johnny Buss (born 1956), LA Lakers Executive Vice President of Corporate Development
  • Jim Buss (born 1959), former LA Lakers Head of Basketball Operations
  • Jeanie Buss (born 1961), LA Lakers President
  • Janie Buss (born 1963), LA Lakers Director of Charitable Services
  • Joey Buss (born 1985), LA D-Fenders (an LA Lakers subsidiary) President and Chief Executive
  • Jesse Buss (born 1988), LA Lakers Assistant General Manager and Director of Scouting


List of Busses

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

  • Isabella Buss, actress in the Visible Poetry Project and The Mole

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

  • Uldis Bušs, Latvian ice hockey linesman who played in the world championships in 2018, 2020, and 2022
  • Uwe Buß [de] (born 1967), German Protestant theologian and author of young adult novels

V

W

Unknown


Fictional characters

See also

Further reading

The following is a list of genealogical books, articles, and reports for families with the Buss surname:[126]

Buss, Daniel (14 April 1888). Genealogy of the Buss family and their descendants. Keene, New Hampshire. Retrieved 20 March 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Available here.

Cutter, Daniel B (1881). History of the town of Jaffrey, New Hampshire, from the date of the Masonian charter to the present time, 1749-1880. Concord, New Hampshire: Republican Press Association. p. 243-245. Retrieved 20 March 2022. Available here.

Stock, Jon (2009). Our Wisconsin ancestors: the German immigrants of the 1880's: Genealogy of the Buss, Dunst, Graewin, Mueller, Stoeck, and Wille families. Baraboo, Wisconsin: JonsGen Publishing. p. 43-51. Retrieved 20 March 2022. Available here.

Giese, Ronald L (2000). The Johann Christian David Wolfgram family: with notes on the family groups of Buss, Goebel, Klug, Knarr, Sylwester, Vossberg, and Frank Wolfgram. Middleton, Wisconsin. Retrieved 20 March 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Available here.

Buss, Walter R; Osborne, James H (1998). Some descendants of Richard and Sarah Wood Buss of Kent, England. Lawndale, California: Ogden Family History Center. Retrieved 20 March 2022. Available here.

Jones, Marjorie Stith. The Family of Eilt & Janna Buss Hinrichs. Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin: FamilySearch International. Retrieved 20 March 2022.

Baum, Deborah L (2001). The Buss family history: Gerd Berens Hinrichs Buss of Ostfriesland, his ancestors and descendants, 1687-2001. Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing.

Buss, William Claude (1994). Johannes Jacob Buss, 1703-1785. San Bernardino, California: William Claude Buss.

Buss, Richard Henry (2007). Ancestors and descendants of Reuben H. Buss of Northampton County, Pennsylvania: a family history. Annapolis, Maryland: Richard Henry Buss.

Kidder, Mary R (1957). Buss family. Sherman, New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Buss Jr., Robert E (1986). The Buss Family, 1800-1986. Sparta, New Jersey.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Knight, Wayne B (2005). A genealogy of Richard Knight: 1683 of Connecticut and/or Rhode Island, and some of his descendants to the year 2003, including some records of the Burrington, Buss, Christiansen, Cornish, Miles, Ring and Segur family lines. Arroyo Grande, California: Wayne B Knight.

Gordon, Robert H (1950). The Gordon-Buss-Julius families of Minnesota and Illinois (Report). Retrieved 20 March 2022. Available here.

Mills, Rena Snodgrass (1978). Hinrich H. (Henry) Buss descendants, 1805-1978 (Report). Retrieved 20 March 2022. Available here.

The family of James Buss (Report). Retrieved 20 March 2022. Available here.

Notes

  1. ^ Amour courtois (courtly love) was known in the medieval period as fin'amor (fine love) and amour honestus (honest love), and began with the courtier class, whereby courtly lovers acknowledged that they were unworthy of the woman they loved, accepted her romantic independence, and took pleasure in simply knowing of her existence, only aspiring to make themselves worthy of loving her.[85][127] An example of this affectionate devotion is that of Dante, who met Beatrice, believed to be Beatrice Portinari, in c. 1264 when he fell in love at first sight at just 9 years old without even talking to her, and met her only once again on the streets of Florence when he was 18 years old, but spent his life enamoured by her even after her death aged 25, writing 31 poems about her; coining the Dolce Stil Novo form of divine love; and depicting Beatrice as divine,[128] such as writing “Ecce Deus fortior me, qui veniens dominabitur michi” in La Vita Nuova, meaning "Behold, a deity stronger than I; who coming, shall rule over me".[129] Similarly, in 1327, Petrarch resigned his vocation as a priest after becoming lovestruck at the sight of Laura, believed to be Laura de Noves, when he was 22 years old, despite them having little or no personal contact, and he spent the next three years in Avignon singing of his agapeic love and exalting her virtues, and the rest of his life writing 366 reverential poems and love letters to Laura, even after her death aged 38, which were not to persuade or court her, but simply to exclaim what he termed his “pure love” in the Letter to Posterity.[130] Because pure courtly love was romantic but asexual, the lady could be a princesse lointaine, a woman who is geographically separated from the man that worships her, with legends of men falling in love with women whom they had never seen, merely on hearing their perfection described, such as the example of Jaufré Rudel, whose vida speaks of his amor de lonh (“love from afar”) for a woman believed to be Hodierna of Tripoli, for whom he wrote songs professing his love before ever meeting or seeing her.[127][131][132]
  2. ^ Wikimedia Commons hosts examples of heraldic laurels, including wreaths, branches, and leaves.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Buss History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms (English)". houseofnames.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Buss Surname Definition". forebears.io. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Buss Family History". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "What's In a Name? Your Link to the Past". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Social mobility in the Middle Ages". historyextra.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Hanks, Patrick, ed. (2003). Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-19-508137-4. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Cooper". etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  8. ^ a b c "Patronymica Britannica". archive.org. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Surname Database: Buss". surnamedb.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  10. ^ "Busse Family History". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  11. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Blunderbuss" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  12. ^ Friedrich Kluge, Elmar Seebold (Hrsg.): Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 23. Aufl., de Gruyter: Berlin/New York 1999, pp. 52.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Buss Coat of Arms". 4crests.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Bussey Family History". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  15. ^
  16. ^ a b c "A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames (1901)". archive.org. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Buß". geonames.org. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  18. ^ "Buss". geonames.org. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  19. ^ "Danish Arctic expeditions, 1605 to 1620 (1897)". archive.org. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  20. ^ "Buse Family History". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  21. ^ a b "Digital Dictionary of Surnames in Germany: Buß". namenforschung.net. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  22. ^ Smith, Elsdon Coles, ed. (1956). Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Harper & Row.
  23. ^ "Meaning and Origin of: Buss". familyeducation.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  24. ^ "Buster History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms". houseofnames.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  25. ^ "Parents choosing surnames for baby's first name". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Last name: Gladwin". surnamedb.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  27. ^ "Gladwin History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms". houseofnames.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  28. ^ "Buss Forename". forebears.io. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
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