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"Ship wars" redirects here. Not to be confused with Naval warfare or Shipping Wars.

Beginning in the mid-2010s, an online political debate arose regarding the acceptability and ethical implications of shipping fanfiction that portrays taboo or abusive relationships. The debate was particularly centered around the fandom community on Tumblr and Archive of Our Own (AO3) platforms.

"Shipping" — the depiction of a romantic or sexual relationship between fictional characters — has long been a fanfiction staple. However, the AO3 repository (and to a lesser extent Tumblr) elected not to censor disturbing or taboo dynamics within fan works, including incest, abuse, rape, and pedophilia. This underlying environment allowed a dispute over a particular "ship" (imagined relationship) to divide fandom society into "anti-ship" and "pro-ship" camps.

Both anti- and pro-shippers share similar demographics. Like the broader fanfiction community, a large proportion are LGBT. However, anti-shippers are generally younger, with the majority in their early-to-mid teens during the 2010s. The anti- and pro-ship factions disagree over the extent to which fictional works depicting taboo content can affect real-world behavior and attitudes. Anti-shippers (abbreviated "antis") generally believe fictional portrayals normalize harmful dynamics and behaviors and threaten children. In particular, anti-shippers consider fanfiction depicting sexualized underage characters child pornography. Pro-shippers oppose antis on a variety of stances, but typically exhibit a generalized opposition to censorship and reject a causal connection between fictional abuse and real-life action.

Academic coverage generally rejects the anti position on fictional works, analyzing the movement as a moral panic, harassment campaign, or "faux-activism". Criticism of anti-shipping has focused on the equation of fictional content with real-world sexual abuse, online harassment of pro-shippers, and the spread of moralistic or pathologizing attitudes towards kink and sexuality. The pro-shipper backlash has also faced criticism, primarily for inaccurately tarring unrelated fanwork critiques with the "anti-shipping" label.

Background

Main article: Shipping (fandom)
The front cover of Old Friends and New Fances, 1914
Old Friends and New Fancies (1914), an early example of shipping in fanfiction

The term shipping, derived from "relationshipping", initially emerged in the mid-1990s within the X-Files fandom to refer to the fan practice of supporting a hypothetical romantic relationship between the main protagonists, Fox Mulder and Dana Scully.[1][2] Supporters of romance between the two characters titled themselves "shippers", seeing it as the inevitable resolution of the show's unresolved sexual tension. They were opposed within the fandom by "No-Romancers" who viewed the two characters' relationship as platonic friendship.[3] Shippers often turned to fanfiction to depict romantic and sexual interactions between the characters, leading to contemporary fanfiction websites aligned with either camp.

The term later broadened to include supporters of any fan pairing of fictional characters.[1][4] Such dynamics paralleled far older romantic pairings depicted in slash fanfiction, a term first originating in the early 1970s Star Trek fandom.[5][6] Even earlier examples of romantic fanfiction retroactively described as shipping include the 1914 novel Old Friends and New Fancies.[1]

Many shippers become strongly emotionally invested in their preferred relationships, even when no such romantic relationship is portrayed in canon.[7] Because of this, conflict can emerge in a fandom between proponents of different ships. This is exacerbated when there are multiple plausible partners for a particular character, such as within love triangles.[1] By the early 2000s, anti-fans opposed to certain ships came to be known as "anti-shippers".[8]

Internet fandom and AO3

Stories (or, less often, pieces of fanart or comics) containing depictions of violence, torture, abuse, pedophilia, incest, rape, suicide or suicidal ideation, self-harm, homophobia, racism, and other content deemed problematic by the advertisers, exist on the platform alongside child-friendly stories about the characters baking cupcakes cheerfully.

Agnieszka Urbańczyk, Finding a Dead Dove in the Refrigerator[9]

The emergence of Internet fan communities during the 1990s allowed for the proliferation of taboo fanfiction in an anonymous environment. Traditionally, erotica, homoerotic romance, and depictions of torture (most notably in "hurt-comfort" works) were carefully distributed only within small cliques interested in the work. Large fan-work host websites, such as DeviantArt and FanFiction.Net, allowed the free spread of work without traditional gatekeeping or the risk of connection to their creators' offline identity. However, the large websites still forced fan works to adhere to terms of service that allowed the fansites to remain profitable to advertisers. Fanfiction which portrayed graphic violence or explicit sexuality was subject to frequent censorship and removal, which fans called "purges".[10]

Some purged fanworks depicted abuse, torture, gore, rape, incest, necrophilia, pedophilia or bestiality. Such taboo works usually have no specific basis in the source material, which is often originally marketed towards children and young adults.[11]

The front page of the website Archive of Our Own, as seen on 2021-10-11
Front page of Archive of Our Own, 2021

When LiveJournal, the largest fan content host in the 2000s, was acquired by the Russian online media corporation SUP in 2007,[12][9] the site underwent a mass-scale removal of content considered explicit under Russian media laws, including many LGBT works. The "destruction of LiveJournal communities" led to the creation of the Organization for Transformative Works and the Archive of Our Own (AO3), a nonprofit and advertisement-free hosting site for fanfiction.[9] The gradual migration of much of the fanfiction community to AO3 allowed for the sharing of taboo works without censorship. A3O implements a tagging system to allow authors to mark works containing triggering or upsetting content, although a work's tags can often double as advertisement.[13]

The microblogging service Tumblr also serves as a center for fan works, although explicit content was stymied by a ban on "not safe for work" material in 2018.[9] Tumblr's unique system of post dissemination and tagging both allows for the productive discussion[citation needed] of social justice issues and intense conflict between different online fan communities. Tumblr discourse trends towards separate camps around specific viewpoints and identities, creating highly combative "contact zones" where rival factions debate issues.[14][15]

Viewpoints

Although "anti-shipper" can refer to anyone opposed to a specific pairing of characters, the term anti generally refers to opponents of fictional sexual content considered harmful. The question of whether "fiction affects reality" is a central point of dispute between antis and the opposing camp of pro-shippers: antis generally believe that taboo or abusive sexual content within fiction directly influences the views and actions of those who consume it. Pro-shippers disagree with antis for a broad spectrum of reasons, ranging from a complete rejection of fictional media's influence on behavior to a defense of harmful sexual dynamics when properly depicted as abusive.[16][17]

Antis have been described as "hybrids that exhibit traits of fans, anti-fans and anti-shippers."[18] Although specific viewpoints vary significantly within the community, they are generally share a number of core beliefs. Antis oppose depictions of rape and sexual abuse, describing it as harmful to sexual abuse survivors.[19][20] Antis consider the opposed content harmful to minors and abuse victims, especially depictions of rape, incest, and pedophilia. Many antis criticize other tropes, such as power imbalances (including age gaps) in relationships and perceived fetishization of homosexual relationships.[8][21] Antis also argue that sexual content involving underage fictional characters is child pornography, and that the dissemination of such works function as a grooming tactic to normalize sexual relations between adults and children.[19][20]

Inverted from anti-shipper,[a] pro-shippers (also known as anti-antis)[b] form a broad opposition to antis, believing that the "consumption of [fiction depicting harmful content] does not correlate to real-life endorsement or behaviour of said actions".[26] Some pro-shippers believe that fictional works can affect societal attitudes towards sexuality when portrayed irresponsibly, but align with the general movement's support of artistic free-expression and the continuation of adult content within fan spaces. Because most antis were teenagers, many pro-shippers consider the anti movement an attack on sexual content in general and an attempt to displace traditionally adult-dominated fan spaces.[how?][27]

Both antis and pro-shippers are largely LGBT, reflecting the fanfiction community as a whole—a 2013 survey revealed that only 38% of AO3 users were heterosexual, with more nonbinary users than men. The two groups are demographically similar in terms of racial, gender, and sexual identities, and report similar rates of neurodiversity and survivorship of sexual abuse. However, antis are generally younger than pro-shippers, with the largest contingent in their early-to-mid teens.[8][28]

Analysis

Although antis generally claim to be motivated by a desire to protect minors and abuse victims rather than by opposition to shipping itself, academic scholarship generally analyzes the movement as a "ship war gone too far".[29] Tensions over pairings between various characters within the television series Voltron: Legendary Defender led to a large scale expansion of shipping discourse in fandom spaces. Opponents of the romantic pairing of the characters Keith and Shiro (although both characters were adults within the source material, Shiro was several years older than Keith) characterized that relationship as pedophilic in nature.[21]

Absolutely no remorse wishing death on proshippers. None. If you like ugly, horrific shit then I hope ugly, horrific shit comes your way. Namely a slow painful death in which you are forced to beg for mercy but it doesn't come for days, weeks even.

anonymous Tumblr post, c. 2022[30]

The actions of antis have been compared to censorship campaigns against LGBT works, as well as regulatory codes such as the Hays Code and Comics Code.[31][32][33] Antis have been variously characterized by critics as a cult,[34] harassment campaign,[35] moral panic,[36] or as an unintentional outgrowth of religious conservatism.[31] Anti tactics have been described as appeals to emotionally-charged buzzwords; pathologization of sexual deviance, especially kink; and reputational attacks: accusations of homophobia, pedophilia, or abuse to draw support from uninformed outsiders.[24][37] The movement has been linked to the convergence of call-out culture and "faux activism" within online communities such as Tumblr.[24] The strong emphasis on protecting minors within the anti movement has described as stemming from broader moral attitudes towards protecting children and adolescents from inappropriate sexuality and maintaining childhood innocence.[38] The anti movement may reflect a broader Generation-Z discomfort with sexual material.[24]

There's no meaningful difference to me between a right winger who calls me a pedo because I'm trans and an antishipper that calls me a pedo because I read Homestuck.

a former Tumblr user, interviewed for Vox.[24]

While many antis disavow more radical actions, the movement has been criticized for online harassment. Some antis spam gore, violent pornography, and pedophilic imagery to pro-shippers, AO3 volunteer staff, and content tags associated with taboo fan-works. The "baffling" tactic of intentional dissemination of imagery opposed by the movement has been described as a means to attack pro-shippers: "The goal of such actions seems to be marginalization of people who create it or enjoy it."[32] Some antis publically describe pro-shippers as advocates of pedophilia or sexual abuse, causing them to be "viewed as monstrous beings who deliberately sexually harm children".[30] Antis have also been criticized for sending death threats to pro-shippers.[39] In 2020, Hannibal screenwriter Bryan Fuller was faced with criticism and death threats from antis after expressing support for pro-shippers.[40]

Pro-shippers have been critiqued for minimizing valid critiques of fan works by labeling any critics of their works as antis. Anti-racist critiques of fanfiction are sometimes described as anti-ship by white fans, leading to a environment where "[conversations] collapse all manner of critique under the label of anti."[41]

Notes

  1. ^ Sometimes said to be abbreviated from "problematic shipper",[22] although other sources describe this as a misconception.[23][24]
  2. ^ Some sources distinguish "anti-antis" as a separate position or movement from pro-shippers,[25] while other sources treat the two as synonyms.[19]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d van Monsjou & Mar 2019, p. 432.
  2. ^ Scodari & Felder 2000, p. 240.
  3. ^ Scodari & Felder 2000, p. 249.
  4. ^ Scodari & Felder 2000, pp. 246–247.
  5. ^ Scodari & Felder 2000, pp. 243–244.
  6. ^ Jenkins 1992, pp. 192–193.
  7. ^ van Monsjou & Mar 2019, p. 445.
  8. ^ a b c Aburime 2022, p. 138.
  9. ^ a b c d Urbańczyk 2022, p. 411.
  10. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, pp. 409–410.
  11. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, pp. 411–414.
  12. ^ "Russia Growls at LiveJournal Deal". Wired. 8 November 2006. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  13. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, pp. 411–412.
  14. ^ Burkhardt, Trott & Monaghan 2021, pp. 6–7.
  15. ^ Morimoto, Lori (2020). "A Roundtable Discussion about the Cultures of Fandom on Tumblr". In McCracken, Allison; Cho, Alexander; Stein, Louisa; Hoch, Indira Neill (eds.). a tumblr book: platform and cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 176. doi:10.3998/mpub.11537055. ISBN 9780472901296. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.11537055. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  16. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, pp. 414–416.
  17. ^ Aburime 2022, pp. 136–138.
  18. ^ Aburime 2022, p. 136.
  19. ^ a b c Fazekas 2022, p. 106.
  20. ^ a b Aburime 2022, p. 141.
  21. ^ a b Urbańczyk 2022, p. 414.
  22. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, p. 405.
  23. ^ Aburime 2022, pp. 144–145.
  24. ^ a b c d e Romano, Aja (24 May 2023) [23 May 2023]. "Puritanism took over online fandom — and then came for the rest of the internet". Vox. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  25. ^ Aburime 2022, p. 140.
  26. ^ Aburime 2022, pp. 139–140.
  27. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, pp. 415–417.
  28. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, p. 412.
  29. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, p. 413.
  30. ^ a b Aburime 2022, p. 143.
  31. ^ a b Fazekas 2022, pp. 140–141.
  32. ^ a b Urbańczyk 2022, p. 415.
  33. ^ Aburime 2022, pp. 140–141.
  34. ^ Aburime, Samantha (14 September 2021). "The cult structure of the American anti". Transformative Works and Cultures. 36. doi:10.3983/twc.2021.2147. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  35. ^ Urbańczyk 2022, pp. 404–405.
  36. ^ Fazekas 2022, pp. 107–108.
  37. ^ Aburime 2022, pp. 107–108.
  38. ^ Fazekas 2022, pp. 108–109.
  39. ^ Aburime 2022, pp. 141–143.
  40. ^ Aburime 2022, p. 136. Citing Mason, Jessica (13 October 2020). "Hannibal's Bryan Fuller Is Done With Your Anti-Ship BS". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  41. ^ Fazekas 2022, pp. 110–111.

Bibliography

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