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Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907

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Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907
Wreckage of Gol 1907 in Amazon jungle
Occurrence
DateSeptember 29 2006
Summarymid-air collision[1]
Site10°29′S 53°15′W / 10.483°S 53.250°W / -10.483; -53.250, 200 km (120 miles) east of Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Aircraft typeBoeing 737-800 SFP
OperatorGol Transportes Aéreos
RegistrationPR-GTD
Passengers148
Crew6
Fatalities154
Survivors0

Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 was a Boeing 737-800 SFP, registration PR-GTD, on a scheduled passenger flight from Manaus, Brazil to Rio de Janeiro, with a planned stop in Brasília on September 29, 2006. While flying over the Amazon in the Brazilian center-western state of Mato Grosso, it collided with an Embraer Legacy business jet and crashed in an area of dense rainforest vegetation, 200 kilometers (120 miles) east of the municipality of Peixoto de Azevedo. All 154 passengers and crew aboard the Boeing were killed, while the slightly damaged Embraer was able to land safely with its seven occupants uninjured. This became the worst accident in Brazilian aviation history, surpassing Vasp Flight 168, which crashed in 1982 with 137 fatalities near Fortaleza.[2]

Boeing aircraft and crew

The Gol Boeing 737-800 aircraft, a new Short Field Performance variant,[3][4] had been delivered to Gol on September 12, 2006 and had only logged 234 hours of operation prior to the accident flight.[5][6]

There were 148 passengers (144 Brazilians and one passenger from each of France, Germany, Portugal and the United States) and 6 crew members on board the Boeing.[7][8][9] The crew consisted of Captain Decio Chaves Jr., 44, First Officer Thiago Jordão Cruso, 29, as well as 4 flight attendants. The captain had 14,900 flight hours (3,900 of them on a 737 Next Generation [737-NG] series aircraft), and was also a flight instructor for Gol. The first officer had 3,850 flight hours.[10][11] The accident was the first that resulted in the hull loss of a 737-800 (and the 737-NG series as a whole), as well as the first that involved passenger or crew fatalities for that aircraft type.[12] This was the second fatal accident involving a 737-NG.[13]

Embraer aircraft and crew

The damaged Embraer Legacy business jet, ExcelAire N600XL, at Brigadeiro Velloso Air Force Base, Pará
The undamaged side of the Legacy jet, for comparison.

The newly built Embraer Legacy 600 business jet, serial number 14500965 and registration N600XL,[14][15] owned and operated by ExcelAire Service Inc., a Ronkonkoma, New York-based company, was on a delivery flight to the U.S. via a planned enroute stop in Manaus.[16] It departed from São José dos Campos Regional Airport (SJK), near São Paulo, and was on its way to Manaus when it collided with Gol Flight 1907 in mid air. The flight crew consisted of Captain Joseph Lepore, 42, and First Officer Jan Paul Paladino, 34, both U.S. citizens.[17][18][19] The Italian-born[20] Captain Lepore had been a commercial pilot for more than 20 years, and had logged more than 8,000 flight hours. First Officer Paladino had been a commercial pilot for a decade, and had accumulated more than 6,400 flight hours. Both pilots were legally qualified to fly the Embraer Legacy as captain.[21]

The five passengers consisted of two Embraer employees, two ExcelAire executives, and New York Times business travel columnist Joe Sharkey, who was writing a special report for a magazine specializing in corporate jets.[22][23]

Collision

Map of Brazil, depicting presumed flight paths from flight origins to known crash site[24]
  Boeing southeast bound
  Embraer northwest bound
File:H4-Teres.jpg
IFR high altitude enroute chart section of Teres fix area, depicting UZ6 airway and Cachimbo airbase; crash site is between Nabol and Istar fixes on UZ6

Initial reports suggested that the Boeing airliner and the Embraer business jet collided in mid-air, near the town of Matupá[25][26] (470 miles south of Manaus).[27]

The Boeing airliner crashed in an area of dense rainforest vegetation, 200 kilometers (120 miles) east of the municipality of Peixoto de Azevedo, killing all 154 passengers and crew on board.

The Embraer jet on the other hand, despite sustaining some damage to the left horizontal stabilizer and left winglet, landed safely at the Brigadeiro Velloso Brazilian Air Force (BAF) base.[28]

While initial statements from local authorities mentioned that they were unable to immediately determine with certainty that the incidents were related, the information given to the BAF by the Embraer's crew soon made a collision the most likely cause for the accident.[16][29] There were reports that air traffic control (ATC) lost contact (both radio and secondary radar) with the Embraer shortly before the collision.[30]

After the Embraer's emergency landing at the BAF base, BAF and Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC) officials removed the two "black boxes" - Cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and Flight data recorder (FDR) - from the Embraer, and sent them to São José dos Campos, São Paulo for analysis.[22]

Detention and charging of the Embraer's crew

Immediately after the Embraer's emergency landing at the Cachimbo air base, BAF and Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC) officials detained and interviewed its flight crew.[22][31]

The Embraer flight crew testified that they were cleared to FL370 (flight level 370, approximately 37,000 feet [11 km] above mean sea level) by Brasilia ATC, and were level at that assigned altitude when the apparent collision occurred. They also asserted in their deposition that at the time of the collision they had lost contact with Brasilia ATC, and their anti-collision system did not alert them to any oncoming traffic.[32][19]

On October 2, the Embraer's Captain and First Officer were ordered by the Mato Grosso Justice Tribunal to relinquish their passports pending further investigation. The request, made by the Peixoto de Azevedo prosecutor,[33] was granted by judge Tiago Sousa Nogueira e Abreu, who stated that the possibility of pilot error on the part of the Embraer crew could not yet be ruled out.[34] The passports were released to the crew on December 5, 2006, more than 2 months after the accident, after federal judge Candido Ribeiro ruled there were no legal grounds for "restricting the freedom of motion of the foreigners".[35]

Prior to their scheduled departure to the United States, the crew was formally charged by Brazilian Federal Police with "endangering an aircraft", a charge that carries a penalty of up to 12 years in prison. Former Justice Minister Jose Carlos Dias, who is acting as a lawyer for the Embraer's crew, criticized the charges against them as being "biased" and "discriminatory".[36] The two pilots were allowed to leave after signing a document promising to return to Brazil for their trial or when required by Brazilian authorities. They picked up their passports and were taken to Guarulhos International Airport for a charter flight back to the United States, where they arrived on December 9, 2006.[37][38]

Search and recovery operation

Aerial photo of crash site
The Boeing's flight data recorder
The Boeing's CVR memory module

The Brazilian Air Force (BAF) sent 5 fixed wing aircraft and 3 helicopters to the region, one of which equipped with a magnetic anomaly detector, for an extensive search and rescue operation. As many as 200 personnel were reported to be involved in the operation, among them a group of Kayapo Indians familiar with the forest.[39] The crash site of Gol Flight 1907 was spotted on 30 September by BAF authorities, at coordinates 10°29′S 53°15′W / 10.483°S 53.250°W / -10.483; -53.250,[40] 200 km (120 miles) east of Peixoto de Azevedo in the Jarinã farm area.[41] It was reported that rescue personnel had difficulty reaching the crash site due to the dense forest. Infraero at first indicated the possibility of five survivors, but a later statement from the BAF, based on data collected by BAF personnel who rappelled (abseiled) to the crash site and local authorities confirmed that there were no survivors.[42] Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva declared three days of national mourning.[43]

The flight data recorder and a non-data part of the cockpit voice recorder from the Boeing 737 were found on October 2, 2006 and handed over to the investigators, who sent them to the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) for analysis.[44][45] On October 25, 2006, after almost 4 weeks of intensive searching under harsh conditions in the jungle by numerous personnel equipped with metal detectors, the Boeing's cockpit voice recorder's memory module was finally found. The module was discovered intact, separated from other wreckage pieces, embedded in about 20 cm of soil, and was also sent for analysis by the TSB in Canada.[46][47]

On October 4, the recovery crews began moving the bodies to the temporary base established at the nearby Jarinã farm. The BAF deployed a C-115 Buffalo aircraft to transport the bodies to Brasília for identification.[48]

The recovery teams spent nearly seven weeks, working intensively in an extremely harsh jungle environment, painstakingly searching for and identifying the victims' remains. The final victim was recovered and identified by DNA testing on November 22, 2006.[49]

Initial investigation

File:H4-BRS.jpg
IFR high altitude enroute chart section of Brasilia area, depicting UW2, UZ6 airways

On October 9 2006, a facsimile copy of the Embraer's originally filed flight plan was released by the news media.[50] The flight plan consisted of flying at FL370 up to Brasilia,[51] on airway UW2, followed by a planned descent at Brasilia to FL360, proceeding outbound from Brasilia northwest-bound along airway UZ6 to the 'Teres' fix,[52] an aeronautical waypoint located 282 nm (324 miles, 522 km) northwest of Brasilia, where a climb to FL380 was planned. According to the filed flight plan, the Embraer was to have been level at FL380, proceeding towards Manaus, while passing the eventual collision point, which was about 307 km northwest of Teres.

The Legacy crew asserted in their depositions that they were cleared by air traffic control to FL370 for the entire trip, all the way to Manaus.[53] This assertion appears to be supported by ATC communication transcripts leaked to the press on November 3, 2006, which show that the initial pre-takeoff IFR clearance given to the Legacy was "N600XL, Clear, 370, Manaus".[54][55][56]

The leaked ATC communication transcripts included another apparent opportunity for air traffic control to verify or modify the Legacy's altitude, as when it crossed Brasilia, the Legacy was handed off to another controller, where upon initial contact the Legacy stated "N600XL at 370, Good afternoon." The controller responded by asking the Legacy to activate the "Ident" function on the transponder,[57] followed by the controller confirming the radar contact, without questioning the altitude, which was FL370.[58][59]

Preliminary CENIPA factual report

Investigation committee president Col. Rufino Ferreira presents the preliminary findings.

A preliminary factual report was released by the Brazilian Aviation Accident Investigation and Prevention Center (Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos, CENIPA) on November 16, 2006, and presented in a news conference by Col. Rufino Antonio da Silva Ferreira, head of CENIPA's Inquiry Division and president of its Flight 1907 Accident Investigation Commission.[60] The preliminary report focuses on the known facts to date: the Legacy's original flight plan called for an altitude of FL370 to Brasilia, FL360 to Teres and FL380 to Manaus. Gol 1907's flight plan called for an altitude of FL370 to Brasilia. The collision occurred at 16:56:54 BST (Brazil Standard Time,[61] UTC-3) at FL370 and it was confirmed that neither Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) system had activated or alerted its respective crew, nor did any crew see the oncoming traffic visually or initiate any evasive action prior to the collision.

Legacy flight and communication sequence

According to the report, the Legacy took off from São José dos Campos at 14:51, reaching FL370 at 15:33, 42 minutes later, where it remained until the collision.[60]

The report states that ATC maintained normal two-way radio contact with the Legacy up until 15:51, when the last successful radio exchange with the Legacy was made on VHF frequency 125.05 MHz with Brasilia Center. At that point the Legacy was just approaching the Brasilia VOR.[62] The Legacy overflew the Brasilia VOR at 15:55, 4 minutes later, and proceeded outbound on UZ6. At 16:02, 7 minutes after crossing the Brasilia VOR, secondary radar contact was lost with the Legacy, thus stopping the updated reporting of the Legacy's altitude on the controller's radar screen.

No attempt was made by either the Legacy or Brasilia Center to contact each other from 15:51 until 16:26 when, 31 minutes after the VOR crossing and 24 minutes after the loss of secondary radar contact, Brasilia Center called the Legacy and received no reply. Brasilia Center then unsuccessfully attempted to contact the Legacy six more times, between 16:30 and 16:34. At 16:30 the Legacy's primary radar target became intermittent, and disappeared completely from the radar screen by 16:38, 8 minutes later. Brasilia Center unsuccessfully attempted to effect a handoff of the Legacy to Amazonica Center at 16:53,[63] on frequencies 123.32 MHz or 126.45 MHz, by calling the Legacy in the blind.[64]

The Legacy, on the other hand, started calling Brasilia Center, also unsuccessfully, from 16:48 and continued with 12 more unsuccessful attempts until 16:53. Some limited contact was made at that point, but apparently of insufficient quality, as the Legacy was unable to copy the Amazonica Center frequencies.[65] The Legacy then continued its attempts to reach Brasilia Center, 7 more times, until the collision occurred at 16:56:54.

At 16:59:50, about 3 minutes after the collision, Amazonica Center started to receive the Legacy's secondary radar reply, with its correct altitude and last assigned code. At 17:00:30 Amazonica Center unsuccessfully attempted to contact the Legacy by radio. At 17:01:22 the Legacy attempted and was able to establish indirect contact with Amazonica Center, relayed via another aircraft on the frequency, and coordinated its emergency landing at Cachimbo air base. At 17:02:10 the Legacy transponder emergency code of 7700 was received by Amazonica Center.

Gol 1907 flight and communication sequence

According to the report, Gol 1907 took off from Manaus at 15:35, flying along UZ6 and reaching FL370 at 15:58, 23 minutes later, where it remained until the collision. The report states that there were no radio or radar contact problems with the flight until its handoff to Brasilia Center. The report makes no mention of any attempt by ATC to warn flight 1907 of the conflicting traffic.

ATC and CVR transcripts

Neither the ATC communication transcripts, nor the CVR (cockpit voice recorder) transcripts are included in this preliminary report. Transcripts of the pre-takeoff clearances obtained and read back by the flight crews and/or any subsequent enroute clearances or instructions are also not included.

However, eight days before the release of the CENIPA report, Folha de São Paulo reported (without source attribution) that "the first examination of the black boxes of the Gol 1907 Boeing aircraft...show that there was neither panic nor a commotion after the collision" on board the aircraft, and that the pilots of the doomed aircraft made no attempt at a distress call.[66]

News conference comments

After presenting the report at the news conference, Col. da Silva Ferreira said that "at this moment, any conclusion will be premature," and that it is still not possible to say "that one thing caused the accident."[67]

Updated NTSB report

On November 22, 2006, the U.S. NTSB issued an update of its own preliminary report,[68] based on the Brazilian CENIPA report. The updated NTSB report includes essentially the same information as the CENIPA report, with a varying level of detail, with some differences.[69] Like the CENIPA factual report, the NTSB report also does not include any actual ATC communication transcripts, nor a determination of the causes of the accident.

Legal action

On November 6, 2006, the families of ten of the deceased filed a lawsuit for negligence against ExcelAire and Honeywell, alleging that the Legacy pilots were flying at an 'incorrect altitude' and that the Honeywell transponder was not functioning at the time of the collision.[70] Other suits were subsequently filed on behalf of other victims, with similar allegations against Excelaire and Honeywell.[71]

The attorney representing the Legacy crew, Miami based Robert Torricella, responded to the allegation that the crew was flying at an 'incorrect altitude' by stating that according to international regulations, clearances and directives issued by ATC supersede a previously filed flight plan, and in this case:[72]

"...the flight plan cleared by air traffic control at the time of departure required the Legacy to fly all the way to Manaus at 37,000 feet and, absent contrary directives from air traffic control, the Legacy was obligated to follow its cleared flight plan. As the findings of the investigation are made public, we are confident that ExcelAire's pilots will be exonerated."

A Honeywell spokesperson stated that "Honeywell is not aware of any evidence that indicates that its transponder on the Embraer Legacy was not functioning as designed or that Honeywell was responsible for the accident."[73]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Diretora da Anac confirma colisão entre avião da Gol e jato Legacy" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2006-10-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident description Boeing 727-212 PP-SRK - Sierra de Pacatuba, CE". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
  3. ^ "Boeing 737 Design Enhancements Earn FAA Certification". Boeing. 2006-07-27. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Guerra, Flávio (2006-09-16). "Airliners.net Photos: Gol Transportes Aereos Boeing 737-8EH". Airliners.net. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "200 Air Force Men at Boeing Crash Site in Brazilian Jungle". brazzilmag. 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2007-04-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ "Brazilian jet carrying 155 missing". MSNBC. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ "GOL CORRIGE LISTA DE PASSAGEIROS E NÚMERO DE MORTOS CAI PARA 154" (in Portuguese). October 5, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "U.S. pilots may face manslaughter charge in Brazil crash". CNN. October 4, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ "Gol divulga lista de passageiros do vôo 1907" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ "Passenger Destination and Crew Profile Flight 1907 Advisory #6 (Gol Press Advisory)". September 30, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ "Saiba mais sobre os passageiros e tripulantes que estavam no vôo 1907". Folha SP. October 5, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ "Aviation Safety Network Accident Database, by type".
  13. ^ The first fatal 737-NG accident was Southwest Flight 1248, a 737-700 that overran the runway in Chicago, killing one person on the ground.
  14. ^ "Pictures of damaged Legacy aircraft". DAC. 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2006-10-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ "Embraer confirms it believes Legacy was involved in Gol Boeing 737 collision". Flight International. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b ""Bati em alguma coisa", diz piloto do Legacy" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ "Colliding With Death at 37,000 Feet, and Living". New York Times. October 1, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ "Ocupantes do Legacy dizem ter sentido impacto" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2006-10-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ a b "PILOTO DO LEGACY DIZ QUE TORRE AUTORIZOU ALTITUDE DE VÔO". Retrieved 2006-10-02.
  20. ^ ""ME FALAM DESDE DOMINGO QUE ELE VOLTA AMANHÃ", DIZ PAI DO PILOTO" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2006-10-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ "Executive jet pilots could face charges". MSNBC. October 4, 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ a b c Tourinho, Gustavo (2006-10-01). "Caixas-pretas do Legacy chegam a São José dos Campos para perícia (Legacy's black boxes arrive in São Jose Dos Campos for analysis)" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2006-10-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ "Brazilian Authorities Suspect No Survivors From Jet That Crashed Carrying 155 People". Fox News. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ "Quadro mostra as hipóteses sobre a colisão dos aviões" (in Portuguese). October 3, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ "Matupá, Brazil - Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
  26. ^ "Avião da Gol Desaparece na Região de Matupá, em Mato Grosso" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ "Embraer divulga nota sobre acidente que envolveu uma da suas aeronaves" (in Portuguese). O Globo Online. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "NTSB Preliminary Synopsis". Retrieved 2006-10-05.
  29. ^ "FAB Mantém buscas por avião desaparecido" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "LEGACY FICOU FORA DO RADAR POR 15 MINUTOS E RECEBEU 5 ALERTAS" (in Portuguese). G1.com.br. 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2006-10-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ "Joe Sharkey at Large - "Astonished to Be Alive..."". October 2, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "Legacy estava sem contato com a torre de controle". Folha Online. October 3, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ "Pilotos do Legacy estão proibidos de deixar o Brasil" (in Portuguese). Ministério Público do Estado de Mato Grosso. 2006-10-02. Retrieved 2006-10-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ "Justiça manda apreender passaportes de pilotos do Legacy" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. 2006-10-02. Retrieved 2006-10-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ "Brazil Releases Passports of Long Island Pilots". AP/ABC News. December 5, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "American pilots charged in Amazon jetliner crash". AP. December 8, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ JOHN NANCE (December 7, 2006). "Criminalizing Aviation Accidents Only Assures Repeats". ABC News. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ "Pilots in Brazil crash return to U.S." AP. December 9, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ "Índios ajudam a resgatar vítimas de acidente com avião, o pior ocorrido no Brasil" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2006-10-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "Não há sobreviventes em acidente com o avião da Gol, diz Aeronáutica" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ "Destroços de avião da Gol indicam queda vertical" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ "FAB diz que não há sobreviventes" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ "Lula declara luto nacional" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ Canada was selected by CENIPA as a 'neutral site' for the FDR/CVR analysis, due to the sensitive political aspects of this investigation.
  45. ^ "Aeronáutica encontra caixas-pretas do Boeing da Gol (Air Force recovers black boxes from Gol Boeing)" (in Portuguese). Globo. 2006-10-02. Retrieved 2006-10-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "Gravador de Voz - Vôo 1907". ANAC. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
  47. ^ "Últimas informações sobre as caixas pretas e o trabalho da comissão de investigação" (in Portuguese). Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil. 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2006-10-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ "Brazilian Air Force press release" (in Portuguese). Força Aérea Brasileira (Brazilian Air Force). 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2006-10-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ^ "IML confirma identificação da última vítima da queda do Boeing da Gol" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. November 22, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-22.
  50. ^ "PLANO DE VÔO MOSTRA QUE LEGACY ESTAVA NA ALTITUDE ERRADA". October 9, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ FL370 is 'Flight Level 370', which is an altitude of approximately 37,000 feet Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL)
  52. ^ The Teres fix is located on airway UZ6 at coordinates 12°28.5'S, 51°22.1'W, see: File:DOD-H4.pdf
  53. ^ "Depoimentos mostram contradições no acidente aéreo" (in Portuguese). October 10, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ Tavares, Bruno (November 3, 2006). "Para oficiais, contato com Legacy foi impreciso, não incorreto" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ "Pilots reportedly given wrong information in crash that killed 154". Associated Press. November 3, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ "FAB confirma que controle errou no acidente da Gol". Folha de S. Paulo. November 3, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ The Ident function on a transponder is routinely used by ATC, typically after receiving control of an aircraft from another controller, to verify an aircraft's location by asking the flight crew to press a button that causes the aircraft's target on the radar screen to 'blossom' (illuminate brightly) momentarily, for positive identification.
  58. ^ Cantanhêde, Eliane (November 2, 2006). "Caixa-preta de Legacy revela que torre errou" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ BILL BLEYER (November 4, 2006). "Pilots' account verified". Newsday.com. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ a b "Flight 1907 Preliminary Report (PPT in Portuguese)". Retrieved 2006-11-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accesdate= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ All times mentioned in this article are Brazil Standard Time, UTC-3, unless otherwise noted
  62. ^ The VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) transmitter installation is a defined waypoint, underlying the airway.
  63. ^ A 'handoff' in aviation parlance refers to the transfer of responsibility for an aircraft under radar control from one controller to the next.
  64. ^ "Calling in the blind" refers to making radio transmissions without receiving any acknowledgment.
  65. ^ To 'copy' in aviation parlance means to understand a received radio transmission.
  66. ^ "Boeing não pediu socorro, indica caixa-preta" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. November 8, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ^ BILL BLEYER AND MARTIN C. EVANS (November 16, 2006). "Brazil issues early report on air crash". Newsday.com+AP. Retrieved 2007-04-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  68. ^ "UPDATE ON BRAZILIAN INVESTIGATION INTO SEPTEMBER MIDAIR COLLISION OVER AMAZON JUNGLE". U.S. NTSB. November 22, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  69. ^ BILL BLEYER (November 29, 2006). "Question of fairness in Brazil probe". Newsday.com. Retrieved 2007-04-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  70. ^ "US firms sued over Brazil crash". BBC. November 6, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  71. ^ "2nd lawsuit filed in Brazil air disaster". MSN+AP. November 10, 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ^ "ExcelAire: Lawsuits Regarding Gol Jet Accident Premature". aero-news.net. November 9, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  73. ^ "Lawyers for Brazil air crash victims file suit in New York City". International Herald Tribune. November 6, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

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