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Earl Strom

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Earl Strom
Occupation(s)NBA referee
(1957–1969; 1973–1990)
ABA referee
(1969–1972)
SpouseYvonne[1]
ChildrenMargie, Susan, Stephen, Eric, and Jonathan[1]
Parent(s)Max and Bessie[1]

Earl "Yogi"[2] Strom (December 15, 1927–July 10, 1994)[3] was a professional basketball referee for 29 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and for three years in the American Basketball Association (ABA).[4] Strom is credited as the greatest referee in the history of the NBA[2][4] and was known for his flamboyant style and ability to control the game.[3] Nicknamed "The Pied Piper", Strom made foul calls with his whistle by using a "tweet-pause-tweet-tweet" tune and pointed at the offending player.[4] Over the course of his career, he officiated 2,400 regular season games, 295 playoffs games, seven All-Star games, and 29 NBA and ABA Finals.[3] Strom was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995.[3]

Personal

Early life

Strom was born December 15, 1927 in Pottstown, Pennsylvania to Max and Bessie Strom.[3] As a child, Strom wanted to be an athlete and loved competing in sports.[4] At Pottstown High School, Strom played football, baseball, and basketball.[5] After finishing high school in 1945, Strom joined the United States Coast Guard.[6] Returning from service, Strom attended Pierce Junior College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he graduated in 1951.[2] Strom played for a local semi-professional basketball team in his early 20s.[4] During a game, Storm had an argument with a referee and the referee said "Look, you're not much of a player, and you've got a pretty good mouth on you, so why don't you think about taking up refereeing?"[4] Strom officiated high school for nine years as well as college games in the East Coast Athletic Conference for three years.[2][7] In 1956, Strom took a job at General Electric working in customer relations while officiating and continued in this role through his first stint in the NBA.[7][8] Strom felt this "day job" provided security to his family since officiating in the NBA did not at the time.[8]

Family

Strom grew up in the household as the youngest of seven children, five boys and two girls.[5] Earl's father, Max, was a foreman at a bakery.[5] Later, Strom married Yvonne Trollinger in 1952[7] and have five children. The couple gave birth to Margie, their first child, in 1953.[7]

Professional basketball officiating career

National Basketball Association (1957-1969)

File:Drucker Strom.jpg
Earl Strom (right) with Norm Drucker in 1962

Strom became an NBA referee with the start of the 1957-58 NBA season after accepting an invitation to join the league from Jocko Collins, supervisor of officials.[9] He further developed his skills in the league by learning from other officials such as Mendy Rudolph, Norm Drucker, and Sid Borgia.[4] Strom accended to the top of the officiating ladder by the end of his third season in the league as he was assigned playoff games, which was uncommon for lesser experienced referees at the time.[10] The following year, Strom and Rudolph made NBA history when they officiated the 1961 NBA Finals between the Boston Celtics and St. Louis Hawks.[2] This only occurence was the result of the two teams not agreeing on any other officials to use in the series.[11]

Six years into his NBA career, Strom had worked every playoff game in the semi-finals and finals along with Rudolph.[12] Strom was assigned to any seventh and deciding game in a series during this time.[12]

Strom was the referee in the 1965 Eastern Conference finals between the Boston Celtics and Philadelphia 76ers and produced one of the most memorable moments in NBA history. In the seventh and final game, the 76ers trailed the Celtics 110-109 with five seconds left. The 76ers had possession of the ball and attempted to inbound the pass as the Celtics' John Havlicek tipped the pass thrown by Hal Greer and preserved the Celtics victory. Celtics' radio announcer Johnny Most made his most fabled call: "Havlicek stole the ball! Havlicek stole the ball!"[13] Strom had officiated the game in a cast as he had broken his hand while punching a fan during an altercation at a game the previous night.[14]

Wilt Chamberlain saved Strom from an angry mob during a game played in Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1960s. Strom made a call that went against the St. Louis Hawks and at halftime was called a "gutless bastard" by Hawks general manager Irv Gack at the scorer's table. Strom asked Gack to repeat the comment as Strom reached across the table and grabbed Gack by the shirt. Fans start coming down from the seats while Chamberlain, playing for the Philadelphia 76ers at the time, saw what was going on. Chamberlain stepped across the table, picked Strom up and said, "C'mon Earl. Let's get the hell out of here."[15]

Strom was assigned as crew chief in 1967 and 1968[2] when the league hired Dolph Schayes as supervisor of officials for the NBA.[16] Strom was put in charge of scouting crews, rating referees, and developing the skills of lesser experienced referees as well as working a schedule of games.[16]

Strom was one of the referees in the 1967 NBA All-Star Game which involved the ejection of Red Auerbach, head coach of the West All-Stars, who became the first and only coach to be ejected in an All-Star Game.[17]

Strom was offered a salary contract over 82 games for $16,000 for the first time by Commissioner Walter Kennedy in August 1969.[18] It was at this time that Strom became interested in listening to what the ABA, which started in 1967, had to offer in the bidding war that ensued between the two leagues over talent.[19] The NBA did not offer benefit plans such as pension, family hospitalization, and long-term disability, which were of importance to Strom and his family.[19] Lured by Borgia, who jumped from the NBA to the ABA to become supervisor of officials, Strom and three other officials—John Vanak, Norm Drucker, and Joe Gushue met with acting ABA Commissioner Jim Gardner during the summer of 1969.[20] The ABA accepted Strom's demands of a $25,000 per year salary, a $25,000 signing bonus, and a health insurance and pension plan.[21] As the four officials left for the ABA in 1969, it brought reform to NBA referees in terms of compensation and benefits. Regular officials in the NBA were offered contracts and salaries increased significantly.[22] Medical and pension plans were provided for the officials.[22]

American Basketball Association (1969-1972)

File:Strom ABA.jpg
Earl Strom in the ABA

While Strom earned more than twice as much in the ABA than the NBA, he soon became disenchanted with the ABA for the lack of big name superstars and arenas that the NBA provided.[5] In the move, Strom anticipated that the ABA product would be inferior to the NBA, but assumed that the increase in pay would compensate for the level of play.[23] Strom fed of the energy off the fans when officiating games and the small attendance sizes in the ABA made him feel depressed.[24]

In a 1970 game between the Texas Chaparrals and Denver Rockets in Denver, Colorado, Strom was attacked by a fan who came onto the court after Strom confronted the fan who was using profanity.[25] Strom threw two punches before police officers took the fan away.[25] For his involvement in the incident, Strom was fined $250 by the league.[25]

The ABA is where Julius Erving began his career in 1971 playing for the Virginia Squires.[26] Erving would go on to become the most dominant player of his era and an innovator who changed the way the game was played.[26] Following an exhibition game that Strom officiated between the Squires and Kentucky Colonels, he told a Philadelphia reporter that he had just seen the greatest player alive, referring to Erving.[27] The president of the Colonels, Mike Storen, complained that Strom was promoting players.[27] The league fined Strom $50, but he sent $100 to Commissioner Jack Dolph saying, "The first fifty dollars is for the fine and the second fifty dollar dollars is because I'm tellin' ya' he is the greatest."[27]

After the conclusion of his third season in the ABA, Strom reached a level of dissatisfaction with the league that he contacted NBA Commissioner Walter Kennedy to discuss returning to the NBA.[28] Encouraged with the support of Wayne Embry and Pat Williams, general managers of the Milwaukee Bucks and Chicago Bulls respectively, Strom met with Kennedy during the 1972 ABA Playoffs.[29] Kennedy informed Strom that John Nucatola, supervisor of officials, manages the staffing of officials, but Strom received a vote of confidence to come back to the NBA in the form of a handshake from the commissioner.[30] Strom meet with Nucatola and discussed salary and benefits.[31] Strom was told by Nucatola that he would be getting a $25,000 salary and was guaranteed a job in the NBA for the start of the 1972-73 NBA season through a handshake agreement although no contract was signed.[31] Strom was told a contract would be available to sign upon the completion of his twelve game ABA playoff officiating schedule.[31] Strom called the league to ask why he was not scheduled to officiate after his guaranteed schedule of games and was told by Norm Drucker, then supervisor of officials for the ABA, "You know the reason. They know you're going back [to the NBA] and they told me not to assign you any more playoff games."[32]

Return to the National Basketball Association

With his ABA career over following the playoffs in 1972, Strom contacted Nucatola to get a NBA contract signed for the 1972-73 NBA season.[32] Nucatola told Strom to call back after the conclusion of the 1972 NBA Playoffs.[32] Strom called Nucatola following the NBA playoffs, but was told to "wait a little longer."[32] Strom continued to have difficulties with Nucatola over the next several months and finally sought the assistance of Richie Phillips, a Philadephia attorney and NBA player representative.[33] Strom filed a $275,000 suit against the NBA in December 1972[34] for breach of an oral contract when John Nucatola told Strom that he could return to the league.[35] The league filed preliminary objections to have the suit dismissed, but were overruled by the court.[35] The NBA then moved for summary judgment which was denied.[35] Concerned that there could be legitimate action taken, the NBA decided to give Strom his job back if he dropped the suit.[36] Strom agreed to the terms and signed a contact before the start of the 1973-74 NBA season.[36]

National Basketball Association (1973-1990)

Strom returned to the NBA and was among a regular staff of twenty officials.[37] Since Strom had left the NBA in 1969, referees now made twice the salary and received pension, health, and insurance plans.[37]

Strom ejected Chicago Bulls mascot, Benny the Bull, in the third game of the 1974 NBA Playoffs series between the Bulls and Milwaukee Bucks.[38] Strom had ejected head coach Dick Motta after receiving a second techical foul for storming onto the court to argue with referee Don Murphy.[38] As Motta left the court, Benny charged onto the court after Murphy and made obscene jestures to both officials, prompting the ejection.[38] It is believed to be the first time a mascot was thrown out of an NBA game in history.[39]

Strom's first notable incident since returning to the league that received attention by the NBA front office was during the 1974-75 NBA season.[38] Strom officiated a game in Seattle and inadvertently pushed a woman who approached him at the scorer's table at the conclusion of the game.[40] Seattle SuperSonics guard Fred Brown pushed Strom into the crowd as retaliation for what he had done to the woman.[40] Bill Russell, who was coaching the SuperSonics at the time and referee Hugh Evans seperated Strom and Brown from a further altercation.[40] Strom originally was going to be suspended six games by the commissioner, but was changed to a $600 fine.[41] Strom went to the referees union to appeal the fine based on the notion that he was trying to defend himself.[42] The union did not follow through with the appeal, but the fine was rescinded a year later by commissioner Larry O'Brien and Strom was reimbursed his fine payment.[43]

Strom was officiating an NBA game during the mid-1970s between the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets with Dick Bavetta as his partner for that game. The game was close at the end and Earl made a last-second call against the Nets, ending the game with a win for Sixers. Suddenly Dick Bavetta ran across floor to the scorer's table, saying, "No! No! I got a push off against [George] McGinnis!" Earl Strom then challenged Bavetta, "Are you over-ruling my call?" "I got pushing off right here!" Bavetta insisted, which reversed Strom's call and the Nets wound up with the victory. With the game over, players were walking to their respective locker rooms when the door to the referees' locker room flew open and Dick Bavetta came staggering out. His uniform was ripped and he was wearing a big welt over his eye, running to get away from Strom. Strom stepped out into the hallway and hollered after Bavetta, "You'll take another one of my fucking calls again, right, you motherfucker?"[44] Strom was later fined for the incident.[45]

Strom was suspended from working any further games in the 1976 NBA Finals between the Boston Celtics and Phoenix Suns after Game 2 because the Suns had complained about the foul disparity of first two games in the series.[46] In the first two games, the Celtics attempted 58 free throws while the Suns had 44.[46]

During the 1977 NBA Playoffs, twenty-four of the regular referees in the NBA went on strike.[47] Strom and Richie Powers were the only two referees not to strike.[47] Strom honored his contract since he felt that it was valid through the season and a strike would be a violation of the contract.[47] Referees were seeking the right to collective bargaining, an arbitration clause that would lessen the power that team owners have on officials, life insurance paid to age sixty-five, severance pay, increase in salary and playoff pay, and an increase expense compensation.[48] After fifteen days and two rounds of the playoffs, the referees union, the National Association of Basketball Referees, was recognized as a bargaining agent for officials and playoff salaries increased $150 a game to $750, $850, and $950 for the final three rounds of the playoffs.[49] During the strike, Strom was officiating a playoff game between the Portland Trail Blazers and Denver Nuggets in Denver, Colorado and was notified at the conclusion of the game of a death threat against himself phoned in to McNichols Arena at halftime.[50]

Strom wrote a weekly column for newspapers near Pottstown which provided a prespective of the life of an NBA referee.[51] In the spring of 1979, Strom criticized Chicago Bulls team management, in particular president Jonathan Kovler, over the firing of head coach Larry Costello[52] after 56 games.[53] While this incident was occuring, shortly after, Strom was involved in a shoving match with a fan and security officer following a game played in Pheonix, Arizona.[54] These incidents led to Strom being suspended the remainder of the 1979 NBA Playoffs and was required to apologize to Kovler.[55] In order to keep his job, Strom assured the league that there would be no animosity directed towards the Bulls and decided to discontinue writing his weekly column.[55]

During the early 1980s, The Philadelphia Inquirer spoke with Strom to get a perspective on the life of an NBA referee for an article.[56] The sports reporter meet Strom in a hotel lobby and was later joined by Milwaukee Bucks assistant coach, John Killelea.[56] The three of them discussed referees and life in the NBA.[56] When the article was published, the reporter wrote that he and Strom were joined by an assistant coach, whom Strom had bought a drink, and the tendencies for Strom to go into pressboxes to drink a cup of coffee and to talk with spectators that he knew in the stands.[56] While the league had approved the article, Strom was fined $2,000 and suspended a portion of the playoffs.[56]

During a game in 1982, Frank Layden, then head coach of the Utah Jazz, had seen enough of his team's poor performance and wanted an early leave. Layden verbally abused Strom to entice Strom to eject the coach out of the game. Strom knew what he was trying to do and when Layden asked Strom why he did not eject him, Strom replied, “I know what you’re trying to do, Frank, but if I’ve got to stay out here and watch this shit, so do you”.[57]

File:1984 NBA Finals referees.jpg
Earl Strom (center) in the 1984 NBA Finals, Game 7 along with Darell Garretson and Jake O'Donnell

During the mid-1980s, Strom had a couple incidents with team personnel being in the referees' locker room, which was against league rules. In 1985, Dallas Mavericks owner Don Carter entered the locker room and accused Strom of having a vendatta against Dick Motta, coach of the Mavericks.[58] The next year during the 1986 NBA Playoffs game between the Atlanta Hawks and Boston Celtics at Boston Garden in Boston, Massachusetts, Hawks coach Mike Fratello was attacked by a fan.[58] Fratello walked into the officials locker room and reported the incident to Strom.[58] Strom eventually was fined and worked a couple more playoff games that year.[58]

After Game 4 of the 1987 NBA Finals between the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics, Red Auerbach confronted Strom in the hallway near locker rooms and told Strom, "That was the worst officiated game I ever saw!", referring to the fact that the Lakers shot 14 fourth period free throws to the Celtics' one. Strom stared back at Auerbach and said, "Arnold, you're showing all the class I knew you always had."[59][60]

Nearly halfway through the 1987-88 NBA season, Strom was fined $150 for reversing a field goal that San Antonio Spurs' Mike Mitchell made at the end of the half against the Indiana Pacers.[61] Strom was concerned about making the correct call after being told by Pacers coach Jack Ramsay and referee Tommy Nuñez that Mitchell's shot attempt came after the period expired.[61]

The Atlanta Hawks and Chicago Bulls played a game in the late-1980s that Strom officiated. Chicago's Michael Jordan attempted a slam dunk on a fast break and was undercut by an Atlanta player.[62] Strom called a flagrant foul and a player on the Atlanta bench yelled at Strom, "Ah, you're just protecting the superstars" to which Strom replied, "Damn right I am, you eliminate these guys from the game and we're all out of work."[62]

Strom officiated Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's final game during the 1989 NBA Finals. Strom congratued Jabbar and gave the game ball in the locker room.[63]

During the 1989-90 NBA season, the USA Today took a poll on the best players, coaches, and referees in the league as voted by coaches and players.[64] Strom was considered the league's top official in the NBA, receiving 83 out of a possible 193 votes.[64] At the same time, the Detroit Free Press conducted a survey of 500 players, coaches, general managers, broadcasters, writers, and fans to determine the best official in each professional sport.[65] Strom was chosen as the best official in the NBA and the top official overall among Bruce Froemming (Major League Baseball), Jim Tunney (National Football League), and Andy Van Hellemond (National Hockey League).[65]

Strom's final game was Game 4 of the 1990 NBA Finals between the Detroit Pistons and Portland Trailblazers played June 12, 1990 in a game that saw Strom correctly wave off Trailblazers Danny Young's half-court heave that would have sent the game into overtime had it come before the buzzer.[66]

Post officiating career

After his retirement from the NBA, Strom worked as a television color commentator and wrote a book detailing his officiating career entitled, Calling the Shots:My Five Decades in the NBA in 1990.[67] Strom also participated in charible events.[68] Strom was involved in a celebrity golf tournament hosted by Pennsylvania State University and coached at a basketball tournament run by Celtics great Larry Bird in Indianapolis, Indiana.[68]

Strom wrote a column for the Reading Eagle and Chicago Sun-Times.[69] It was this column that Strom discovered he had a malignant brain tumor, a form of cancer, by doctors after his wife, Yvonne, found gramatical errors as she prepared to type the column on a computer.[69] Strom began surgery on the tumor in January 1994, which was successful[69], but he could not overcome the effects of the cancer and died on July 10, 1994.[70]

Legacy

"If there's one official who can't be intimidated or influenced by players, coaches, and fans, it's Earl Strom. The thing I respect him for, aside from being a very good official, is that you can get hot with him one night and have a few words, yet the next time you get him working your team he's ready to start fresh. No grudges or antagonism from him."[71]
—Lenny Wilkens, Hall of Fame player and coach
"Coaches, general managers, owners and players always mentioned Earl as the best."[2]
—Mike Mathis, former NBA referee
"Earl Strom is a throwback, a reminder of the days when the refs had colorful personalities, the days when war-horses like Mendy Rudolph, Norm Drucker, and a younger Earl Strom were called the father, the son, and the holy ghost.[72]
—Roy Firestone, sports commentator

Strom retired having officiated 2,067 NBA games over 29 years.[73] Currently, only referees Dick Bavetta and Jake O'Donnell have officiated more games.[73] Strom was selected to officiate five of the nine NBA Finals that went seven games (the maximum number of games possible in a series) in 1966, 1969, 1978 1984, 1988. Strom was considered the last of an era for the "charismatic referee" type to officiate in the NBA.[74] This is in contrast to today's officials who are said to blend into the background during a game and all bare a similar appearance and use of hand signals.[74] During his career in the NBA, Strom was given the nickname of the "Road Ref" by Harvey Pollack, a statistician for the Philadelphia 76ers.[75] Throughout the year, Pollack noted how many times the home or visting team was victorous and who were the officials working the game.[75] Strom had the highest percentage of road team victories among NBA referees at 42.9 perecent.[75] This was the result of Strom refusing to favor the home team and letting the fans sway his decisions.[4]

When Strom started his career in the NBA, he felt the most important aspect was to get the play right.[76] Instead of selling a bad call, Strom felt that officials should admit their mistake, and get the call right.[76] In order to get plays called correctly, Strom brought up the idea of limited use of instant replay for shots made at the end of a period ("buzzer beaters") and three-point attempts.[77] The NBA would eventually adopt the use of instant replay for end of the period field goal attempts and fouls at the start of the 2002-03 NBA season.[78] Strom believed that referee's job was to ensure the game is played correctly, which will allow players to play their particular style.[79] Players benefit from calls that are made and to ensure talented players are not lessen by defenses looking for help to stop them.[79] As the NBA began to evolve, Strom opposed the addition of the third official in NBA game for one season, the 1977-78 NBA season, and later in its present form since the 1988-89 NBA season.[80] Strom felt that well conditioned officials who are able to stay on top of the play would be able to make calls that a third official would be responsible for.[81]

Pottstown High School created the "Earl Strom Financial Aid Scholarship", which is awarded to a member of the senior class who has been accepted by an accredited college.[82]

Further reading

  • Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-66108-6

References

  1. ^ a b c Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-66108-6
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Earl "Yogi" Strom Biography". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. 2002. Retrieved 2007-06-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e "Earl Strom". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Richman, Michael (2007-04-16). "Hall Of Fame Hoops Ref Earl Strom Rarely Blew It". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  5. ^ a b c d Seltzer, Robert (1994-07-12). "Earl 'Yogi' Strom, former NBA referee, dies at 66". Knight Ridder. Retrieved 2007-06-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.89, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.95, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.43, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.96-97, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.114, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.115, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.127, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.82-83, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  14. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.81-82, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  15. ^ Barreiro, Dan (1999-10-13). "One of a Kind - Wilt was not a caricature, but a complex, caring man". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2007-06-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.125, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  17. ^ Ladewski, Paul (2007-02-15). "1967 All-Star Game". NBA.com. Retrieved 2007-06-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.133, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  19. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.134, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  20. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.134-135, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  21. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.135, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  22. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.140-141, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  23. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.143-144, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  24. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.143, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  25. ^ a b c Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.154-155, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  26. ^ a b "Julius Erving Bio". NBA.com. Retrieved 2007-06-23.
  27. ^ a b c Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.148, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  28. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.144, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  29. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.158-159, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  30. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.159-160, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  31. ^ a b c Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.160, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  32. ^ a b c d Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.161, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  33. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.162-163, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  34. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.163, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  35. ^ a b c "Interview with Richie Phillips". Referee. January 1979. Retrieved 2007-06-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  36. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.166, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  37. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.172, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  38. ^ a b c d Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.174, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  39. ^ Hu, Janny (2005-03-20). "Mavs' home-court glow is flickering". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-06-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ a b c Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.174-175, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  41. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.176, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  42. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.176-177, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  43. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.177, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  44. ^ "The big dunk". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
  45. ^ Blinebury, Fran (1995-12-13). "Did NBA give Jake a fair shake?". CBS SportsLine.com. Retrieved 2007-06-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ a b May, Peter (2005-05-08). "When fouls just don't add up". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-06-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ a b c Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.180, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  48. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.181, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  49. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.184, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  50. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.182, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  51. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.206, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  52. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.207-208, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  53. ^ "Larry Costello Coaching Record". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
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  55. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.209, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  56. ^ a b c d e Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.210-211, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  57. ^ Naud, Andrew (2005-04-07). "Timberrrrrr. Wolves beat Jazz". Most Valuable Network. Retrieved 2007-06-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ a b c d Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.214-215, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  59. ^ McCallum, Jack (1987-06-22). "Your ball, L.A." Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2007-06-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  60. ^ Simmons, Bill (2006-10-30). "Memories of Red". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2007-06-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  61. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.219-220, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  62. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.203, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  63. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.187, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  64. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.235-236, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  65. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. p.236, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  66. ^ "Bad Boys Still the Best". NBA.com. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
  67. ^ "Ex-NBA Referee Strom Dies". Chicago Sun-Times. 1994-07-11. Retrieved 2007-06-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  68. ^ a b Mulligan, Charles (1991-06-24). "Celebrities go Second Mile for charity". The Daily Collegian (Pennsylvania State University). Retrieved 2007-06-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  69. ^ a b c Powell, Shaun (1994-02-07). "Anderson too resilient for defenses, and fate - guard Kenny Anderson - NBA Report". The Sporting News. Retrieved 2007-06-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  70. ^ Thomas, Robert (1994-07-12), "Earl Strom, Ex-N.B.A. Referee Known for His Flair, Dies at 66", The New York Times, pp. Sec. A, p17, c1 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  71. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.210, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  72. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.235, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  73. ^ a b "Dick Bavetta: A Consecutive Legend". Professional Basketball Referees Association. 2006-02-07. Retrieved 2007-06-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  74. ^ a b Powell, Shaun (1995-12-18). "O'Donnell's retirement marks the end of an era". Sporting News. Retrieved 2007-07-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  75. ^ a b c Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.56-57, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  76. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.220, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  77. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.240, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  78. ^ "NBA Board of Governors Approves Instant Replay". NBA.com. 2002-07-29. Retrieved 2007-07-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  79. ^ a b Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.202-203, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  80. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.198-199, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  81. ^ Strom, Earl; Johnson, Blaine (1990), Calling the Shots: My Five Decades in the NBA, Simon and Schuster, pp. pp.199, ISBN 0-671-66108-6 {{citation}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  82. ^ "Senior Awards". Pottstown High School. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
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