Buick Riviera

Second generation
Second generation
Overview
Production	1966-1970
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door hardtop
Platform	E-body
Powertrain
Engine	425 in³ Nailhead V8; 430 in³ Buick V8; 455 in³ Buick V8
Transmission	3-speed ST-400 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	119.0 in
Length	211.2 in (1966-67); 215.2 in (1968-70)
Width	78.8 in; 79.3 in (1970)
Height	53.2-53.6 in

First generation
First generation
Overview
Production	1963-1965
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door hardtop
Powertrain
Engine	401 in³ Nailhead V8; 425 in³ Nailhead V8
Transmission	3-speed ST-400 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	117.0 in
Length	208.0 in
Width	76.3-76.6 in
Height	53.0 in

Buick Riviera
Buick Riviera
Overview
Manufacturer	General Motors
Production	1963–2000
Body and chassis
Class	personal luxury car
Body style	2-door coupé
Platform	FR E-body (1963-1976); FR B-body (1977-1978); FF E-body (1979-1993); FF W-body (1995-2000)
Related	Oldsmobile Toronado; Oldsmobile Aurora; Cadillac Eldorado

The Buick Riviera was an automobile produced by Buick in the United States from the 1963 to 2000 model years, with 1,127,261 produced.^[1]

A full-size coupé or personal luxury car, the early models of the Riviera in particular have been highly praised by automotive journalists and writers.

Origin of the name

The Riviera name first entered the Buick line in 1949 as the designation for the new two-door pillarless hardtop, which was described in advertising as "stunningly smart." The Roadmaster Riviera(along with the Cadillac Coupe de Ville) constituted the first mass production use of this body style, which was to become extremely popular over the next 30 years.

In 1951 the "Riviera" designation was also used on a version of the Super 4-door sedan. The 1951 Buick Super Riviera 4-door sedan featured more plush interior trim and a wheelbase (and overall lenghth) that was 4 inches longer than a regular Buick Super 4-door sedan. The Buick Super Riviera 4-door sedan was still an inch shorter in wheelbase and length than the larger Buick Roadmaster.

Starting in 1955 GM also offered a four-door pillarless hardtop body style, and the "Riviera" designation was also applied to these models. Riviera hardtop bodies were offered on all Buick lines in the next few years, including the Buick Roadmaster, Buick Super, Buick Century, and Buick Special. Since it was a body style designation and not a model, however, the Riviera name did not usually appear on the car. The last usage of the term "Riviera" to describe hardtops was 1963, as the formal designation of the #4829 Electra 225 Riviera four-door hardtop. Coincidentally, this was the same year the Riviera would become a separate model in its own right.

Origins of the personal luxury car

In the late 1950s, GM began to feel the need for a personal luxury car to compete with the highly successful Ford Thunderbird — a uniquely styled, two-door, four-passenger car with an image of both comfort and performance. The design that became the first Riviera was created as a Cadillac model, the XP-715, possibly to be called LaSalle, after Cadillac's smaller "companion" car of the 1930s. Its styling was reportedly inspired by GM styling chief Bill Mitchell's visit to London during the period, when he was struck by the sight of an elegant, custom-bodied Rolls Royce in the fog. He later said that "knife-edged" styling was what he wanted for the new model, but with a lower profile and a bit of Ferrari thrown in for performance. The design itself was penned by stylist Ned Nickles.

The management of Cadillac was not particularly interested, since the division was very successful at the time and needed all their production capacity for their existing models. In an unusual move, in 1960 the project was thrown open for competition by the other divisions. Buick, which was desperate to revive its flagging sales, enlisted the aid of the McCann-Erickson advertising agency, with which it had just signed, to create its presentation. Buick won, and the finished design was adapted to a shortened version of Buick's cruciform frame. The design was substantially the same as the original, although the hidden headlights — originally concealed in the fender grilles — were initially omitted for cost reasons.

First generation (1963-1965)

The production Riviera (unusual for a GM product) shared its bodyshell with no other model. It rode a cruciform frame similar to the standard Buick frame, but shorter and narrower, with a 2.0 in (51 mm) narrower track. Its wheelbase of 117 in (2972 mm) and overall length of 208 in (5283 mm) were 6.0 inches (152 mm) and 7.7 in (196 mm) shorter, respectively, than a Buick LeSabre, but slightly longer than a contemporary Thunderbird. At 4190 lb (1900 kg), it was about 200 lb (90 kg) lighter than either. It shared the standard Buick V8 engines, with a displacement of either 401 in³ (6.5 L) or 425 in³ (6.9 L), and Twin Turbine automatic transmission. Brakes were Buick's standard "Al-Fin" (aluminum finned) drums of 12 in. (304.8 mm) diameter. Power steering was standard equipment, with an overall steering ratio of 20.5:1, giving 3.5 turns lock-to-lock.

The Riviera's suspension used the same basic design as standard Buicks, with double wishbones front and a live axle located by trailing arms and a lateral track bar, but the roll centers were raised to reduce body lean. Although its coil springs were actually slightly softer than other Buicks, with the lighter overall weight, the net effect was to make the Riviera somewhat firmer. Although still biased towards understeer, contemporary testers considered it one of the most roadable American cars, with an excellent balance of comfort and agility.

The Riviera was introduced on October 4, 1962 as a 1963 model, with a base price of $4,333, although typical delivered prices with options ran upwards of $5,000. Production was deliberately limited to 40,000 or less to increase demand.

With the same power as the larger Buicks and less weight, the Riviera had sparkling all-around performance: Motor Trend magazine found it capable of running 0-60 mph (0-96 km/h) in 8 seconds or less, the standing quarter mile in about 16 seconds, and an observed top speed of 115 mph (184 km/h), although 125 mph (200 km/h) was feasible with a longer run. Fuel consumption was a meager 13.2 mpg (18.4 L/100 km).

Inside, the Riviera featured a four-place cabin with front bucket seats separated by a center console with floor shifter and storage compartment that was built into the instrument panel, and bucket-style seats in the rear. Upholstery choices included all-vinyl, cloth and vinyl, or optional leather. Popular extra-cost options included a tilt steering wheel, cruise control, power windows, power seats, air conditioning, AM/FM radio, and wire wheel covers.

The Riviera continued with minimal trim changes for 1964 including the discontinuation of leather upholstery from the option list, differing mainly in substitution of the old two-speed Dynaflow-based Twin Turbine for the new three-speed Super Turbine 400, which was marketed as Turbo Hydra-Matic by other GM divisions. This was the first year that the Stylized "R" emblem was used on the Riviera, a trademark that would continue throughout the remainder of Riviera's 36-year production run. Under the hood, the 401 (6.5L) was dropped in favor of the 425 in³ (6.9 L) V8, with 340 hp. A 'Super Wildcat' version was optionally available, with dual Carter AFB four-barrel carburetors, rated at 360 hp.

Changes for 1965 included the introduction of the Gran Sport option, which included the dual-quad Super Wildcat 425 V8, a numerically higher 3.42 axle ratio, dual exhausts, and stiffer, heavy-duty suspension. The 401 (6.5 L)V8 returned as the standard Riviera engine and the Super Turbine 400 transmission now had a variable pitch torque converter like the old Twin Turbine Dynaflow had two years before. Externally, the headlamps were concealed behind clamshell doors in the leading edges of each fender, as in the original design. Further back, the non-functional side scoops between the doors and rear wheel arches were removed, and the taillights were moved from the body into the rear bumper. A vinyl roof became available as an option, initially offered only in black, and the tilt steering wheel optional in previous years was now standard equipment.

Total sales for the three model years was a respectable 112,244. All in all, the Riviera was extremely well-received and considered a great success, giving the Thunderbird its first real competition. This first Riviera is considered a styling landmark, and is quite collectible today.

Second generation (1966-1970)

The Riviera was redesigned for the 1966 model year. It retained its cruciform frame, powertrain, and brakes, but it wore a longer, wider, more curvaceous body, a shell it now shared with the Oldsmobile Toronado, and, a year later, with the Cadillac Eldorado. A notable styling point was the absence of vent windows, a feature GM had introduced with a flourish in the 1930s. Headlamps remained concealed, but they now pivoted up above the grille when not in use. Unlike the Toronado, the Riviera retained a conventional rear wheel drive layout. It was now some 200 lb (90 kg) heavier, so acceleration with the unchanged 425 engine was slightly slower. The Gran Sport package remained available as an option.

Inside, the four-place cabin with front and rear bucket seats and center console was replaced by a choice of bucket seats or conventional bench seats as standard equipment, making the Riviera a full six-passenger car for the first time. Optionally available was a Strato-bench seat with armrest or Strato bucket seats with either a short consolette or a full-length operating console with a "horseshoe" shaped floor shifter and storage compartment. Both the buckets and Strato-bench seat were available with a reclining seat option for the passenger's side.

1967 was substantially the same except for the adoption of Buick's entirely new V8 of 430 in³ (7.0 L) displacement, 360 horsepower (270 kW) and 475 ft·lbf of torque to replace the old 425 "nailhead". Powerful Disc brakes with Bendix 4 piston calipers became optional for the front wheels but most Riviera continued to be ordered with Buick's aluminum brake drums which were almost as good.

1968 and 1969 had a reshaped front and rear bumper as well as hidden wipers. The interior was also new and unlike the 66-67 model, the 1968 shared its instrument panel with the other full size Buick models. There were very few mechanical changes in 1968 but the transmission lost the variable pitch torque converter. Again, Rivieras were available with front bench or bucket seats, including an upgrade to custom interiors that included Strato-bench or Strato-bucket seats.

The 1970 was restyled—with exposed headlamps and rear fender skirts. The engine was upgraded to 455 in³ (7.4 L), the largest engine Buick offered to date, rated at 370 horsepower (275 kW) gross, 245 hp (180 kW) net, and over 500 ft·lbf of torque. Even so, sales dropped in the final year probably because it was becoming overdue for a major styling change and competition from less expensive personal-luxury cars such as the Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix. But with 227,669 units sold over five seasons, the second-generation Riviera was more successful than the original, if less distinctive.

Third generation (1971-1973)

Third generation

Overview
Production	1971-1973
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door hardtop
Platform	E-body
Powertrain
Engine	455 in³ Buick V8
Transmission	3-speed ST-400 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	122.0 in
Length	217.4 in (1971) 218.3 in (1972) 223.4 in (1973)
Width	79.9 in
Height	54.0 in

The Riviera was radically redesigned for the 1971 model year with flowing and dramatic "boat-tail" styling. Designed under Bill Mitchell's direction, it was penned by Jerry Hirshberg, future head of design for Nissan, mating the fastback rear window design of the 1963 Corvette Sting Ray coupe to the Riviera's platform. The design was originally intended for the smaller GM A platform, and the use of the Riviera's body—expanded for 1971 by three inches (76.2 mm) in wheelbase and more than 120 lb (55 kg) heavier—produced controversial looks. The 455 engine had a lower compression ratio to meet EPA emissions requirements, reducing power to 255 hp with 265 hp in the Gran Sport. Performance remained reasonably brisk, but the Riviera's sporty image was rapidly fading. One noteworthy advance was Buick's Max Trac system, a traction control system that prevented wheelspin during acceleration on slippery surfaces.

Despite these features, Riviera sales for 1971 dropped to 33,810, the lowest to that time. The 1972 Riviera was little changed, with the 455 engine switching to net power ratings, 225 hp (168 kW) or 250 hp (187 kW) with the Gran Sport, although the actual drop in net power was only 5 hp (4 kW). Sales remained moribund at 33,728. For 1973, the 250 hp engine became standard, with 260 hp (194 kW) on the Stage One, which replaced the Gran Sport, with 34,080 sold.

Fourth generation (1974-1976)

Fourth generation
Overview
Production	1974-1976
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door coupe
Platform	E-body
Powertrain
Engine	455 in³ Buick V8
Transmission	3-speed ST-400 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	122.0 in
Length	226.4 in (1974) 223.0 in (1975) 218.6 in (1976)
Width	80.0 in
Height	54.0 in

Although carrying over the same platform, mechanicals, and some body panels seen on the "Third Generation" Riviera, Buick replaced its distinctive 'boat tail' roofline with a more conventional-looking "Colonnade" treatment. This turned the car from a hardtop coupe into a pillared coupe, as it featured wide B pillars and fixed quarter opera windows. A landau half-vinyl roof option was available. The car did retain its forward-jutting grille, albeit in slightly modified form. Thus modified, the car looked far less distinctive than its predecessors, and even its platform mates, the Oldsmobile Toronado and Cadillac Eldorado. The tamer-looking Riviera was no lighter, and its standard 455 V8 lost more power, dropping to 230 hp and 245 hp for standard and Stage One models, respectively. Max Trac was dropped from the option list after 1974 due lack of buyer interest. The revised styling did nothing for sales, which plummeted to 20,129 in 1974.

For 1975, the Riviera received an updated front fascia, which lost its forward-jutting theme through the redesign of the fiberglass front end cap. Quad rectangular headlights were mounted horizontally. The new vertical-bar grille echoed the "stand-up" theme that many GM cars of the day incorporated. Parking lights wrapped around the fender sides. The Stage One performance package was dropped for 1975, replaced by an 'S/R' package that had some sporting pretensions, though less so than the Stage One. The standard engine's output dipped to 205 hp. Sales for 1975 were 17,306.

Minor changes greeted 1976 models, the most notable of which was a new crosshatch grille insert. Sales rallied slightly to 20,082 for 1976.^[1]

Fifth generation (1977-1978)

Fifth generation
Overview
Production	1977-1978
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door coupe
Platform	B-body
Powertrain
Engine	350 in³ Buick V8 403 in³ Oldsmobile V8
Transmission	3-speed TH-400 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	115.9 in
Length	218.2 in

Buick downsized the Riviera for 1977, sharing the new smaller GM B platform. It was, in most respects, a Buick LeSabre coupe with unique styling. It was reduced to a wheelbase of 115.9 in (2944 mm), down 6.1 in (155 mm), and an overall length of 218.2 in (5542 mm), down 4.8 in (122 mm). Weight dropped some 660 lb (300 kg). The 455 was gone, replaced by a 350 in³ (5.7 L) Buick V8 engine with 155 hp or Oldsmobile-built 403 in³ (6.6 L) with 185 hp. California models had a 170 hp Oldsmobile 350.^[2]

For 1978, a special "LXXV" edition was released to commemorate Buick's 75th anniversary on the market. Special two-tone paint schemes and additional luxury features were made standard on this package.

Sales were up modestly to 26,138 for 1977 and then fell to 20,535 for 1978^[1], although this was strictly a stopgap model until the all-new E-body cars would be ready for 1979.

Sixth generation (1979-1985)

Sixth generation

Overview
Production	1979-1985
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door convertible 2-door coupe
Platform	E-body
Powertrain
Engine	231 in³ Buick V6 252 in³ Buick V6 307 in³ Oldsmobile V8 350 in³ Buick V8 350 in³ Oldsmobile diesel V8
Transmission	3-speed TH-350 automatic 4-speed THM325-4L automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	114.0 in
Length	206.0 in

1979 saw the debut of the first front wheel drive Riviera on a trimmer, 114 in (2,896 mm) wheelbase, once again sharing its mechanical design and platform with the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Toronado. The Olds 403 and 350 were dropped, but the Buick 350 remained, as did a new turbocharged Buick V6 of 231 in³ (3.8 L) displacement with 185 hp. The Riviera became Motor Trend's Car of the Year. Sales more than doubled, to 52,181 for 1979 and 48,621 for the very similar 1980 models.^[2]

1981 saw the Turbo renamed T-Type and the demise of the 350 engine in favor of the Oldsmobile-built 307 in³ (5.0 L) with 140 hp. The standard engine was now Buick's 125 hp 252 in³ V6, and a new option was an Oldsmobile diesel engine with a mere 105 hp. offered through 1985.

1982 also saw the first-ever Riviera convertible, although relatively few were built, owing to very high prices. A turbocharged Riviera convertible was chosen to be the pace car at the 1983 Indianapolis 500, although most convertible Rivieras had the V8 engine.

Overall sales made the 1980s Riviera a great success, reaching 65,305 for the 1985 model year.^[1]

Seventh generation (1986-1993)

Seventh generation

Overview
Production	1986-1993
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door coupe
Platform	E-body
Powertrain
Engine	231 in³ Buick V6
Transmission	4-speed THM440-T4 automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	108 in
Length	187.2 in
Width	71.6 in
Height	53.5
Curb weight	3309 lb

The E-body coupes were converted to unit body construction and further downsized for 1986, to a 108 in (2,743 mm) wheelbase shared with the Buick Regal. The V6 was now the only engine, rated initially at 142 horsepower SAE and 200 ft·lbf of torque. It used the Turbo-Hydramatic 440-T4 automatic with a 2.84:1 final drive ratio. This generation was noted for advanced electronic instrumentation, including the first automotive touchscreen controls, which were on a dash-mounted 9-inch CRT display. Four-wheel disc brakes were standard. The Riviera placed fourth for Motor Trend's 1986 Car of the Year contest.

The smaller dimensions, generic styling, and lack of V8 power soured buyers, and sales plummeted to 22,138 for 1986, only 15,223 for 1987, and a dismal 8,625 for 1988. A restyle for 1989 that added 11 inches (279 mm) to the overall length (on an unchanged wheelbase) helped, but only incrementally, boosting sales to 21,189 for 1989, but dropping to a low of 4,555 for 1993, the shortened final year of that model.^[1] The last 1993 Riviera rolled off the Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly plant line on December 10, 1992.

Eighth generation (1995-2000)

Eighth generation

Overview
Production	1995-2000
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door coupe
Platform	G-body
Powertrain
Engine	231 in³ Buick V6
Transmission	4-speed 4T60-E automatic 4-speed 4T65-E automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	113.8 in
Length	207.0 in
Width	75.0 in
Height	55.2 in
Curb weight	3788 lb

There was no 1994 Riviera, but a restyled, larger model returned for 1995, now with the option of a supercharged version of the 3800 V6 rated at 225 hp. The new Rivieras were built in Lake Orion, Michigan. The very first 1995 Riviera rolled off the assembly line on May 23, 1994.

1996 brought an increase in power on the supercharged versions to 240 hp and 280 ft·lbf (380 N·m) of torque. 1997 saw revisions to the suspension which lightened the car and gave it more nimble handling. For 1998, the supercharged engine became standard. GM's OnStar service was added as an option, and a few interior changes were made.

2000 was the last model year for the Riviera, a very short one, production ceasing on November 25, 1998. The final 200 cars had special silver paint and trim and were denoted "Silver Arrow" models, a designation which harkened back to several Silver Arrow show cars that had been built off Riviera bodies by Bill Mitchell.

2007 Concept-car

Buick showed at the Shanghai Motor Show, a concept-car called Riviera [1]

In Culture

In Due South, Detective Raymond Vecchio (played by David Marciano) drives a 1971 Riviera.

In Crank, Jason Statham drives a third generation Riviera.

In The Ice Storm (film), Kevin Kline drives a third generation Riviera.

In Driver: Parallel Lines, the Cerva is clearly based on the third generation Riviera.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Riviera Production Numbers". Riviera Owners Association. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
^ ^a ^b "Evolution of the Riviera". Riviera Owners' Association. Retrieved 2007-02-17.

Gunnell, John, Ed.: Standard Catalog of American Cars: 1946-1975, Rev. 4/E., Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications.