Sima Guang
| Names | |
|---|---|
| |
| Xìng 姓: | Sīmǎ 司馬 |
| Míng 名: | Guāng 光 |
| Zì 字: | Jūnshí 君實 |
| Hào 號: | Yúsǒu 迂叟¹ |
| aka: | Sùshuǐ Xiānsheng 涑水先生² |
| Shì 謚: | Wénzhèng 文正³ |
| title: | Wēnguógōng 溫國公⁴ |
| 1. late in his life | |
| 2. after his hometown Sùshuǐ 涑水 | |
| 3. hence referred to as Sīmǎ Wénzhènggōng 司馬文正公 | |
| 4. hence referred to as Sīmǎ Wēngōng 司馬溫公 | |
| - For instance, his collection of works is entitled 溫國文正司馬公文集 | |
Sīmǎ Guāng (Chinese: 司馬光/司马光; Wade–Giles: Ssu-ma Kuang, 1019-1086) was a Chinese historian, scholar, and high chancellor of the Song Dynasty.
Life, profession, and works
He was born in 1019 in present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi to a wealthy family, and obtained early success as a scholar and officer. When he was barely twenty, he passed the Imperial examination with the highest rank of jìnshì (進士 "metropolitan graduate"), and spent the next several years in official positions.
In 1064, Sima presented to Emperor Yingzong of Song a book of five volumes (巻), the Liniantu (歷年圖 "Chart of Successive Years"). It chronologically summarized events in Chinese history from 403 BCE to 959 CE, and was something like a prospectus for sponsorship of his ambitious project in historiography. These dates were chosen because 403 BCE was the beginning of the Warring States period, when the ancient State of Jin was subdivided, which eventually led to the establishment of the Qin Dynasty; and because 959 CE was the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period and the beginning of the Song Dynasty.
In 1066, he presented a more detailed 8-volume Tongzhi (通志; "Comprehensive Records"), which chronicled Chinese history from 403 BCE to 207 BCE (the end of the Qin Dynasty). The emperor issued an edict for compiling a groundbreaking universal history of China, granting full access to the imperial libraries, and allocating funds for all the costs of compilation, including research assistance by experienced historians such as Liu Ban (劉攽, 1022-88), Liu Shu (劉恕, 1032-78), and Fan Zuyu (范祖禹, 1041-98). After Yingzong died in 1067, Sima was invited to the palace to introduce his work in progress to Emperor Shenzong of Song. The new emperor not only confirmed the interest his father had shown, but proclaimed his favor by changing the title from Tongzhi ("Comprehensive Records") to the honorific Zizhi Tongjian ("Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government"). Scholars interpret this titular "Mirror" to mean a work of reference and guidance; indicating that Shenzong accepted Sima as his mentor in the science of history and its application to government. The emperor maintained his support for compiling this comprehensive history for decades until it was completed in 1084.
Such loyalty is notable, especially since Sima was a leader of the conservative faction at court, resolutely opposed to the reformist policies of Chancellor Wang Anshi. Sima presented increasingly critical memorials to the throne until 1070, when he refused further appointment and withdrew from court. In 1071, he took up residence in Luoyang, where he remained with an official sinecure, providing sufficient time and resources to continue compilation. Indeed, though the historian and the emperor continued to disagree on policies, Sima's enforced retirement proved essential for him to fully complete his chronological history.
Sima Guang was also a lexicographer (who perhaps edited the Jiyun), and spent decades compiling his 1066 Leipian (類篇; "Classified Chapters", cf. the Yupian) dictionary. It was based on the Shuowen Jiezi, and included 31,319 Chinese characters, many of which were coined in the Song and Tang Dynasty.
Sima Guang is best remembered for his Zizhi Tongjian masterwork, and Rafe de Crespigny describes him as "perhaps the greatest of all Chinese historians" (de Crespigny 1973:65).
There is a folktale that Sima Guang broke a great ceramic container where a boy was drowning. It is called SIMA GUANG DA PO GANG, which could simply be a play on his name for rhyming.
See also
- Zizhi Tongjian
- Twenty-Four Histories
- Chancellor of China
- History of the Song Dynasty
- Fan Zhongyan
- Wang Anshi
- Qin Hui
- Wen Tianxiang
References
- de Crespigny, Rafe (1973). "Universal Histories" in Donald D. Leslie, Colin Mackerras, Wang Gungwu (Ed.) Essays on the Sources for Chinese History (pp. 64-70). Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
- Ji xiao-bin. (2005). Politics and Conservatism in Northern Song China: The Career and Thought of Sima Guang (1019-1086). Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN 962-996-183-0
- Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1961). "Chinese Historical Criticism: Liu Chih-chi and Ssu-ma Kuang," in Historians of China and Japan, William G. Beasley and Edwin G. Pulleyblank, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 135-66.
External links
- Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling, Zizhi Tongjian Chapters 54-59 (157-189 BCE), translated and annotated by Rafe de Crespigny