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Hurricane Ike

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This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2008. For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Ike.
Hurricane Ike
Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
File:Ike 4 September 2008.jpg
Hurricane Ike at peak intensity.
FormedSeptember 1, 2008
DissipatedSeptember 14, 2008
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 145 mph (230 km/h)
Lowest pressure935 mbar (hPa); 27.61 inHg
Fatalities107 direct, 7 indirect
Damage$27 billion (2008 USD)
Areas affectedTurks and Caicos, Bahamas, Hispaniola, Cuba, Florida Keys, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi Valley, Midwestern US
Part of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Ike was the ninth named storm, and fifth hurricane of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season.[1] It was a Cape Verde-type hurricane, as it started as a tropical disturbance off the coast of Africa near the end of August, then tracked south of Cape Verde and slowly developed. On September 1, it became a tropical storm west of the Cape Verde islands.[2][3] By the early morning hours of September 4, Ike was a Category 4 hurricane, hitting its peak of 145 mph (230 km/h) winds and a pressure of 935 mbar (27.61 inHg). That made it the most intense storm so far in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. At one point the diameter of Ike's tropical storm and hurricane force winds were 450 and 190 miles (720 and 305 km), respectively. Ike has been blamed for 114 deaths since its formation, primarily in Haiti, which was already trying to recover after the impact of three prior 2008 systems, Fay, Gustav, and Hanna. Damages from Ike are estimated at $27 billion (2008 USD), if the estimates are true, Ike will be the fourth costliest Atlantic hurricane of all time and third costliest U.S. hurricane of all time.[4]

Storm history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Ike can be traced to an easterly wave leaving western Sudan on August 19, which moved westward through Nigeria and Mali and reached the coastal country of Senegal on August 28[5] Moving into the Atlantic Ocean, the wave slowly intensified over subsequent days while moving generally towards the west-northwest. On September 1, the wave developed a sufficient amount of convection and was designated Tropical Depression Nine. The depression had developed a large amount of convection as well as cyclonically curved bands. Satellite estimates were already indicating that the depression was a tropical storm, however, the National Hurricane Center did not classify it as such because the convection was newly formed.[6] The depression continued to intensify as it became better organized and at 5:00 p.m. EDT (21:00 UTC), it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ike.[7][8] Ike was located in an environment which was supportive of intensification and the forecast showed Ike becoming a hurricane within 36 hours of its upgrade.[9][10]

Image of Hurricane Ike on September 4, 2008 as it began to near peak intensity. The image was taken by the International Space Station (ISS) from over 220 miles (350 km) above the hurricane.

During the overnight hours of September 1, Ike stopped intensifying as part of the eastern band began to erode as northerly wind shear began to impact the system.[11] By late morning on September 2, Ike began to intensify again as shear relaxed a little on the system.[12] Throughout the day, deep convection developed around the center of Ike indicating that the storm was still intensifying. Ike also quickened its movement to 18 mph (30 km/h) due to a strengthening mid-level high located to the north-northeast of Ike.[13] Again intensification stopped during the overnight hours as the structure of Ike remained mostly unchanged.[14]

Ike remained at the same intensity and structure through the early morning hours of September 3. However, by the late morning, Ike began to intensify again. Microwave satellites depicted an eye beginning to form and Ike strengthened just below hurricane status.[15] The eye continued to become better defined and by mid-afternoon Ike was upgraded to a hurricane.[16] Ike was in an area that lacked vertical wind shear and intensification was likely.[17] Due to the lack of wind shear, Ike began to undergo explosive intensification and was upgraded to a major hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) only three hours after being upgraded to a hurricane. During the three hour span, the pressure dropped 24 mbar.[18][19] Ike continued to intensify and was further upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale three hours later with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) and a pressure of 948 mbar (27.99 inHg).[20]

By the early morning hours on September 4, Ike had reached its peak intensity of 145 mph (230 km/h) with a pressure of 935 mbar (27.61 inHg), making it the most intense storm thus far in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season.

File:Ike September 4, 2008.jpg
Ike at peak intensity in the open Atlantic Ocean

Ike was now forecast to weaken as the upper-level high to the north of the system continued to strengthen resulting in stronger northerly wind shear affecting Ike.[21] The explosive intensification lasted roughly 24 hours as Ike intensified from a tropical storm to a Category 4 hurricane with a pressure drop of 61 mbar. By the late morning, Ike began to weaken as the cloud tops around the eye began to warm. Models were forecasting Ike to encounter strong wind shear and slowly weaken but maintain major hurricane status.[22] This trend of the clouds warming continued through the afternoon and Ike continued to weaken slowly. By mid-afternoon, Ike was barely a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h).[23] Ike began to show signs of intensification once more during the late night hours. The eye became more clear and better defined and the clouds around the eye began to deepen and become colder.[24]

The show of possible strengthening did not last long. By the morning of September 5, northerly wind shear began to erode the northern part of the system and the cloud tops around the eye began to warm once more. The structure of the eye became less prominent as microwave satellite imagery showed that the inner structure of Ike was not deteriorating or beginning to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle.[25] A later pass made by the satellite found that the northern eye wall had eroded and most of the convection was in the southern semi-circle of the storm. This indicated that Ike was continuing to weaken as it remained in a hostile environment.[26] Ike slowly weakened to a low-end Category Three by the afternoon hours. A ridge to the north of Ike continued to push the storm towards the southwest, into an area more favorable for intensification.[27]

Ike maintained its intensity throughout the night as its eye briefly reappeared around 8p.m. (EDT), leading the NHC to forecast a slow strengthening trend.[28] Overnight, Ike reformed a 24 nmi (48 km) wide eye, however, it was cloud covered.[29] However, during the late morning hours on September 6, wind shear weakened Ike to a Category Two hurricane.[30] This weakening was short lived and Ike began to undergo another round of rapid intensification, though not as significant as the first. Ike's eye began to clear out again and the system became better organized and based on an Air Force Reconnaissance Aircraft measurement, Ike had intensified into a Category Four six hours after being downgraded to a Category Two. Ike had winds sustained at 135 mph (215 km/h) as it approached the Turks and Caicos Islands during the afternoon.[31]

By the early morning hours of September 7, Ike had passed directly over the Turks and Caicos Islands with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h). Environmental conditions were supportive of intensification and Ike was forecast to intensity through landfall in Cuba.[32]

Hurricane Ike in infrared on September 8, about to make landfall in Cuba

It made landfall as a strong Category 3 hurricane in Holguín Province, Cuba on the evening of September 7,[33] near Cabo Lucrecia on the northern coast.[34] It passed across the central provinces of Holguin, Las Tunas, and Camagüey, emerging over the sea to the south of Cuba during September 8. It made landfall a second time in Pinar del Río before entering the Gulf of Mexico in the afternoon of September 9.

During the night of September 10, Ike exhibited a rapid drop in central pressure, falling from 963 mbar to 944 mbar as it passed over the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico. However, this drop was not reflected by wind speed, which only increased from 85 mph (136 km/hr) to 100 mph (160 km/h). Multiple wind maxima were noted by the National Hurricane Center, indicating the structure was absorbing and dispersing energy over a larger area, rather than concentrating it near the center.

Hurricane Ike at Landfall, Houston/Galveston Radar, September 13, 1:07am

Over the next two days, Ike maintained a steady course towards Galveston and Houston. It increased only slightly in intensity to 110 mph (176 km/hr) - the high end of Category 2 - but exhibited an unusually large wind field, with tropical storm force winds extending out 275 miles (445 km). As it approached the Texas coast, the inner structure became more organized.

Ike made U.S. landfall at Galveston, Texas, on September 13 at 2:10am CDT (07:10 UTC), as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 110 mph (160 km/h) and a central pressure of 952 mbar. The 2am NHC advisory cited tropical storm and hurricane force winds extending 275mi and 120mi, respectively, from the center.

Preparations

Florida

A Florida Army National Guardsman uses a Single Mobile User Case Set to send a situation report on ongoing preparations for Hurricane Ike in Key West, Florida.

On September 5, Florida Governor Charlie Crist declared a state of emergency in advance of Ike's arrival, which was expected to be as early as September 8. In Key West, authorities issued a mandatory evacuation for all visitors for September 6. FEMA positioned supplies, and emergency response crews in Florida and along the Gulf Coast.[35]

Florida Keys officials began resident evacuations on the low-lying chain of islands in phases, starting at the end in Key West by 8 a.m. Sunday and continuing throughout the day—at noon for the Middle Keys, and at 4 p.m. for the Upper Keys, including Key Largo. Visitors were told to leave on Saturday.[36]

Texas

On September 8, Texas State Governor Rick Perry declared 88 Texas state counties a disaster area in preparation for Hurricane Ike, expected to hit the Texas coast as early as Saturday morning, which included placing 7,500 Texas State National Guard troops on standby. The Texas County of Brazoria called for voluntary evacuation and Matagorda County called for mandatory evacuation as did the County of Brazoria for zip code 77541 and the city of Lake Jackson. Galveston, parts of southern Houston and areas south of the city and near the Texas coast were under a mandatory evacuation order starting at noon September 11.[37]

On September 10, U.S. President George W. Bush made an emergency declaration for Texas in advance of Hurricane Ike, making more federal help available for preparations and evacuations.[38]

State rural water associations activated mutual aid networks to prepare for the landfall of Hurricane Hanna and Hurricane Ike while still providing assistance to areas impacted by Hurricane Gustav.[39][40] The Texas Rural Water Association held meetings with state agencies on Tuesday, September 9, to plan for landfall along the Texas gulf coast.[41]

On September 11, forecasting models began to show Ike making landfall just south of Galveston. City Manager Steve LeBlanc late Wednesday issued a mandatory evacuation order for the low lying west end of Galveston Island.[42] Later, the mandatory evacuation order was extended to the entire island of Galveston, as well as low-lying areas around Houston, Texas.[43]

Also on September 11, at 8:19 p.m. (CDT), the National Weather Service in Houston/Galveston, TX issued a strongly worded bulletin, regarding storm surge along the shoreline of Galveston Bay. The bulletin advised residents living in single-family homes in some parts of coastal Texas may face "certain death" if they do not heed orders to evacuate.[44] Reports said as many as 40 percent of Galveston's citizens may have not paid attention to the warnings.[45] It was feared to be much the same in Port Arthur.

The threat to low-lying areas between Morgan City, Louisiana, and Baffin Bay, Texas, east of the projected eye of Hurricane Ike may experience the greatest damage from storm surges of up to 20 feet. Waves at sea are expected to be higher, up to 70 feet according to computer simulations.[46]

The price of gas increased in the expectation of damage to some of the numerous oil refineries along the South Texas coast, or at least delays in production from the oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico.[47]

Impact

Deaths by country
Haiti 74
Dominican Republic 1
Cuba 7
United States 32
Total 114

Turks and Caicos Islands

Power was lost throughout Grand Turk Island, and 80% of the homes on that island were damaged.[48] After the eye of the storm passed over, it continued west at 15 mph (24 km/h) headed directly for eastern Cuba.[49][50] Buildings on the islands have been severely weakened and 750 people have lost their homes.[51]

Hispaniola

The outer bands of Ike caused additional flooding in Haiti, which was already devastated by Hanna and also hit hard by Fay and Gustav. The last bridge still standing into the city of Gonaïves was washed away, slowing relief in the community considerably and creating a deeper humanitarian and food crisis in the hard-hit region. 74 deaths were reported in Haiti from Ike,[52] of which most were in the coastal community of Cabaret which was swept away by floodwaters and mudslides.[53] Haitian Prime Minister Michele Pierre-Louis called for help at the end of the week, saying that four storms in three weeks have left over 550 dead and as many as one million homeless.[54]

Ike's winds caused one death in the Dominican Republic from a fallen tree.[53]

Cuba

Wikinews has related news:

Just over 1 million Cubans had been evacuated on Sunday, officials said. In Baracoa, 200 homes were reported to be destroyed and waves were running 23 feet (7 m) high. The hurricane made landfall on September 8 on the north coast of eastern Cuba in the province of Holguin near Puerto de Sama,[55] with sustained winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h), causing widespread flooding and damage to the eastern provinces. Ike had dropped to a Category One by the time it crossed the island.[56] It crossed the western end of the island in Pinar del Rio Province, close to the path taken by Hurricane Gustav ten days previously. Another 1.6 million people had evacuated in advance of its second landfall. The western areas of Cuba, already devastated by Hurricane Gustav just 10 days before Ike hit, suffered additional major flooding from the rain and storm surge.[57]

In total, seven people were killed in Cuba from Ike.[57]

United States

Due to the intensity of the storm, Texas closed many of its oil refineries. Because much of the United States oil reserves are located in Texas, the closings caused an increase in the prices of gasoline, home heating oil, and natural gas.[58] News stations like FOX have called this spike in oil prices the "Ike Spike". Post - storm damage estimates have been placed at 18 billion US dollars (2008) as stated by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). Thirty-two deaths have been reported in the US - ten in Texas, six in Louisiana, one in Arkansas, two in Tennessee, one in Kentucky, six in Indiana, two in Missouri and four in Ohio.[59]

MV Antalina

On September 11, the 584-foot cargo ship, the MV Antalina, was among the ships that left Port Arthur to avoid the hurricane. The ship had a crew of 22 and carried a cargo of petroleum coke. However, on September 12, the ship's engine failed and the ship was adrift 90 miles from the shore. The crew first attempted to repair the engine but was unable to do so. The crew requested to be evacuated by the Coast Guard, but the rescue mission was aborted because weather conditions were not within the safety parameters. The crew was forced to ride out the storm, but kept in contact with the Coast Guard.[60][61] The ship successfully rode out the storm and all 22 crew members were uninjured. On September 13, a tugboat was dispatched to return the vessel to port.[62]

Louisiana

A Coast Guard helicopter flying over New Iberia, Louisiana

The storm surge ahead of Ike blew onshore onto the coast of Louisiana well ahead of Ike's predicted landfall in Texas on September 13. Areas in coastal south-central and southwestern Louisiana, some of which were flooded by Gustav, were re-flooded as a result of Ike.[63] The hardest-hit areas were in and around Cameron Parish, which also sustained catastrophic damage in 2005 from Hurricane Rita and in 1957 from Hurricane Audrey. Nearly every square inch of the coastline in that area was flooded heavily once again, with floodwaters reaching as far north as Lake Charles. Hundreds of people had to be rescued.[64]

One person was killed in a flooded bayou in Terrebonne Parish[65], and a wind-related death was reported near Houma.[66] Two other deaths took place in a car crash in the evacuation phase in Iberville Parish,[67] and two other storm related deaths in Jefferson Davis Parish were caused by natural causes.[66]

Texas

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Ike in Texas

On the night of September 12, 2008, the eye of Hurricane Ike approached the Texas coast near Galveston Bay, making landfall at 2:10 a.m. CDT over the east end of Galveston Island. [68] People in low-lying areas who had not heeded evacuation orders, in single-family one- or two-story homes, had been warned by the weather service that they "faced certain death" in the overnight storm surge.[69]

In regional Texas towns, electrical power began failing before 8 p.m. CDT,[70] leaving more than 3 million people without power.[68] By Saturday, close to 4.5 million people were without power in the Greater Houston area.[71]

Flood waters begin to rise in a neighborhood of Galveston, Texas.

In Galveston, by 4 p.m. CDT (2100 UTC) on September 12, the rising storm surge began overtopping the 17-ft (5.2 m) Galveston Seawall, which faces the Gulf of Mexico;[72] waves had been crashing along the seawall earlier, from 9 a.m. CDT.[73] Although Seawall Boulevard is elevated above the shoreline, many areas of town slope down behind the seawall to the lower elevation of Galveston Island.

Even though there were advance evacuation plans, Mary Jo Naschke, spokesperson for the city of Galveston, estimated that (as of Friday morning) a quarter of the city's residents paid no attention to calls for them to evacuate, despite predictions that most of Galveston Island would suffer heavy flooding storm tide.[74] By 6 p.m. Friday night, estimates varied as to how many of the 58,000 residents remained, but the figures of remaining residents were in the thousands.[75] Widespread flooding included downtown Galveston:[68] six ft (2 m) deep inside the Galveston County Courthouse, and the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston was flooded.[68]

Flooding in Galveston, Texas

In Houston, windows also broke in downtown buildings such as the 75-story JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston),[68] and the Reliant Stadium was damaged.[68] Due to the damage to the stadium, the Houston Texans' game with the Baltimore Ravens, originally scheduled for September 14, was pushed back to November 9.[76] Hurricane Ike affected Houston Astros' late dash for Major League Baseball's playoffs, postponing Friday, Saturday and Sunday's games against the Chicago Cubs. [77] Two of the games were moved to Milwaukee's Miller Park and will be played Sunday September 14 and Monday September 15.[78] The final game is tentatively scheduled for Monday September 29 in Houston.

NASA's Johnson Space Center suffered minor roof damage to its Mission Control and minor cosmetic damage to some of its buildings. NASA's operations at Ellington Field also sustained roof and awning damage.[79]

From a historical perspective, on September 8, 1900, the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 landed along a path similar to Ike's, bringing with it a storm surge that inundated most of Galveston Island: as a result, much of the city was destroyed and at least 6,000 people were killed in a few hours. Engineers subsequently increased the the average elevation of the island by 4 feet (1 m) and constructed a 17-foot (5 m) seawall to block incoming waves.

Farther inland

On September 14, after becoming extratropical and enhanced by an upper level shortwave trough, a major wind event took place across the lower and middle Ohio Valley, and significant rainfall and flooding took place to the west. Several areas in Illinois and Indiana, already flooded by the frontal boundary to the north, saw significant additional rainfall.[80] Due to flooding in Chicago, Todd Stroger declared a state of emergency for Cook County. Hurricane-force wind gusts were reported to the east of the center across parts of Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania with significant wind damage including structural damage to buildings and trees. The Louisville area declared a state of emergency due to major damage, and the Louisville International Airport was closed temporarily. A LG&E spokesperson said that this was the worst power outage in 30 years[81] Later in the day, a statewide state of emergency was declared in Kentucky by Governor Steve Beshear.[82] Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport was also temporarily shut down, and the control tower was evacuated. In Cincinnati, numerous reports of roof damage were called in to Law Enforcement, and on September 15, most of the schools in Hamilton County were called off due to power outages. Wind gusts of 75 miles per hour (121 km/h)* were recorded at Columbus, which is equivalent to sustained wind levels found in a Category 1 hurricane.[83]

In Arkansas, about 200,000 customers lost power as a result of the winds, the worst power loss in that state since an ice storm in 2000.[84] In the Louisville area, over 300,000 customers were without power - the worst power outage in the utility's history.[81] The Cincinnati metropolitan area was very hard hit, with over 825,000 customers losing power in that region. A Duke Energy spokesperson said “We have never seen anything like this. Never. We’re talking about 90 percent of our customers without power"[85] Also hard hit were central Ohio (with over 350,000 customers losing power) and northeastern Ohio (with over 310,000 customers losing power)[86], as well as western Pennsylvania (with over 180,000 customers losing power).[87] In western Kentucky, outside crews had to be brought in from as far away as Mississippi to restore power.[88] In Indiana, about 350,000 customers lost power statewide, mostly in the southern part.[89]

One person was killed when a tree fell onto a mobile home near Fisher, Arkansas.[90] Two other deaths due to the remnants took place in Chesterton, Indiana as a result of flooding[80], and four deaths due to fallen trees in other parts of Indiana - one each in Crawford, Perry, Clark and Ohio Counties.[91] A woman was also struck and killed by a large tree limb in Ladue, Missouri, and the body of an elderly man who presumably drowned was found in University City, Missouri, outside of St. Louis.[92] In Mount Healthy, Ohio, a tree crushing a house resulted in one fatality, and two others died when a tree crashed onto a motorcycle parade in Fairfield, Ohio.[85] Two deaths occurred when a tree fell onto two people on a golf course in Hermitage, Tennessee, just outside Nashville.[93] In Simpsonville, Kentucky, a boy was struck and killed by a blown tree limb while outdoors.[88] A similar incident in Lorain County, Ohio also resulted in a fatality.[94]

See also

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References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Ike (2008).
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