Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works
In the 19th century, Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works, based in Paterson, New Jersey, built more than 6,000 railroad steam locomotives for railroads around the world, including nearly every railroad in the United States between 1837 and 1905. The company's most famous product was a 4-4-0 locomotive named The General, built in December 1855, which was one of the principals of the Great Locomotive Chase of the American Civil War. Rogers was the second-most popular American locomotive manufacturer of the 19th century behind only the Baldwin Locomotive Works in a field of nearly a hundred manufacturers.
The company was founded by Thomas Rogers in an 1832 partnership with Morris Ketchum and Jasper Grosvenor as Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor. Rogers remained president until his death in 1856 when his son, Jacob S. Rogers, took the position and reorganized the company as Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works. The younger Rogers led the company until he retired in 1893. Robert S. Hughes then became president and reorganized the company as Rogers Locomotive Company, which he led until his death in 1901.
Rogers avoided the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) merger in 1901 through closing and reopening as Rogers Locomotive Works. The company remained independent until 1905 when ALCO purchased it; ALCO continued building new steam locomotives at the Rogers plant until 1913. ALCO used the Rogers facilities through the 1920s as a parts storage facility and warehouse, but eventually sold the property to private investors. Today, several Rogers-built locomotives exist in railroad museums around the world, and the plant's erecting shop is preserved as the Thomas Rogers Building; it is the current location of the Paterson Museum whose mission is to preserve and display Paterson's industrial history.
1831–56: Thomas Rogers era
The firm that was to become Rogers Locomotive Works began in 1831. Thomas Rogers had been designing and building machinery for textile manufacturing for nearly 20 years when he sold his interest in Godwin, Rogers & Company (of which he was the Rogers part of the name) in June of that year. Rogers set out on his own with a new company called Jefferson Works in Paterson, New Jersey. The Jefferson Works built textile and agricultural machinery for a year before Rogers met the two men who would help transform the company into a major locomotive manufacturer.
In 1832, Rogers partnered with two investors from New York City, Morris Ketchum and Jasper Grosvenor. Jefferson Works was renamed Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor, and the company began to diversify into the railroad industry. The company soon manufactured springs, axles and other small parts for railroad use.
The first locomotive that Rogers' company assembled was actually built by Robert Stephenson and Company of England in 1835. This locomotive was the McNeil for the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad. It took another two years before Rogers received their first order for a complete locomotive. In 1837, the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad ordered two locomotives from Rogers to form the beginning of the railroad's roster. The first of these two locomotives was the Sandusky, which became the first locomotive to cross the Allegheny Mountains (albeit by canal boat and not by rail), and the first locomotive to operate in Ohio.
Sandusky included features designed by Thomas Rogers that had not been seen in locomotive construction to date. It was also the first locomotive to use cast iron driving wheels, and the wheels included built-in counterweights to reduce the amount of wear on the track caused by the weight of the driving rod and wheel all coming down at once during the wheels' rotations. Before Sandusky's construction, driving wheels were typically built with wooden spokes, much like wagon wheels.
Rogers was not working completely alone in locomotive manufacturing. In 1837, in addition to building the company's first locomotive, Rogers also filled orders from Matthias W. Baldwin and William Norris for locomotive tires of various sizes. Once Rogers started working on his own locomotives, however, no further orders from either Baldwin or Norris were forthcoming. Within Rogers own shop, William Swinburne worked as the shop foreman until he moved on to form his own locomotive manufacturing company, Swinburne, Smith and Company in 1845. After Swinburne left Rogers, John Cooke, who later went on to form Danforth, Cooke & Company, also worked at the Rogers plant.
Rogers locomotives were, from very early in the company's history, seen as powerful, capable engines on American railroads. The Uncle Sam, serial number 11, a 4-2-0 built in 1839 for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, was noted by American Railroad Journal for hauling a 24-car train up a grade of 26 feet per mile at 24.5 miles per hour.[1] In 1846, Rogers built what is referred to as the largest 6-wheel truck engine (4-2-0) in the United States; the Licking, serial number 92, built for the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad, generated 110 pounds of steam pressure and could pull a 380-ton train up a grade of 16 feet per mile.[2] Probably the most famous locomotive built by Rogers was built in 1855. Rogers built a 4-4-0 (a locomotive with two unpowered leading axles and two powered driving axles), serial number 631, in December of that year for the Western and Atlantic Railroad. The railroad named the locomotive General. This locomotive is now on display at the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History (the Big Shanty Museum) in Kennesaw, GA.
Not only were Rogers locomotives known in the industry for their power, but they were also known for their endurance. It is estimated that one locomotive, Illinois Central Railroad 4-4-0 number 23, serial number 449, built in December 1853, operated over one million miles in its thirty year career on the Illinois Central.[3]
1856–1905: Reorganization and decline
When Thomas Rogers died in 1856, his son Jacob S. Rogers reorganized RK&G, with Ketchum and Grosvenor remaining as investors, as the Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works. Rogers built their first 2-6-0, which is sometimes referred to as the first 2-6-0 built in the United States, in 1863 for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company.[4] The company continued manufacturing both locomotives and textile machinery for nearly another 20 years. In the mid-1870s, Rogers ended production of textile machinery and began concentrating solely on locomotive manufacturing. Rogers customers of the mid-19th century continued purchasing their locomotives. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) purchased so many locomotives from Rogers that Rogers gave the L&N a free locomotive as a thank-you bonus in 1879.
1887 saw the appointment of Reuben Wells as shop superintendent. Jacob Rogers, now in his late 70s, gradually passed more and more responsibility to Wells until Rogers resigned the presidency in 1893. After just over 60 years, the Rogers company would no longer be run by a member of the Rogers family. The company reorganized under its former treasurer and new president, Robert S. Hughes, as the Rogers Locomotive Company; Jacob Rogers remained the company's principal investor. Hughes led the company until his own death in 1900. A year later, Jacob Rogers closed the Rogers Locomotive Company plant.
In 1901, the year that Jacob Rogers died and the same year that the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) was formed through the merger of eight other locomotive manufacturers, the company reopened as the Rogers Locomotive Works. Reuben Wells was again the shop superintendent. Unfortunately for Rogers, not enough capital investment was made to purchase new equipment or in research and development. ALCO and Baldwin were too good at building and selling their own locomotives for Rogers to keep up. Compounding Rogers' troubles was the greater city of Paterson that had grown up around the shop. There was not any room for Rogers to expand.
1905–present: Absorbed into ALCO
Faced with stiff competition and an inability to grow its own capacity, Rogers Locomotive Works was purchased by ALCO in 1905. Rogers' last independently built locomotive was serial number 6271, an 0-6-0T (a locomotive with three powered axles and water tanks and fuel storage mounted on its frame to take the place of a separate tender) built for W. R. Grace & Company in February 1905. ALCO continued building locomotives at the Rogers plant until 1913 when manufacturing at the plant ceased permanently. Locomotives built at the Rogers plant under ALCO are generally referred to as locomotives built by ALCO-Rogers. ALCO used the Rogers plant buildings as warehouses well into the 1920s, but eventually sold off all of the property. The original Rogers erecting shop was converted into office space and was still in use in that manner as late as 1992.
The erecting shop building has since been renamed the "Thomas Rogers Building" and is now the home of the Paterson Museum. The museum preserves and displays artifacts of Paterson's industrial history.[5] A 2-6-0 locomotive that was used in the construction of the Panama Canal is on display outside the museum, but it is one that was built by ALCO-Cooke (the former Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works plant, also located in Paterson) and not by Rogers.[6]
Preserved Rogers locomotives
The following locomotives (in serial number order) built by Rogers, before ALCO's acquisition of the company, have been preserved. Where multiple railroads and road numbers are listed, they are given in chronological order for the locomotives; all locations are in the United States unless noted.[7]
| Serial number | Wheel arrangement (Whyte notation) |
Build date | Operational owner(s) | Disposition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 631 | 4-4-0 | December 1855 | Western and Atlantic Railroad #3 General | Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History (website), Kennesaw, GA |
| 812 | 4-4-0 | January 1858 | Atlantic and Gulf Railroad #3 | Henry Ford Museum (website), Dearborn, MI |
| 2454 | 2-4-2T | July 1877 | New Zealand Railways #K88 | Plains Railway (website), Ashburton, New Zealand |
| 2468 | 2-4-2T | March 1878 | New Zealand Railways #K92 | Waimea Plains Rwy Trust Board, Gore, New Zealand |
| 2470 | 2-4-2T | March 1878 | New Zealand Railways #K94 | Plains Railway, Ashburton, New Zealand |
| 2588 | 2-4-4T | May 1880 | Illinois Central Railroad #201 | Illinois Railway Museum (website), Union, IL |
| 3332 | 4-4-0 | August 1883 | Canadian Pacific Railway #136 | South Simcoe Railway (website), Tottenham, ON, Canada |
| (unknown) | 4-6-0 | March 1891 | Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad, Sierra Railroad #3 | Sierra Railroad (website), Jamestown, CA |
| 4788 | 4-6-0 | November 1892 | Burlington and Missouri Railroad #309, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad #637 | Illinois Railway Museum, Union, IL |
| 5425 | 0-6-0 | September 1899 | St. Paul and Duluth Railroad #74, Northern Pacific #924 | Northwest Railway Museum (website), Snoqualmie, WA |
| 5609 | 4-6-0 | August 1900 | Mobile and Ohio Railroad #187, Columbus and Greenville Railway #178 | Prospect Park, Columbus, MS |
| 5796 | 2-8-0 | August 1902 | Great Northern Railway #1147 | North Central Washington Museum, Wenatchee, WA |
| 6178 | 2-8-0 | June 1904 | Illinois Central Railroad #764 | National Museum of Transportation (website), Kirkwood, MO |
| 6256 | 4-6-2 | January 1905 | Louisville and Nashville Railroad #152 | Kentucky Railway Museum (website), New Haven, KY |
| 6259 | 0-6-0 | January 1905 | Atlanta and West Point Railroad #4, Western Railway of Alabama #104 | Georgia RR Depot, Conyers, GA |
References
- Moshein, Peter and Rothfus, Robert R., (1992) Rogers locomotives: A brief history and construction list, Railroad History (167) 13-147.
- Passaic County, New Jersey, Paterson Museum. Retrieved October 5 2005.
- Sunshine Software, Steam Locomotive Information. Retrieved October 4 2005.
- Thomas, Dorn, (November 20 1999), Panama Canal Construction Locomotive #299. Retrieved October 5 2005.
- White, John H. Jr. (1968). A history of the American locomotive; its development: 1830–1880. New York, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-23818-0.
Notes
- ^ White, p. 72.
- ^ White, p. 45.
- ^ White, p. 77.
- ^ White, p. 62.
- ^ Passaic County, retrieved October 5 2005.
- ^ Dorn, retrieved October 5 2005.
- ^ Sources: Moshein, Rothfus; and Sunshine Software.
External links
- A History of Paterson - The Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works
- New Jersey Historic Trust - preservation efforts on the remaining Rogers erecting shop building
- Specifications for The General